{"id":331,"date":"2022-06-17T15:36:51","date_gmt":"2022-06-17T15:36:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/chapter\/displaying-categorical-data-forming-connections\/"},"modified":"2022-06-17T16:53:25","modified_gmt":"2022-06-17T16:53:25","slug":"displaying-categorical-data-forming-connections","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/chapter\/displaying-categorical-data-forming-connections\/","title":{"raw":"Displaying Categorical Data: Forming Connections 1","rendered":"Displaying Categorical Data: Forming Connections 1"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Goals<\/h3>\r\nDeepen your understanding and form connections within these skills:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Interpret which categorical variable is appropriate for answering a statistical question.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Construct a pie chart from a frequency table of categorical data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Construct a bar graph from a frequency table of categorical data.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use the displayed data distribution of categorical data to answer research questions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Larks or Owls?<\/h2>\r\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1119 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/12005941\/3A-Sleep-300x201.jpeg\" alt=\"A student napping on a desk in a classroom\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" \/><\/strong><\/span>\r\n\r\nIn a 2012 sleep study[footnote]\u00a0SleepStudy: Sleep Study. (2019, May 2). rdrr.oi. Retrieved from https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/Lock5withR\/man\/SleepStudy.html[\/footnote], a sample of [latex]253[\/latex] college students completed skills tests to measure cognitive function, completed surveys that ask many questions about attitudes and habits, and kept sleep diaries to record time and quality of sleep over a two-week period. The relationship between sleep and academic performance was evaluated.\u00a0 During this activity, you'll use the Sleep Study data set to see that there are multiple ways to display categorical data.\r\n<div>In the sleep study, students were asked if they identified as Larks, Owls, or Neither. A Lark is a morning person, an Owl is a night person, and Neither is a person who is neither a morning or night person.\u00a0Their responses were recorded in a variable named Chronotype.<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>video placement<\/h3>\r\n<span style=\"background-color: #e6daf7;\">[Intro: \"In this activity, we'll use technology to create graphical displays of a categorical variable. You should be familiar with picking out the categorical data from a data set and making a frequency table. Don't worry, we'll walk through the use of the analysis tool step by step. The key piece to take away from this activity will be understanding that there are multiple ways to display categorical data. You'll be able to create freqency tables, bar graphs, and pie charts using technology and then use data distributions displayed in those tables and graphs to answer questions about a variable. Before we get started, think about your own chronotype; are you an Owl, a Lark, or neither? How about the others who go to your school? Do you think college students tend to be one or the other?\"]<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2 id=\"Interpreting Categorical Variables\">Categorical Variables<\/h2>\r\nBefore you look at the data set, think for a moment about the assumptions you already hold about college students, then answer the first question below.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 1<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240773[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"91518\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"91518\"]What do <em>you<\/em> think?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe following [latex]10[\/latex] variables are included in the sleep study data set. The variable names are presented in <em>italics<\/em> followed by a brief description. Recall that this is called a <strong>data dictionary<\/strong>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Chronotype<\/em><\/strong>: Lark, owl, or neither; a lark is a morning person, an owl is a night person, and neither is neither a morning nor a night person<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>ClassYear<\/em><\/strong>: 1, 2, 3, 4; 1 = freshman, 2 = sophomore, 3 = junior, 4 = senior<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>NumEarlyClass<\/em><\/strong>: Number of classes per week taken before 9 am<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em><strong>EarlyClas<\/strong>s<\/em>: 0, 1; 0 = is not taking any early classes and 1 = is taking at least one early class<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>GPA<\/em><\/strong>: Grade point average (0\u20134 scale)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>ClassesMissed<\/em><\/strong>: Number of classes missed in a semester<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>PoorSleepQuality<\/em><\/strong>: Measure of sleep quality (higher values indicate poorer sleep)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Stress<\/em><\/strong>: Coded stress score, normal or high<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>AlcoholUse<\/em><\/strong>: Self-reported alcohol use\u2014abstain, light, moderate, heavy<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong><em>Drinks<\/em><\/strong>: Number of alcoholic drinks per week<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 2<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240632[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"78534\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"78534\"]Recall the definition of a categorical variable from the previous page.[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>question 3<\/h3>\r\n[ohm_question hide_question_numbers=1]240633[\/ohm_question]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"646305\"]Hint[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"646305\"]Which variable description best applies to answer this question?[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Goals<\/h3>\n<p>Deepen your understanding and form connections within these skills:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Interpret which categorical variable is appropriate for answering a statistical question.<\/li>\n<li>Construct a pie chart from a frequency table of categorical data.<\/li>\n<li>Construct a bar graph from a frequency table of categorical data.<\/li>\n<li>Use the displayed data distribution of categorical data to answer research questions.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Larks or Owls?<\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1119 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/5738\/2021\/10\/12005941\/3A-Sleep-300x201.jpeg\" alt=\"A student napping on a desk in a classroom\" width=\"300\" height=\"201\" \/><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>In a 2012 sleep study<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"\u00a0SleepStudy: Sleep Study. (2019, May 2). rdrr.oi. Retrieved from https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/Lock5withR\/man\/SleepStudy.html\" id=\"return-footnote-331-1\" href=\"#footnote-331-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>, a sample of [latex]253[\/latex] college students completed skills tests to measure cognitive function, completed surveys that ask many questions about attitudes and habits, and kept sleep diaries to record time and quality of sleep over a two-week period. The relationship between sleep and academic performance was evaluated.\u00a0 During this activity, you&#8217;ll use the Sleep Study data set to see that there are multiple ways to display categorical data.<\/p>\n<div>In the sleep study, students were asked if they identified as Larks, Owls, or Neither. A Lark is a morning person, an Owl is a night person, and Neither is a person who is neither a morning or night person.\u00a0Their responses were recorded in a variable named Chronotype.<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>video placement<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #e6daf7;\">[Intro: &#8220;In this activity, we&#8217;ll use technology to create graphical displays of a categorical variable. You should be familiar with picking out the categorical data from a data set and making a frequency table. Don&#8217;t worry, we&#8217;ll walk through the use of the analysis tool step by step. The key piece to take away from this activity will be understanding that there are multiple ways to display categorical data. You&#8217;ll be able to create freqency tables, bar graphs, and pie charts using technology and then use data distributions displayed in those tables and graphs to answer questions about a variable. Before we get started, think about your own chronotype; are you an Owl, a Lark, or neither? How about the others who go to your school? Do you think college students tend to be one or the other?&#8221;]<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"Interpreting Categorical Variables\">Categorical Variables<\/h2>\n<p>Before you look at the data set, think for a moment about the assumptions you already hold about college students, then answer the first question below.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 1<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240773\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240773&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240773\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q91518\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q91518\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">What do <em>you<\/em> think?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The following [latex]10[\/latex] variables are included in the sleep study data set. The variable names are presented in <em>italics<\/em> followed by a brief description. Recall that this is called a <strong>data dictionary<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>Chronotype<\/em><\/strong>: Lark, owl, or neither; a lark is a morning person, an owl is a night person, and neither is neither a morning nor a night person<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>ClassYear<\/em><\/strong>: 1, 2, 3, 4; 1 = freshman, 2 = sophomore, 3 = junior, 4 = senior<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>NumEarlyClass<\/em><\/strong>: Number of classes per week taken before 9 am<\/li>\n<li><em><strong>EarlyClas<\/strong>s<\/em>: 0, 1; 0 = is not taking any early classes and 1 = is taking at least one early class<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>GPA<\/em><\/strong>: Grade point average (0\u20134 scale)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>ClassesMissed<\/em><\/strong>: Number of classes missed in a semester<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>PoorSleepQuality<\/em><\/strong>: Measure of sleep quality (higher values indicate poorer sleep)<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Stress<\/em><\/strong>: Coded stress score, normal or high<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>AlcoholUse<\/em><\/strong>: Self-reported alcohol use\u2014abstain, light, moderate, heavy<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>Drinks<\/em><\/strong>: Number of alcoholic drinks per week<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 2<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240632\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240632&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240632\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q78534\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q78534\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Recall the definition of a categorical variable from the previous page.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>question 3<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"ohm240633\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/ohm.lumenlearning.com\/multiembedq.php?id=240633&theme=oea&iframe_resize_id=ohm240633\" width=\"100%\" height=\"150\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q646305\">Hint<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q646305\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Which variable description best applies to answer this question?<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-331-1\">\u00a0SleepStudy: Sleep Study. (2019, May 2). rdrr.oi. Retrieved from https:\/\/rdrr.io\/cran\/Lock5withR\/man\/SleepStudy.html <a href=\"#return-footnote-331-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":17533,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-331","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":160,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/331","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17533"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/331\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":620,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/331\/revisions\/620"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/160"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/331\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=331"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=331"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=331"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/alphamodule\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=331"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}