{"id":1200,"date":"2014-12-11T02:30:06","date_gmt":"2014-12-11T02:30:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/colphysics\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1200"},"modified":"2016-11-03T18:15:41","modified_gmt":"2016-11-03T18:15:41","slug":"7-1-work-the-scientific-definition","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/chapter\/7-1-work-the-scientific-definition\/","title":{"raw":"Work: The Scientific Definition","rendered":"Work: The Scientific Definition"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Explain how an object must be displaced for a force on it to do work.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Explain how relative directions of force and displacement determine whether the work done is positive, negative, or zero.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>What It Means to Do Work<\/h2>\r\nThe scientific definition of work differs in some ways from its everyday meaning. Certain things we think of as hard work, such as writing an exam or carrying a heavy load on level ground, are not work as defined by a scientist. The scientific definition of work reveals its relationship to energy\u2014whenever work is done, energy is transferred.\r\n\r\nFor work, in the scientific sense, to be done, a force must be exerted and there must be motion or displacement in the direction of the force.\r\n\r\nFormally, the <em> work<\/em> done on a system by a constant force is defined to be <em>the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance through which the force acts<\/em>. For one-way motion in one dimension, this is expressed in equation form as\u00a0<em>W<\/em> = |<strong>F<\/strong>| (cos<em>\u03b8<\/em>) |<strong>d<\/strong>|,\u00a0where <em>W<\/em> is work, <strong>d<\/strong> is the displacement of the system, and <em>\u03b8<\/em> is the angle between the force vector <strong>F<\/strong> and the displacement vector <strong>d<\/strong>, as in Figure 1. We can also write this as\u00a0<em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>.\r\n\r\nTo find the work done on a system that undergoes motion that is not one-way or that is in two or three dimensions, we divide the motion into one-way one-dimensional segments and add up the work done over each segment.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>What is Work?<\/h3>\r\nThe work done on a system by a constant force is <em>the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance through which the force acts<\/em>. For one-way motion in one dimension, this is expressed in equation form as\u00a0<em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>, where <em>W<\/em> is work, <em>F<\/em> is the magnitude of the force on the system, <em>d<\/em> is the magnitude of the displacement of the system, and <em>\u03b8<\/em> is the angle between the force vector <strong>F<\/strong> and the displacement vector <strong>d<\/strong>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"420\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2014\/12\/20102728\/Figure_08_02_01.jpg\" alt=\"Five drawings labeled a through e. In (a), person pushing a lawn mower with a force F. Force is represented by a vector making an angle theta with the horizontal and displacement of the mower is represented by vector d. The component of vector F along vector d is F cosine theta. Work done by the person W is equal to F d cosine theta. (b) A person is standing with a briefcase in his hand. The force F shown by a vector arrow pointing upwards starting from the handle of briefcase and the displacement d is equal to zero. (c) A person is walking holding the briefcase in his hand. Force vector F is in the vertical direction starting from the handle of briefcase and displacement vector d is in horizontal direction starting from the same point as vector F. The angle between F and d theta is equal to 90 degrees. Cosine theta is equal to zero. (d) A briefcase is shown in front of a set of stairs. A vector d starting from the first stair points along the incline of the stair and a force vector F is in vertical direction starting from the same point as vector d. The angle between them is theta. A component of vector F along vector d is F d cosine theta. (e) A briefcase is shown lowered vertically down from an electric generator. The displacement vector d points downwards and force vector F points upwards acting on the briefcase.\" width=\"420\" height=\"671\" \/> Figure 1. examples of work. (a) The work done by the force <strong>F<\/strong> on this lawn mower is\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>. Note that\u00a0<em>F<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>\u00a0is the component of the force in the direction of motion. (b) A person holding a briefcase does no work on it, because there is no motion. No energy is transferred to or from the briefcase. (c) The person moving the briefcase horizontally at a constant speed does no work on it, and transfers no energy to it. (d) Work is done on the briefcase by carrying it up stairs at constant speed, because there is necessarily a component of force <strong>F<\/strong> in the direction of the motion. Energy is transferred to the briefcase and could in turn be used to do work. (e) When the briefcase is lowered, energy is transferred out of the briefcase and into an electric generator. Here the work done on the briefcase by the generator is negative, removing energy from the briefcase, because <strong>F<\/strong> and <strong>d<\/strong> are in opposite directions.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTo examine what the definition of work means, let us consider the other situations shown in Figure 1. The person holding the briefcase in Figure 1b does no work, for example. Here <em>d<\/em> = 0, so <em>W<\/em> = 0. Why is it you get tired just holding a load? The answer is that your muscles are doing work against one another, <em>but they are doing no work on the system of interest<\/em> (the \u201cbriefcase-Earth system\u201d\u2014see <a class=\"link\" title=\"7.3. Gravitational Potential Energy\" href=\".\/chapter\/7-3-gravitational-potential-energy\/\" target=\"_blank\">Gravitational Potential Energy<\/a> for more details). There must be motion for work to be done, and there must be a component of the force in the direction of the motion. For example, the person carrying the briefcase on level ground in Figure 1c does no work on it, because the force is perpendicular to the motion. That is, cos 90\u00ba = 0, and so <em>W<\/em> = 0.\r\n\r\nIn contrast, when a force exerted on the system has a component in the direction of motion, such as in Figure 1d, work <em>is<\/em> done\u2014energy is transferred to the briefcase. Finally, in Figure 1e, energy is transferred from the briefcase to a generator. There are two good ways to interpret this energy transfer. One interpretation is that the briefcase\u2019s weight does work on the generator, giving it energy. The other interpretation is that the generator does negative work on the briefcase, thus removing energy from it. The drawing shows the latter, with the force from the generator upward on the briefcase, and the displacement downward. This makes <em>\u03b8<\/em> = 180\u00ba, and cos 180\u00ba = \u22121; therefore, <em>W<\/em> is negative.\r\n<h2>Calculating Work<\/h2>\r\nWork and energy have the same units. From the definition of work, we see that those units are force times distance. Thus, in SI units, work and energy are measured in <em>newton-meters<\/em>. A newton-meter is given the special name <em>joule<\/em> (J), and 1J = 1N\u00a0\u00b7 m = 1 kg\u00a0\u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s<sup>2<\/sup>. One joule is not a large amount of energy; it would lift a small 100-gram apple a distance of about 1 meter.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example 1.\u00a0Calculating the Work You Do to Push a Lawn Mower Across a Large Lawn<\/h3>\r\nHow much work is done on the lawn mower by the person in Figure 1a if he exerts a constant force of 75.0 N\u00a0at an angle 35\u00ba below the horizontal and pushes the mower 25.0 m\u00a0on level ground? Convert the amount of work from joules to kilocalories and compare it with this person\u2019s average daily intake of 10,000 kJ\u00a0(about 2400 kcal) of food energy. One <em>calorie<\/em> (1 cal) of heat is the amount required to warm 1 g of water by 1\u00baC, and is equivalent to 4.184 J, while one <em>food calorie<\/em> (1 kcal) is equivalent to 4184 J.\r\n<h4>Strategy<\/h4>\r\nWe can solve this problem by substituting the given values into the definition of work done on a system, stated in the equation <em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>. The force, angle, and displacement are given, so that only the work <em>W<\/em> is unknown.\r\n<h4>Solution<\/h4>\r\nThe equation for the work is\u00a0<em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>.\r\n\r\nSubstituting the known values gives\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lll}W&amp;=&amp;(75.0\\text{ N})(25.0\\text{ m})\\cos(35.0^{\\circ})\\\\\\text{ }&amp;=&amp;1536\\text{ J}=1.54\\times10^3\\text{ J}\\end{array}\\\\[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nConverting the work in joules to kilocalories yields <em>W<\/em> = (1536 J)(1 kcal\/4184 J) = 0.367 kcal. The ratio of the work done to the daily consumption is\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\displaystyle\\frac{W}{2400\\text{ kcal}}=1.53\\times10^{-4}\\\\[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4>Discussion<\/h4>\r\nThis ratio is a tiny fraction of what the person consumes, but it is typical. Very little of the energy released in the consumption of food is used to do work. Even when we \u201cwork\u201d all day long, less than 10% of our food energy intake is used to do work and more than 90% is converted to thermal energy or stored as chemical energy in fat.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Section Summary<\/h2>\r\nWork is the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as it is displaced.\r\n\r\nThe work <em>W<\/em>\u00a0that a force <strong>F<\/strong>\u00a0does on an object is the product of the magnitude <em>F<\/em>\u00a0of the force, times the magnitude <em>d<\/em>\u00a0of the displacement, times the cosine of the angle <em>\u03b8<\/em> between them. In symbols,\u00a0<em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>.\r\n\r\nThe SI unit for work and energy is the joule (J), where 1 J = 1 N\u00a0\u22c5\u00a0m = 1 kg \u22c5 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s<sup>2<\/sup>.\r\n\r\nThe work done by a force is zero if the displacement is either zero or perpendicular to the force.\r\n\r\nThe work done is positive if the force and displacement have the same direction, and negative if they have opposite direction.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Conceptual Questions<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Give an example of something we think of as work in everyday circumstances that is not work in the scientific sense. Is energy transferred or changed in form in your example? If so, explain how this is accomplished without doing work.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Give an example of a situation in which there is a force and a displacement, but the force does no work. Explain why it does no work.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Describe a situation in which a force is exerted for a long time but does no work. Explain.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>How much work does a supermarket checkout attendant do on a can of soup he pushes 0.600 m horizontally with a force of 5.00 N? Express your answer in joules and kilocalories.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A 75.0-kg person climbs stairs, gaining 2.50 meters in height. Find the work done to accomplish this task.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>(a) Calculate the work done on a 1500-kg elevator car by its cable to lift it 40.0 m at constant speed, assuming friction averages 100 N. (b) What is the work done on the lift by the gravitational force in this process? (c) What is the total work done on the lift?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Suppose a car travels 108 km at a speed of 30.0 m\/s, and uses 2.0 gal of gasoline. Only 30% of the gasoline goes into useful work by the force that keeps the car moving at constant speed despite friction. (A gallon of gasoline has 1.2 \u00d7\u00a010<sup>8<\/sup> J.) (a) What is the magnitude of the force exerted to keep the car moving at constant speed? (b) If the required force is directly proportional to speed, how many gallons will be used to drive 108 km at a speed of 28.0 m\/s?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Calculate the work done by an 85.0-kg man who pushes a crate 4.00 m up along a ramp that makes an angle of 20.0\u00ba with the horizontal. (See Figure 2.) He exerts a force of 500 N on the crate parallel to the ramp and moves at a constant speed. Be certain to include the work he does on the crate and on his body to get up the ramp.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1368\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"542\"]<img class=\" wp-image-1368\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2014\/12\/20102926\/Figure_08_01_02a.jpg\" alt=\"A person is pushing a heavy crate up a ramp. The force vector F applied by the person is acting parallel to the ramp.\" width=\"542\" height=\"234\" \/> Figure 2. A man pushes a crate up a ramp.[\/caption]<\/li>\r\n\t<li>How much work is done by the boy pulling his sister 30.0 m in a wagon as shown in Figure 3? Assume no friction acts on the wagon.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1370\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"479\"]<img class=\" wp-image-1370\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2014\/12\/20102927\/Figure_08_01_03a.jpg\" alt=\"A child is sitting inside a wagon and being pulled by a boy with a force F at an angle thirty degrees upward from the horizontal. F is equal to fifty newtons, the displacement vector d is horizontal in the direction of motion. The magnitude of d is thirty meters.\" width=\"479\" height=\"301\" \/> Figure 3. The boy does work on the system of the wagon and the child when he pulls them as shown.[\/caption]<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A shopper pushes a grocery cart 20.0 m at constant speed on level ground, against a 35.0 N frictional force. He pushes in a direction 25.0\u00ba below the horizontal. (a) What is the work done on the cart by friction? (b) What is the work done on the cart by the gravitational force? (c) What is the work done on the cart by the shopper? (d) Find the force the shopper exerts, using energy considerations. (e) What is the total work done on the cart?<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Suppose the ski patrol lowers a rescue sled and victim, having a total mass of 90.0 kg, down a 60.0\u00ba slope at constant speed, as shown in Figure 4. The coefficient of friction between the sled and the snow is 0.100. (a) How much work is done by friction as the sled moves 30.0 m along the hill? (b) How much work is done by the rope on the sled in this distance? (c) What is the work done by the gravitational force on the sled? (d) What is the total work done?\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1372\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"207\"]<img class=\" wp-image-1372\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2014\/12\/20102929\/Figure_08_01_04a.jpg\" alt=\"A person on a rescue sled is shown being pulled up a slope. The slope makes an angle of sixty degrees from the horizontal. The weight of the person is shown by vector w acting vertically downward. The tension in the rope depicted by vector T is along the incline in the upward direction; vector f depicting frictional force is also acting in the same direction.\" width=\"207\" height=\"392\" \/> Figure 4. A rescue sled and victim are lowered down a steep slope.[\/caption]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<strong>energy:\u00a0<\/strong>the ability to do work\r\n\r\n<strong>work:<\/strong>\u00a0the transfer of energy by a force that causes an object to be displaced; the product of the component of the force in the direction of the displacement and the magnitude of the displacement\r\n\r\n<strong>joule:<\/strong>\u00a0SI unit of work and energy, equal to one newton-meter\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Selected Solutions to Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\r\n1. 3.00 J = 7.17 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup> kcal\r\n\r\n3. (a) 5.92 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup> J; (b) \u22125.88 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0J;\u00a0(c) The net force is zero.\r\n\r\n5.\u00a03.14 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> J\r\n\r\n7. \u00a0(a) \u2212700 J;\u00a0(b) 0;\u00a0(c) 700 J;\u00a0(d) 38.6 N;\u00a0(e) 0\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Explain how an object must be displaced for a force on it to do work.<\/li>\n<li>Explain how relative directions of force and displacement determine whether the work done is positive, negative, or zero.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>What It Means to Do Work<\/h2>\n<p>The scientific definition of work differs in some ways from its everyday meaning. Certain things we think of as hard work, such as writing an exam or carrying a heavy load on level ground, are not work as defined by a scientist. The scientific definition of work reveals its relationship to energy\u2014whenever work is done, energy is transferred.<\/p>\n<p>For work, in the scientific sense, to be done, a force must be exerted and there must be motion or displacement in the direction of the force.<\/p>\n<p>Formally, the <em> work<\/em> done on a system by a constant force is defined to be <em>the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance through which the force acts<\/em>. For one-way motion in one dimension, this is expressed in equation form as\u00a0<em>W<\/em> = |<strong>F<\/strong>| (cos<em>\u03b8<\/em>) |<strong>d<\/strong>|,\u00a0where <em>W<\/em> is work, <strong>d<\/strong> is the displacement of the system, and <em>\u03b8<\/em> is the angle between the force vector <strong>F<\/strong> and the displacement vector <strong>d<\/strong>, as in Figure 1. We can also write this as\u00a0<em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>To find the work done on a system that undergoes motion that is not one-way or that is in two or three dimensions, we divide the motion into one-way one-dimensional segments and add up the work done over each segment.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>What is Work?<\/h3>\n<p>The work done on a system by a constant force is <em>the product of the component of the force in the direction of motion times the distance through which the force acts<\/em>. For one-way motion in one dimension, this is expressed in equation form as\u00a0<em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>, where <em>W<\/em> is work, <em>F<\/em> is the magnitude of the force on the system, <em>d<\/em> is the magnitude of the displacement of the system, and <em>\u03b8<\/em> is the angle between the force vector <strong>F<\/strong> and the displacement vector <strong>d<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 430px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2014\/12\/20102728\/Figure_08_02_01.jpg\" alt=\"Five drawings labeled a through e. In (a), person pushing a lawn mower with a force F. Force is represented by a vector making an angle theta with the horizontal and displacement of the mower is represented by vector d. The component of vector F along vector d is F cosine theta. Work done by the person W is equal to F d cosine theta. (b) A person is standing with a briefcase in his hand. The force F shown by a vector arrow pointing upwards starting from the handle of briefcase and the displacement d is equal to zero. (c) A person is walking holding the briefcase in his hand. Force vector F is in the vertical direction starting from the handle of briefcase and displacement vector d is in horizontal direction starting from the same point as vector F. The angle between F and d theta is equal to 90 degrees. Cosine theta is equal to zero. (d) A briefcase is shown in front of a set of stairs. A vector d starting from the first stair points along the incline of the stair and a force vector F is in vertical direction starting from the same point as vector d. The angle between them is theta. A component of vector F along vector d is F d cosine theta. (e) A briefcase is shown lowered vertically down from an electric generator. The displacement vector d points downwards and force vector F points upwards acting on the briefcase.\" width=\"420\" height=\"671\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. examples of work. (a) The work done by the force <strong>F<\/strong> on this lawn mower is\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>. Note that\u00a0<em>F<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>\u00a0is the component of the force in the direction of motion. (b) A person holding a briefcase does no work on it, because there is no motion. No energy is transferred to or from the briefcase. (c) The person moving the briefcase horizontally at a constant speed does no work on it, and transfers no energy to it. (d) Work is done on the briefcase by carrying it up stairs at constant speed, because there is necessarily a component of force <strong>F<\/strong> in the direction of the motion. Energy is transferred to the briefcase and could in turn be used to do work. (e) When the briefcase is lowered, energy is transferred out of the briefcase and into an electric generator. Here the work done on the briefcase by the generator is negative, removing energy from the briefcase, because <strong>F<\/strong> and <strong>d<\/strong> are in opposite directions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>To examine what the definition of work means, let us consider the other situations shown in Figure 1. The person holding the briefcase in Figure 1b does no work, for example. Here <em>d<\/em> = 0, so <em>W<\/em> = 0. Why is it you get tired just holding a load? The answer is that your muscles are doing work against one another, <em>but they are doing no work on the system of interest<\/em> (the \u201cbriefcase-Earth system\u201d\u2014see <a class=\"link\" title=\"7.3. Gravitational Potential Energy\" href=\".\/chapter\/7-3-gravitational-potential-energy\/\" target=\"_blank\">Gravitational Potential Energy<\/a> for more details). There must be motion for work to be done, and there must be a component of the force in the direction of the motion. For example, the person carrying the briefcase on level ground in Figure 1c does no work on it, because the force is perpendicular to the motion. That is, cos 90\u00ba = 0, and so <em>W<\/em> = 0.<\/p>\n<p>In contrast, when a force exerted on the system has a component in the direction of motion, such as in Figure 1d, work <em>is<\/em> done\u2014energy is transferred to the briefcase. Finally, in Figure 1e, energy is transferred from the briefcase to a generator. There are two good ways to interpret this energy transfer. One interpretation is that the briefcase\u2019s weight does work on the generator, giving it energy. The other interpretation is that the generator does negative work on the briefcase, thus removing energy from it. The drawing shows the latter, with the force from the generator upward on the briefcase, and the displacement downward. This makes <em>\u03b8<\/em> = 180\u00ba, and cos 180\u00ba = \u22121; therefore, <em>W<\/em> is negative.<\/p>\n<h2>Calculating Work<\/h2>\n<p>Work and energy have the same units. From the definition of work, we see that those units are force times distance. Thus, in SI units, work and energy are measured in <em>newton-meters<\/em>. A newton-meter is given the special name <em>joule<\/em> (J), and 1J = 1N\u00a0\u00b7 m = 1 kg\u00a0\u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s<sup>2<\/sup>. One joule is not a large amount of energy; it would lift a small 100-gram apple a distance of about 1 meter.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example 1.\u00a0Calculating the Work You Do to Push a Lawn Mower Across a Large Lawn<\/h3>\n<p>How much work is done on the lawn mower by the person in Figure 1a if he exerts a constant force of 75.0 N\u00a0at an angle 35\u00ba below the horizontal and pushes the mower 25.0 m\u00a0on level ground? Convert the amount of work from joules to kilocalories and compare it with this person\u2019s average daily intake of 10,000 kJ\u00a0(about 2400 kcal) of food energy. One <em>calorie<\/em> (1 cal) of heat is the amount required to warm 1 g of water by 1\u00baC, and is equivalent to 4.184 J, while one <em>food calorie<\/em> (1 kcal) is equivalent to 4184 J.<\/p>\n<h4>Strategy<\/h4>\n<p>We can solve this problem by substituting the given values into the definition of work done on a system, stated in the equation <em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>. The force, angle, and displacement are given, so that only the work <em>W<\/em> is unknown.<\/p>\n<h4>Solution<\/h4>\n<p>The equation for the work is\u00a0<em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Substituting the known values gives<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{lll}W&=&(75.0\\text{ N})(25.0\\text{ m})\\cos(35.0^{\\circ})\\\\\\text{ }&=&1536\\text{ J}=1.54\\times10^3\\text{ J}\\end{array}\\\\[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>Converting the work in joules to kilocalories yields <em>W<\/em> = (1536 J)(1 kcal\/4184 J) = 0.367 kcal. The ratio of the work done to the daily consumption is<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\displaystyle\\frac{W}{2400\\text{ kcal}}=1.53\\times10^{-4}\\\\[\/latex]<\/p>\n<h4>Discussion<\/h4>\n<p>This ratio is a tiny fraction of what the person consumes, but it is typical. Very little of the energy released in the consumption of food is used to do work. Even when we \u201cwork\u201d all day long, less than 10% of our food energy intake is used to do work and more than 90% is converted to thermal energy or stored as chemical energy in fat.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Section Summary<\/h2>\n<p>Work is the transfer of energy by a force acting on an object as it is displaced.<\/p>\n<p>The work <em>W<\/em>\u00a0that a force <strong>F<\/strong>\u00a0does on an object is the product of the magnitude <em>F<\/em>\u00a0of the force, times the magnitude <em>d<\/em>\u00a0of the displacement, times the cosine of the angle <em>\u03b8<\/em> between them. In symbols,\u00a0<em>W<\/em> =\u00a0<em>Fd<\/em> cos\u00a0<em>\u03b8<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>The SI unit for work and energy is the joule (J), where 1 J = 1 N\u00a0\u22c5\u00a0m = 1 kg \u22c5 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s<sup>2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>The work done by a force is zero if the displacement is either zero or perpendicular to the force.<\/p>\n<p>The work done is positive if the force and displacement have the same direction, and negative if they have opposite direction.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Conceptual Questions<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Give an example of something we think of as work in everyday circumstances that is not work in the scientific sense. Is energy transferred or changed in form in your example? If so, explain how this is accomplished without doing work.<\/li>\n<li>Give an example of a situation in which there is a force and a displacement, but the force does no work. Explain why it does no work.<\/li>\n<li>Describe a situation in which a force is exerted for a long time but does no work. Explain.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>How much work does a supermarket checkout attendant do on a can of soup he pushes 0.600 m horizontally with a force of 5.00 N? Express your answer in joules and kilocalories.<\/li>\n<li>A 75.0-kg person climbs stairs, gaining 2.50 meters in height. Find the work done to accomplish this task.<\/li>\n<li>(a) Calculate the work done on a 1500-kg elevator car by its cable to lift it 40.0 m at constant speed, assuming friction averages 100 N. (b) What is the work done on the lift by the gravitational force in this process? (c) What is the total work done on the lift?<\/li>\n<li>Suppose a car travels 108 km at a speed of 30.0 m\/s, and uses 2.0 gal of gasoline. Only 30% of the gasoline goes into useful work by the force that keeps the car moving at constant speed despite friction. (A gallon of gasoline has 1.2 \u00d7\u00a010<sup>8<\/sup> J.) (a) What is the magnitude of the force exerted to keep the car moving at constant speed? (b) If the required force is directly proportional to speed, how many gallons will be used to drive 108 km at a speed of 28.0 m\/s?<\/li>\n<li>Calculate the work done by an 85.0-kg man who pushes a crate 4.00 m up along a ramp that makes an angle of 20.0\u00ba with the horizontal. (See Figure 2.) He exerts a force of 500 N on the crate parallel to the ramp and moves at a constant speed. Be certain to include the work he does on the crate and on his body to get up the ramp.\n<div id=\"attachment_1368\" style=\"width: 552px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1368\" class=\"wp-image-1368\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2014\/12\/20102926\/Figure_08_01_02a.jpg\" alt=\"A person is pushing a heavy crate up a ramp. The force vector F applied by the person is acting parallel to the ramp.\" width=\"542\" height=\"234\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1368\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. A man pushes a crate up a ramp.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>How much work is done by the boy pulling his sister 30.0 m in a wagon as shown in Figure 3? Assume no friction acts on the wagon.\n<div id=\"attachment_1370\" style=\"width: 489px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1370\" class=\"wp-image-1370\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2014\/12\/20102927\/Figure_08_01_03a.jpg\" alt=\"A child is sitting inside a wagon and being pulled by a boy with a force F at an angle thirty degrees upward from the horizontal. F is equal to fifty newtons, the displacement vector d is horizontal in the direction of motion. The magnitude of d is thirty meters.\" width=\"479\" height=\"301\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1370\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 3. The boy does work on the system of the wagon and the child when he pulls them as shown.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>A shopper pushes a grocery cart 20.0 m at constant speed on level ground, against a 35.0 N frictional force. He pushes in a direction 25.0\u00ba below the horizontal. (a) What is the work done on the cart by friction? (b) What is the work done on the cart by the gravitational force? (c) What is the work done on the cart by the shopper? (d) Find the force the shopper exerts, using energy considerations. (e) What is the total work done on the cart?<\/li>\n<li>Suppose the ski patrol lowers a rescue sled and victim, having a total mass of 90.0 kg, down a 60.0\u00ba slope at constant speed, as shown in Figure 4. The coefficient of friction between the sled and the snow is 0.100. (a) How much work is done by friction as the sled moves 30.0 m along the hill? (b) How much work is done by the rope on the sled in this distance? (c) What is the work done by the gravitational force on the sled? (d) What is the total work done?\n<div id=\"attachment_1372\" style=\"width: 217px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1372\" class=\"wp-image-1372\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/222\/2014\/12\/20102929\/Figure_08_01_04a.jpg\" alt=\"A person on a rescue sled is shown being pulled up a slope. The slope makes an angle of sixty degrees from the horizontal. The weight of the person is shown by vector w acting vertically downward. The tension in the rope depicted by vector T is along the incline in the upward direction; vector f depicting frictional force is also acting in the same direction.\" width=\"207\" height=\"392\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1372\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 4. A rescue sled and victim are lowered down a steep slope.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<p><strong>energy:\u00a0<\/strong>the ability to do work<\/p>\n<p><strong>work:<\/strong>\u00a0the transfer of energy by a force that causes an object to be displaced; the product of the component of the force in the direction of the displacement and the magnitude of the displacement<\/p>\n<p><strong>joule:<\/strong>\u00a0SI unit of work and energy, equal to one newton-meter<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Selected Solutions to Problems &amp; Exercises<\/h3>\n<p>1. 3.00 J = 7.17 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22124<\/sup> kcal<\/p>\n<p>3. (a) 5.92 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup> J; (b) \u22125.88 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup>\u00a0J;\u00a0(c) The net force is zero.<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a03.14 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> J<\/p>\n<p>7. \u00a0(a) \u2212700 J;\u00a0(b) 0;\u00a0(c) 700 J;\u00a0(d) 38.6 N;\u00a0(e) 0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1200\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>College Physics. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a\/College_Physics\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a\/College_Physics<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Located at License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":1,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"College Physics\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a\/College_Physics\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Located at License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1200","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":7512,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1200","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1200\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12026,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1200\/revisions\/12026"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/7512"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1200\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1200"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1200"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1200"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1200"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}