{"id":329,"date":"2022-06-17T15:36:51","date_gmt":"2022-06-17T15:36:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/chapter\/displaying-categorical-data-corequisite-support-activity\/"},"modified":"2022-06-17T16:48:51","modified_gmt":"2022-06-17T16:48:51","slug":"displaying-categorical-data-corequisite-support-activity","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/chapter\/displaying-categorical-data-corequisite-support-activity\/","title":{"raw":"Displaying Categorical Data: Background You'll Need 1","rendered":"Displaying Categorical Data: Background You&#8217;ll Need 1"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Goals<\/h3>\r\nThis activity provides an opportunity to refresh the following skills:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Round decimals to a specified place value<\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#FractionProportion\">Convert decimals and fractions to percents<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#ProportionPercent\">Convert fractions or mixed numbers to decimals<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#PercentNumber\">Find the unknown in a percent problem<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nYou will also become familiar with these skills:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#FreqTable\">Read and interpret a frequency table<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#BarGraph\">Read and interpret a bar graph<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"#PieChart\">Read and interpret a pie chart<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThroughout much of this course you will need to read and interpret <strong>frequency tables<\/strong>, <strong>bar graphs<\/strong>, and <strong>pie charts<\/strong>. These kinds of tables, graphs, and charts help us to visualize data collected about a situation in order to understand it clearly. To help you gain familiarity and practice with these ideas before the course section begins, let's work with a small data set to see what methods are available to us for visualizing the data. You'll also need an understanding of percentages and relative frequencies. Look for the recall boxes in the text and\/or refer to the Student Resource pages indicated there if you need a refresher.\r\n<h2>Shark Attacks<\/h2>\r\nIn this corequisite support activity, we'll look at shark attacks in the United States and internationally. We will see how visual displays like tables and graphs can help us analyze the number of shark attacks that occur in each country or U. S. state.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2412\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"320\"]<img class=\"size-full wp-image-2412\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/31142708\/Carcharodon_carcharias.jpg\" alt=\"a great white shark, swimming, its mouth slightly open\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" \/> Carcharodon carcharias[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTo frame the landscape for this activity, think about shark attacks for a moment. What areas of the country or the world seem to be associated with a lot of interaction between sharks and humans? The United States and Australia might come to mind. Consider the two questions below.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>In the United States, which state do you think has the most shark attacks?<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Which country in the world do you think has the most?\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">We can use data to answer questions like this. We'll need to organize and visualize the data first to make it useful for drawing conclusions. A tool that is commonly used to organize data like the number of shark attacks per location is a frequency table.\r\n<span id=\"FreqTable\"><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3>Frequency tables<\/h3>\r\nFrequency tables include information about a number of times something occurs, also known as the <strong>frequency<\/strong> of occurrences. One column in the table lists different categories or groups. Another column lists the frequency of occurrences associated with each category or group.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Interactive Example<\/h3>\r\nSuppose your school has decided to get a large number of people together for an evening to watch the popular TV show,\u00a0<em>Shark Week<\/em>. The refreshment committee sent out a survey asking everyone to list a preference for one of 5 snack options and received 73 responses. The table below lists all the snacks on the survey and the number of people who listed each as their preference.\r\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\" border=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\">Refreshment Options for\u00a0<em>Shark Week<\/em> Watch Party<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Snack<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Count<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Pizza<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">22<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Sliders<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">13<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Chip and Dip<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">12<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Wings<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">19<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Veggie Tray and Dip<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">7<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>How many people said they would prefer chip and dip as the refreshment at the party?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What were the least two favorite snacks of all the responses?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"119543\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"119543\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>12<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Veggie Tray and Chip and Dip<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow you try it with the shark attack data listed below.\r\n\r\nBelow is a frequency table of shark attacks in the United States.[footnote]\u00a0Sharks US only (csv). (n.d.). The Art &amp; Science of Learning from Data. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385\">https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385<\/a>\u00a0[\/footnote]\u00a0A <strong>fre<\/strong><strong>quency table<\/strong> organizes categorical data by listing the different possible categories and the number of times each category occurs in the dataset. For example, in the table below, we see that over some period of time California had [latex]33[\/latex] shark attacks, Florida had [latex]203[\/latex], and so on.\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table style=\"width: 349px; height: 161px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 462.415px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Shark Attacks in the United States<\/strong><em>\r\n<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U.S. State<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Count<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>California<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]33[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Florida<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]203[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Hawaii<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]51[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>North Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]23[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]27[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>South Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]34[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Texas<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]16[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 1<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240628[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"853984\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"853984\"]In the table, find the two highest frequencies of shark attacks and note their associated states.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 2<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240630[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"548239\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"548239\"]How many total shark attacks are listed in the table above for all the listed states combined.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 3<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240668[\/ohm_question]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"501422\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"501422\"]What do <em>you<\/em> think?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Relative frequency<\/h3>\r\nWhen considering data in a frequency table, we often want to know how much a certain frequency represents of the total. For example, 23 shark attacks in North Carolina sounds like quite a lot. But how much of all shark attacks do those 23 represent? Knowing the answer to that may help us feel better about deciding on a location for a beach vacation. Listing the relative frequency for each of the counts in a table will help to understand this.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>relative frequency<\/strong>\u00a0is a proportion (or percentage) of a particular category out of the entire group. See the interactive example below for a demonstration of how to calculate the relative frequency of shark attacks in North Carolina. You may wish to refresh your skills to convert fractions to proportions or percentages in the Recall box first.\r\n<span id=\"FractionProportion\"><\/span><span id=\"ProportionPercent\"><\/span>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>recall<\/h3>\r\nTo write the <strong>relative frequency<\/strong> of an item in a frequency table, divide the frequency (count) of an item by the total frequency of the table.\r\n\r\nEx. Calculate the relative frequency of shark attacks in North Carolina as a proportion rounded to [latex]4[\/latex] decimal places.\r\n\r\nCore Skill:\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"379767\"]Convert a fraction to a proportion (decimal) and round.[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"379767\"]\r\n\r\n[latex]23[\/latex] out of the [latex]387[\/latex] attacks occurred in N.C. We'll write this as [latex]\\dfrac{23}{387}[\/latex].\r\n\r\nTo convert a fraction to a proportion (a decimal), divide the numerator by the denominator using a calculator.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]23\\div 387=0.0594315245...[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nTo round a number to a certain number of places, check the number to right of that place.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If the number to the right is [latex]0 - 4[\/latex], keep desired place value the same and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If the number to the right is [latex]5 - 9[\/latex], round the desired place value up one and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\r\nRound the proportion [latex]0.0594315245...[\/latex] to four decimal places.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]0.0594\\fbox{3}...[\/latex] We see that the place to the right of four decimal places includes a [latex]3[\/latex] so we don't need to round up. We'll keep [latex]0.0594[\/latex] and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\r\n<strong>The proportion of attacks in North Carolina is [latex]0.0594[\/latex].<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\nCore Skill:\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"342198\"]Convert a proportion to a percentage.[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"342198\"]\r\n\r\nTo convert a proportion (decimal) to a percentage, multiply the proportion by [latex]100[\/latex] and append a percent symbol, %.\r\n\r\nEx. The proportion of shark attacks occurring in North Carolina was [latex]0.0594[\/latex], rounded to [latex]4[\/latex] decimal places.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Multiply this number by [latex]100[\/latex] and append the percent symbol. To multiply any number by [latex]100[\/latex], move the decimal two places to the right.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]0.0594\\times100=5.94[\/latex].<\/p>\r\n<strong>[latex]5.94[\/latex]% of all shark attacks occurred in North Carolina.<\/strong>\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">[Also see Corequisite Support Activities 1E and 2D for more practice.]\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Interactive example<\/h3>\r\nFor example, in the table Shark Attacks in the United States, we can see that the [latex]23[\/latex] shark attacks in North Carolina were\u00a0 out of [latex]387[\/latex] shark attacks in all the states combined. If we want to know what proportion or percentage of the total attacks occurred in North Carolina, we can express them as a ratio (fraction), then convert the ratio to a proportion (decimal) or a percentage.\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]\\dfrac{\\text{# attacks in N.C.}}{\\text{# total attacks}}=\\dfrac{23}{387} \\approx0.0594[\/latex] or about [latex]5.94[\/latex]%<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">We can express the relative frequency by saying either of the following.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: center;\"><em style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The proportion of U.S. shark attacks in North Carolina is [latex]0.0594[\/latex]\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\"><em>A<\/em><\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em;\">bout [latex]5.94[\/latex]% of U.S. shark attacks occurred in North Carolina.<\/em><\/p>\r\nCompute the relative frequencies for each of the following location. Recall that there were [latex]387[\/latex] total attacks.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>California: [latex]33[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Florida: [latex]203[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Hawaii: [latex]51[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"117054\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"117054\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\dfrac{33}{387}=0.0853\\text{ or } 8.53\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\dfrac{203}{387}=0.5245\\text{ or } 52.45\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\dfrac{51}{387}=0.1318\\text{ or } 13.18\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nFrequency tables commonly include a column for relative frequency, expressed as a proportion (decimal) or a percent. See the Recall box above for a refresher on how to convert fractions to proportions and percentages then complete the missing information in the table below.\r\n\r\nRecall that a relative frequency represents the proportion or percentage of a particular frequency out of the total frequency. The table below contains the same information as the one you examined above, but adds columns for\u00a0<em>Proportion<\/em> and <em>Percent\u00a0<\/em>(%). For example, we can see in the table that the proportion of shark attacks that occurred in California out of the total number of shark attacks is [latex]0.0853[\/latex], which is equivalent to [latex]8.53[\/latex]% of all the shark attacks listed. In the following question, you'll need to compute the missing proportion and percent for the rows <em>Other<\/em>, <em>South Carolina<\/em>, and <em>Texas<\/em>.\r\n<div align=\"center\">\r\n<table style=\"height: 122px;\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\r\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 10px; width: 404.5px;\" colspan=\"4\"><strong>Shark Attacks in the United States<\/strong><strong>\r\n<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U.S. State<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Count<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Proportion<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Percent (%)<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>California<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]33[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.0853[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]8.53[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Florida<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]203[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.5245[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]52.45[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Hawaii<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]51[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.1318[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]13.18[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>North Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]23[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.0594[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]5.94[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]27[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>South Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]34[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Texas<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]16[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div>\r\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 4<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240669[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"225903\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"225903\"]See the Recall box above to refresh these skills.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Goals<\/h3>\n<p>This activity provides an opportunity to refresh the following skills:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Round decimals to a specified place value<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#FractionProportion\">Convert decimals and fractions to percents<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#ProportionPercent\">Convert fractions or mixed numbers to decimals<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#PercentNumber\">Find the unknown in a percent problem<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>You will also become familiar with these skills:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#FreqTable\">Read and interpret a frequency table<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#BarGraph\">Read and interpret a bar graph<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#PieChart\">Read and interpret a pie chart<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Throughout much of this course you will need to read and interpret <strong>frequency tables<\/strong>, <strong>bar graphs<\/strong>, and <strong>pie charts<\/strong>. These kinds of tables, graphs, and charts help us to visualize data collected about a situation in order to understand it clearly. To help you gain familiarity and practice with these ideas before the course section begins, let&#8217;s work with a small data set to see what methods are available to us for visualizing the data. You&#8217;ll also need an understanding of percentages and relative frequencies. Look for the recall boxes in the text and\/or refer to the Student Resource pages indicated there if you need a refresher.<\/p>\n<h2>Shark Attacks<\/h2>\n<p>In this corequisite support activity, we&#8217;ll look at shark attacks in the United States and internationally. We will see how visual displays like tables and graphs can help us analyze the number of shark attacks that occur in each country or U. S. state.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2412\" style=\"width: 330px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2412\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2412\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/31142708\/Carcharodon_carcharias.jpg\" alt=\"a great white shark, swimming, its mouth slightly open\" width=\"320\" height=\"240\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2412\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Carcharodon carcharias<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>To frame the landscape for this activity, think about shark attacks for a moment. What areas of the country or the world seem to be associated with a lot of interaction between sharks and humans? The United States and Australia might come to mind. Consider the two questions below.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>In the United States, which state do you think has the most shark attacks?<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Which country in the world do you think has the most?\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">We can use data to answer questions like this. We&#8217;ll need to organize and visualize the data first to make it useful for drawing conclusions. A tool that is commonly used to organize data like the number of shark attacks per location is a frequency table.<br \/>\n<span id=\"FreqTable\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>Frequency tables<\/h3>\n<p>Frequency tables include information about a number of times something occurs, also known as the <strong>frequency<\/strong> of occurrences. One column in the table lists different categories or groups. Another column lists the frequency of occurrences associated with each category or group.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Interactive Example<\/h3>\n<p>Suppose your school has decided to get a large number of people together for an evening to watch the popular TV show,\u00a0<em>Shark Week<\/em>. The refreshment committee sent out a survey asking everyone to list a preference for one of 5 snack options and received 73 responses. The table below lists all the snacks on the survey and the number of people who listed each as their preference.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\">Refreshment Options for\u00a0<em>Shark Week<\/em> Watch Party<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Snack<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Count<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Pizza<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Sliders<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">13<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Chip and Dip<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Wings<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">Veggie Tray and Dip<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<ol>\n<li>How many people said they would prefer chip and dip as the refreshment at the party?<\/li>\n<li>What were the least two favorite snacks of all the responses?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q119543\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q119543\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>12<\/li>\n<li>Veggie Tray and Chip and Dip<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now you try it with the shark attack data listed below.<\/p>\n<p>Below is a frequency table of shark attacks in the United States.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u00a0Sharks US only (csv). (n.d.). The Art &amp; Science of Learning from Data. Retrieved from\u00a0https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385\u00a0\" id=\"return-footnote-329-1\" href=\"#footnote-329-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0A <strong>fre<\/strong><strong>quency table<\/strong> organizes categorical data by listing the different possible categories and the number of times each category occurs in the dataset. For example, in the table below, we see that over some period of time California had [latex]33[\/latex] shark attacks, Florida had [latex]203[\/latex], and so on.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table style=\"width: 349px; height: 161px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 462.415px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\"><strong>Shark Attacks in the United States<\/strong><em><br \/>\n<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U.S. State<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Count<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>California<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]33[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Florida<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]203[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Hawaii<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]51[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\"><strong>North Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; height: 14px; text-align: center;\">[latex]23[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]27[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>South Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]34[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 230.469px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Texas<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 219.446px; text-align: center;\">[latex]16[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 1<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240628\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240628&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240628\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q853984\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q853984\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">In the table, find the two highest frequencies of shark attacks and note their associated states.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 2<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240630\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240630&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240630\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q548239\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q548239\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">How many total shark attacks are listed in the table above for all the listed states combined.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 3<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240668\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240668&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240668\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q501422\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q501422\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">What do <em>you<\/em> think?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Relative frequency<\/h3>\n<p>When considering data in a frequency table, we often want to know how much a certain frequency represents of the total. For example, 23 shark attacks in North Carolina sounds like quite a lot. But how much of all shark attacks do those 23 represent? Knowing the answer to that may help us feel better about deciding on a location for a beach vacation. Listing the relative frequency for each of the counts in a table will help to understand this.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>relative frequency<\/strong>\u00a0is a proportion (or percentage) of a particular category out of the entire group. See the interactive example below for a demonstration of how to calculate the relative frequency of shark attacks in North Carolina. You may wish to refresh your skills to convert fractions to proportions or percentages in the Recall box first.<br \/>\n<span id=\"FractionProportion\"><\/span><span id=\"ProportionPercent\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>recall<\/h3>\n<p>To write the <strong>relative frequency<\/strong> of an item in a frequency table, divide the frequency (count) of an item by the total frequency of the table.<\/p>\n<p>Ex. Calculate the relative frequency of shark attacks in North Carolina as a proportion rounded to [latex]4[\/latex] decimal places.<\/p>\n<p>Core Skill:<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q379767\">Convert a fraction to a proportion (decimal) and round.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q379767\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>[latex]23[\/latex] out of the [latex]387[\/latex] attacks occurred in N.C. We&#8217;ll write this as [latex]\\dfrac{23}{387}[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p>To convert a fraction to a proportion (a decimal), divide the numerator by the denominator using a calculator.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]23\\div 387=0.0594315245...[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>To round a number to a certain number of places, check the number to right of that place.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If the number to the right is [latex]0 - 4[\/latex], keep desired place value the same and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">If the number to the right is [latex]5 - 9[\/latex], round the desired place value up one and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\n<p>Round the proportion [latex]0.0594315245...[\/latex] to four decimal places.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]0.0594\\fbox{3}...[\/latex] We see that the place to the right of four decimal places includes a [latex]3[\/latex] so we don&#8217;t need to round up. We&#8217;ll keep [latex]0.0594[\/latex] and drop everything to the right.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The proportion of attacks in North Carolina is [latex]0.0594[\/latex].<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Core Skill:<\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q342198\">Convert a proportion to a percentage.<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q342198\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>To convert a proportion (decimal) to a percentage, multiply the proportion by [latex]100[\/latex] and append a percent symbol, %.<\/p>\n<p>Ex. The proportion of shark attacks occurring in North Carolina was [latex]0.0594[\/latex], rounded to [latex]4[\/latex] decimal places.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">Multiply this number by [latex]100[\/latex] and append the percent symbol. To multiply any number by [latex]100[\/latex], move the decimal two places to the right.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]0.0594\\times100=5.94[\/latex].<\/p>\n<p><strong>[latex]5.94[\/latex]% of all shark attacks occurred in North Carolina.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ffff00;\">[Also see Corequisite Support Activities 1E and 2D for more practice.]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Interactive example<\/h3>\n<p>For example, in the table Shark Attacks in the United States, we can see that the [latex]23[\/latex] shark attacks in North Carolina were\u00a0 out of [latex]387[\/latex] shark attacks in all the states combined. If we want to know what proportion or percentage of the total attacks occurred in North Carolina, we can express them as a ratio (fraction), then convert the ratio to a proportion (decimal) or a percentage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">[latex]\\dfrac{\\text{# attacks in N.C.}}{\\text{# total attacks}}=\\dfrac{23}{387} \\approx0.0594[\/latex] or about [latex]5.94[\/latex]%<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">We can express the relative frequency by saying either of the following.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: center;\"><em style=\"font-size: 1em;\">The proportion of U.S. shark attacks in North Carolina is [latex]0.0594[\/latex]\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1em;\"><em>A<\/em><\/span><em style=\"font-size: 1em;\">bout [latex]5.94[\/latex]% of U.S. shark attacks occurred in North Carolina.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Compute the relative frequencies for each of the following location. Recall that there were [latex]387[\/latex] total attacks.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>California: [latex]33[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\n<li>Florida: [latex]203[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\n<li>Hawaii: [latex]51[\/latex] attacks<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q117054\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q117054\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>[latex]\\dfrac{33}{387}=0.0853\\text{ or } 8.53\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]\\dfrac{203}{387}=0.5245\\text{ or } 52.45\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]\\dfrac{51}{387}=0.1318\\text{ or } 13.18\\%[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>Frequency tables commonly include a column for relative frequency, expressed as a proportion (decimal) or a percent. See the Recall box above for a refresher on how to convert fractions to proportions and percentages then complete the missing information in the table below.<\/p>\n<p>Recall that a relative frequency represents the proportion or percentage of a particular frequency out of the total frequency. The table below contains the same information as the one you examined above, but adds columns for\u00a0<em>Proportion<\/em> and <em>Percent\u00a0<\/em>(%). For example, we can see in the table that the proportion of shark attacks that occurred in California out of the total number of shark attacks is [latex]0.0853[\/latex], which is equivalent to [latex]8.53[\/latex]% of all the shark attacks listed. In the following question, you&#8217;ll need to compute the missing proportion and percent for the rows <em>Other<\/em>, <em>South Carolina<\/em>, and <em>Texas<\/em>.<\/p>\n<div style=\"margin: auto;\">\n<table style=\"height: 122px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\n<td style=\"text-align: center; height: 10px; width: 404.5px;\" colspan=\"4\"><strong>Shark Attacks in the United States<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>U.S. State<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Count<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Proportion<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Percent (%)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>California<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]33[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.0853[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]8.53[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Florida<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]203[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.5245[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]52.45[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Hawaii<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]51[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.1318[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]13.18[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>North Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]23[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\">[latex]0.0594[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\">[latex]5.94[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Other<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]27[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>South Carolina<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]34[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 119.266px; text-align: center;\"><strong>Texas<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 54.5625px; text-align: center;\">[latex]16[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 93.125px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 100.047px; text-align: center;\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 4<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240669\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240669&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240669\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q225903\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q225903\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">See the Recall box above to refresh these skills.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-329\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Introductory Statistics: Analyzing Data with Purpose, First Edition 2021. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Charles A. Dana Center at The University of Texas at Austin. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.utdanacenter.org\/our-work\/higher-education\/curricular-resources-higher-education\/introductory-statistics-analyzing-data-purpose-isap\">https:\/\/www.utdanacenter.org\/our-work\/higher-education\/curricular-resources-higher-education\/introductory-statistics-analyzing-data-purpose-isap<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-329-1\">\u00a0Sharks US only (csv). (n.d.). The Art &amp; Science of Learning from Data. Retrieved from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385\">https:\/\/img1.wsimg.com\/blobby\/go\/bbca5dba-4947-4587-b40a-db346c01b1b3\/downloads\/sharksUS.csv?ver=1622756678385<\/a>\u00a0 <a href=\"#return-footnote-329-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":17533,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Introductory Statistics: Analyzing Data with Purpose, First Edition 2021\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The Charles A. 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