{"id":302,"date":"2022-06-16T20:00:17","date_gmt":"2022-06-16T20:00:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=302"},"modified":"2022-06-16T20:52:35","modified_gmt":"2022-06-16T20:52:35","slug":"observational-studies-background-youll-need","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/chapter\/observational-studies-background-youll-need\/","title":{"raw":"Observational Studies: Background You'll Need 1","rendered":"Observational Studies: Background You&#8217;ll Need 1"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>what you'll need to know:<\/h3>\r\nIn this support activity you\u2019ll become familiar with the following:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Use a research study description to answer questions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou will also have an opportunity to refresh the following skills:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Calculating proportions as percentages.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThroughout this class, you will need to compute fractions, proportions, and percentages and convert from one representation to another. You practiced these skills in the <em>Corequisite Support Activity 1C and 1E<\/em>. Also See the student resources\u00a0[link to student resource: Fractions, Decimals, Percentages] and [link to student resource: Rounding and Estimation] as needed for additional assistance.\r\n<h3>Reading Data from Tables<\/h3>\r\nTake some time individually to read the scenario given in Question 1. If you finish before others, begin working at your own pace to answer the questions. Once others nearby have begun working, you can work together to complete the activity. As you complete these questions, you may need to refresh your arithmetic skills using the Recall box.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>recall<\/h3>\r\nCore skill:\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"439678\"]Calculate a proportion as a percentage[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"439678\"]\r\n\r\nTo calculate a proportion as a percentage,\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>write the proportion as a fraction, [latex]\\frac{\\text{part}}{text{whole}}.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>convert the fraction to a decimal by dividing the numerator by the denominator.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>convert the decimal to a percentage by multiplying by [latex]100[\/latex] (move the decimal point two places to the left.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>round as needed to the desired place value (tenths, hundredths, etc.) or decimal place (one, two, or three decimal places, etc.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 1<\/h3>\r\nRead the study and answer the questions that follow.\r\n\r\nResearchers wanted to know whether adults who attended a 45-minute spin class two days per week and a 30-minute cross-training class two days per week met the guidelines set forth by the American Heart Association (AHA) for physical activity.\r\n\r\nFor adults to maintain good overall cardiovascular health, the AHA recommends 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise at a minimum of 70% of a person\u2019s maximum heart rate.\r\n\r\nTo investigate, 21 adults were given heart rate monitors to wear every day for a two-week period while they attended the spin and cross-training classes. Each person\u2019s heart rate was recorded, and then an average heart rate while exercising was computed and converted to a percentage based on their maximum heart rate. The results are shown in the table below.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Average Heart Rate (H) as a Percentage of Maximum Heart Rate<\/td>\r\n<td>Number of Adults<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>H less than 50%<\/td>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>H between 50% and 70%<\/td>\r\n<td>5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>H at or above 70%<\/td>\r\n<td>13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart A: What proportion of the participants met the AHA guidelines? Express your answer as a decimal rounded to the nearest hundred-thousandth (5 decimal places).\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"602426\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"602426\"]Recall that a proportion is a part-to-whole relationship.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart B: Convert the proportion in Part A to a percentage rounded to the nearest tenth.\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"802848\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"802848\"]Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart C: Convert the proportion in Part A to a percentage rounded to the nearest whole percentage point.\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"666480\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"666480\"]Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart D: What proportion of the participants averaged 50\u201370% of their maximum heart rate? Express your answer as a decimal rounded to the nearest hundred-thousandth (5 decimal places).\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"832305\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"832305\"]Recall that a proportion is a part-to-whole relationship.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart E: Convert the proportion in Part D to a percentage rounded to the nearest tenth.\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"579106\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"579106\"]Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart F: Convert the proportion in Part D to a percentage rounded to the nearest whole percentage point.\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"439670\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"439670\"]Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart G: What proportion of the participants averaged below 50% of their maximum heart rate? Express your answer as a decimal rounded to the nearest hundred-thousandth (5 decimal places).\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"640623\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"640623\"]Recall that a proportion is a part-to-whole relationship.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nPart H: Convert the proportion in Part G to a percentage rounded to the nearest tenth.\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"697869\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"697869\"]Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\nPart I: Convert the proportion in Part G to a percentage rounded to the nearest whole percentage point.\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"161142\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"161142\"]Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nIn this support activity, you had a chance to practice converting proportions to percentages and refreshed your skills for rounding to a desired percentage point. The Student Resources <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Fractions, Decimals, Percentages<\/span> and <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Rounding and Estimation<\/span> will provide more support if you need it. Let's move on to the next\u00a0<em>What to Know\u00a0<\/em>page to learn about observational studies.","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>what you&#8217;ll need to know:<\/h3>\n<p>In this support activity you\u2019ll become familiar with the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Use a research study description to answer questions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You will also have an opportunity to refresh the following skills:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Calculating proportions as percentages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Throughout this class, you will need to compute fractions, proportions, and percentages and convert from one representation to another. You practiced these skills in the <em>Corequisite Support Activity 1C and 1E<\/em>. Also See the student resources\u00a0[link to student resource: Fractions, Decimals, Percentages] and [link to student resource: Rounding and Estimation] as needed for additional assistance.<\/p>\n<h3>Reading Data from Tables<\/h3>\n<p>Take some time individually to read the scenario given in Question 1. If you finish before others, begin working at your own pace to answer the questions. Once others nearby have begun working, you can work together to complete the activity. As you complete these questions, you may need to refresh your arithmetic skills using the Recall box.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>recall<\/h3>\n<p>Core skill:<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q439678\">Calculate a proportion as a percentage<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q439678\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>To calculate a proportion as a percentage,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>write the proportion as a fraction, [latex]\\frac{\\text{part}}{text{whole}}.<\/li>\n<li>convert the fraction to a decimal by dividing the numerator by the denominator.<\/li>\n<li>convert the decimal to a percentage by multiplying by [latex]100[\/latex] (move the decimal point two places to the left.<\/li>\n<li>round as needed to the desired place value (tenths, hundredths, etc.) or decimal place (one, two, or three decimal places, etc.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 1<\/h3>\n<p>Read the study and answer the questions that follow.<\/p>\n<p>Researchers wanted to know whether adults who attended a 45-minute spin class two days per week and a 30-minute cross-training class two days per week met the guidelines set forth by the American Heart Association (AHA) for physical activity.<\/p>\n<p>For adults to maintain good overall cardiovascular health, the AHA recommends 150 minutes per week of moderate exercise at a minimum of 70% of a person\u2019s maximum heart rate.<\/p>\n<p>To investigate, 21 adults were given heart rate monitors to wear every day for a two-week period while they attended the spin and cross-training classes. Each person\u2019s heart rate was recorded, and then an average heart rate while exercising was computed and converted to a percentage based on their maximum heart rate. The results are shown in the table below.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Average Heart Rate (H) as a Percentage of Maximum Heart Rate<\/td>\n<td>Number of Adults<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H less than 50%<\/td>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H between 50% and 70%<\/td>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>H at or above 70%<\/td>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part A: What proportion of the participants met the AHA guidelines? Express your answer as a decimal rounded to the nearest hundred-thousandth (5 decimal places).<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q602426\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q602426\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Recall that a proportion is a part-to-whole relationship.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part B: Convert the proportion in Part A to a percentage rounded to the nearest tenth.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q802848\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q802848\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part C: Convert the proportion in Part A to a percentage rounded to the nearest whole percentage point.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q666480\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q666480\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part D: What proportion of the participants averaged 50\u201370% of their maximum heart rate? Express your answer as a decimal rounded to the nearest hundred-thousandth (5 decimal places).<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q832305\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q832305\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Recall that a proportion is a part-to-whole relationship.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part E: Convert the proportion in Part D to a percentage rounded to the nearest tenth.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q579106\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q579106\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part F: Convert the proportion in Part D to a percentage rounded to the nearest whole percentage point.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q439670\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q439670\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part G: What proportion of the participants averaged below 50% of their maximum heart rate? Express your answer as a decimal rounded to the nearest hundred-thousandth (5 decimal places).<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q640623\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q640623\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Recall that a proportion is a part-to-whole relationship.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Part H: Convert the proportion in Part G to a percentage rounded to the nearest tenth.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q697869\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q697869\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Part I: Convert the proportion in Part G to a percentage rounded to the nearest whole percentage point.<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q161142\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q161142\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Review how to convert proportions in the recall box above as needed.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>In this support activity, you had a chance to practice converting proportions to percentages and refreshed your skills for rounding to a desired percentage point. The Student Resources <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Fractions, Decimals, Percentages<\/span> and <span style=\"background-color: #ffff99;\">Rounding and Estimation<\/span> will provide more support if you need it. Let's move on to the next\u00a0<em>What to Know\u00a0<\/em>page to learn about observational studies.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17533,"menu_order":23,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-302","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":158,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/302","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17533"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/302\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":307,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/302\/revisions\/307"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/158"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/302\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=302"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=302"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=302"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=302"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}