{"id":7038,"date":"2014-12-11T02:29:17","date_gmt":"2014-12-11T02:29:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/colphysics\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=7038"},"modified":"2016-02-18T22:17:53","modified_gmt":"2016-02-18T22:17:53","slug":"appendix-c-useful-information","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/chapter\/appendix-c-useful-information\/","title":{"raw":"Appendix\u00a0C.\u00a0Useful Information","rendered":"Appendix\u00a0C.\u00a0Useful Information"},"content":{"raw":"<ul>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"#table1\">Table 1<\/a>, Important Constants<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"#table2\">Table 2<\/a>, Submicroscopic Masses<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"#table3\">Table 3<\/a>, Solar System Data<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"#table4\">Table 4<\/a>, Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"#table5\">Table 5<\/a>, The Greek Alphabet<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"#table6\">Table 6<\/a>, SI units<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"#table7\">Table 7<\/a>, Selected British Units<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"#table8\">Table 8<\/a>, Other Units<\/li>\r\n\t<li><a href=\"#table9\">Table 9<\/a>, Useful Formulae<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<table id=\"table1\" summary=\"Four-column table of Important Constants. Column one lists the constant\u2019s symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"4\">Table 1. Important Constants[footnote]Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\" target=\"_blank\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.[\/footnote]<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\r\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\r\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>c<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Speed of light in vacuum<\/td>\r\n<td>2.99792458 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m\/s<\/td>\r\n<td>3.00 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m\/s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>G<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Gravitational constant<\/td>\r\n<td>6.67384(80) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221211<\/sup> N \u00b7\u00a0m<sup>2<\/sup>\/kg<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>6.67 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221211<\/sup> N\u00a0\u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/kg<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>N<sub>A<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Avogadro\u2019s number<\/td>\r\n<td>6.02214129(27) \u00d7 10<sup>23<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>6.02 \u00d7 10<sup>23<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>k<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Boltzmann\u2019s constant<\/td>\r\n<td>1.3806488(13) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221223<\/sup> J\/K<\/td>\r\n<td>1.38 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221223<\/sup> J\/K<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>R<\/td>\r\n<td>Gas constant<\/td>\r\n<td>8.3144621(75) J\/mol \u00b7 K<\/td>\r\n<td>8.31 J\/mol \u00b7 K = 1.99 cal\/mol \u00b7 K = 0.0821 atm \u00b7\u00a0L\/mol \u00b7 K<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u03c3<\/td>\r\n<td>Stefan-Boltzmann constant<\/td>\r\n<td>5.670373(21) \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup> W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00b7 K<\/td>\r\n<td>5.67 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup> W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00b7 K<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>k<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Coulomb force constant<\/td>\r\n<td>8.987551788... \u00d7 10<sup>9<\/sup> N \u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/C<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>8.99 \u00d7 10<sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0N \u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/C<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>q<sub>e<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Charge on electron<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22121.602176565(35) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> C<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22121.60 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>\u03b5<\/em><sub>0<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td>Permittivity of free space<\/td>\r\n<td>8.854187817...\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<sup>\u221212 <\/sup>C<sup>2<\/sup>\/N\u00a0\u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>8.85 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221212<\/sup> C<sup>2<\/sup>\/N \u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u00b5<sub>0<\/sub><\/td>\r\n<td>Permeability of free space<\/td>\r\n<td>4\u03c0 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup> T\u00a0\u00b7 m\/A<\/td>\r\n<td>1.26 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup> T \u00b7 m\/A<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>h<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Planck\u2019s constant<\/td>\r\n<td>6.62606957(29) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221234<\/sup> J\u00a0\u00b7 s<\/td>\r\n<td>6.63 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221234<\/sup> J \u00b7 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a>\r\n<table id=\"table2\" summary=\"Four-column table of submicroscopic masses. Column one lists the symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"4\">Table 2. Submicroscopic Masses[footnote]Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\" target=\"_blank\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.[\/footnote]<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\r\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\r\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>m<sub>e<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Electron mass<\/td>\r\n<td>9.10938291(40) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221231<\/sup>\u00a0kg<\/td>\r\n<td>9.11 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221231<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>m<sub>p<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Proton mass<\/td>\r\n<td>1.672621777(74) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<td>1.6726 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><em>m<sub>n<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>Neutron mass<\/td>\r\n<td>1.674927351(74) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<td>1.6749 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>u<\/td>\r\n<td>Atomic mass unit<\/td>\r\n<td>1.660538921(73) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<td>1.6605 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a>\r\n<table id=\"table3\" summary=\"Three column table of solar system data. Column one has only three entries: Sun, Earth, and Moon. Column two describes various measurements for each of these heavenly bodies, and column three lists the value for each measurement.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"3\">Table 3. Solar System Data<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th rowspan=\"3\">Sun<\/th>\r\n<td>mass<\/td>\r\n<td>1.99 \u00d7 10<sup>30<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>average radius<\/td>\r\n<td>6.96 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Earth-sun distance (average)<\/td>\r\n<td>1.496 \u00d7 10<sup>11<\/sup> m<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th rowspan=\"3\">Earth<\/th>\r\n<td>mass<\/td>\r\n<td>5.9736 \u00d7 10<sup>24<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>average radius<\/td>\r\n<td>6.376 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> m<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>orbital period<\/td>\r\n<td>3.16 \u00d7 10<sup>7<\/sup> s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th rowspan=\"4\">Moon<\/th>\r\n<td>mass<\/td>\r\n<td>7.35 \u00d7 10<sup>22<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>average radius<\/td>\r\n<td>1.74 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> m<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>orbital period (average)<\/td>\r\n<td>2.36 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Earth-moon distance (average)<\/td>\r\n<td>3.84 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a>\r\n<table id=\"table4\" summary=\"Six-column table of metric prefixes. Columns one through three list the prefixes symbols, and values to the positive powers of ten. Columns four through six list the prefixes symbols, and values to the negative powers of ten.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"6\">Table 4. Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Value<\/th>\r\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\r\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\r\n<th>Value<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>tera<\/td>\r\n<td>T<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>12<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>deci<\/td>\r\n<td>d<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>\u22121<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>giga<\/td>\r\n<td>G<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>9<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>centi<\/td>\r\n<td>c<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>\u22122<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>mega<\/td>\r\n<td>M<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>6<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>milli<\/td>\r\n<td>m<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>\u22123<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>kilo<\/td>\r\n<td>k<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>micro<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00b5<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>hecto<\/td>\r\n<td>h<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>nano<\/td>\r\n<td>n<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>\u22129<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>deka<\/td>\r\n<td>da<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>pico<\/td>\r\n<td>p<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>\u221212<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\r\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>0<\/sup> (= 1)<\/td>\r\n<td>femto<\/td>\r\n<td>f<\/td>\r\n<td>10<sup>\u221215<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a>\r\n<table id=\"table5\" summary=\"Twelve-column table listing letters of the Greek alphabet. The first three columns contain the English spelling, the upper-case letter, and the lower-case letter, respectively. Columns four through six, seven through nine, and ten through twelve also follow this format.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"9\">Table 5. The Greek Alphabet<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Alpha<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0391<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03b1<\/td>\r\n<td>Eta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0397<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03b7<\/td>\r\n<td>Nu<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039d<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03bd<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Beta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0392<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03b2<\/td>\r\n<td>Tau<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a4<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03c4<\/td>\r\n<td>Theta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0398<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03b8<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Xi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039e<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03be<\/td>\r\n<td>Upsilon<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a5<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03c5<\/td>\r\n<td>Gamma<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0393<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03b3<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Iota<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0399<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03b9<\/td>\r\n<td>Omicron<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039f<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03bf<\/td>\r\n<td>Phi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03c6<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03d5<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Delta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0394<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03b4<\/td>\r\n<td>Kappa<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039a<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03ba<\/td>\r\n<td>Pi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a0<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03c0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Chi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a7<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03c7<\/td>\r\n<td>Epsilon<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0395<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03b5<\/td>\r\n<td>Lambda<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039b<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03bb<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Rho<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a1<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03c1<\/td>\r\n<td>Psi<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a8<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03c8<\/td>\r\n<td>Zeta<\/td>\r\n<td>\u0396<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03b6<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Mu<\/td>\r\n<td>\u039c<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03bc<\/td>\r\n<td>Sigma<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a3<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03c3<\/td>\r\n<td>Omega<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a9<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03c9<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a>\r\n<table id=\"table6\" summary=\"Four column table of SI Units. Column 1 serves to group the entries in the other three columns into three categories: Fundamental units, Supplementary units, and Derived units. Column two lists the Entity for each unit; column three the Abbreviation; column four the Name.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"4\">Table 6. SI Units<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>Entity<\/th>\r\n<th>Abbreviation<\/th>\r\n<th>Name<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"4\"><strong>Fundamental units<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Length<\/td>\r\n<td>m<\/td>\r\n<td>meter<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Mass<\/td>\r\n<td>kg<\/td>\r\n<td>kilogram<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Time<\/td>\r\n<td>s<\/td>\r\n<td>second<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Current<\/td>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<td>ampere<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Supplementary unit<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Angle<\/td>\r\n<td>rad<\/td>\r\n<td>radian<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"11\"><strong>Derived units<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td>Force<\/td>\r\n<td>N = kg \u22c5 m\/s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>newton<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Energy<\/td>\r\n<td>J = kg \u22c5 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>joule<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Power<\/td>\r\n<td>W = J\/s<\/td>\r\n<td>watt<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\r\n<td>Pa = N\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<td>pascal<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Frequency<\/td>\r\n<td>Hz = 1\/s<\/td>\r\n<td>hertz<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Electronic potential<\/td>\r\n<td>V = J\/C<\/td>\r\n<td>volt<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Capacitance<\/td>\r\n<td>F = C\/V<\/td>\r\n<td>farad<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Charge<\/td>\r\n<td>C = s \u22c5 A<\/td>\r\n<td>coulomb<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Resistance<\/td>\r\n<td>\u03a9 = V\/A<\/td>\r\n<td>ohm<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Magnetic field<\/td>\r\n<td>T = N\/(A \u22c5 m)<\/td>\r\n<td>tesla<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\r\n<td>Bq = 1\/s<\/td>\r\n<td>becquerel<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a>\r\n<table id=\"table7\" summary=\"Two-column table listing selected British units. Column 1 lists types of measurements. Column two contains equations for the conversion of British units to metric.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table 7. Selected British Units<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Length<\/td>\r\n<td>1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm (exactly)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 m<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 mile (mi) = 1.609 km<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Force<\/td>\r\n<td>1 pound (lb) = 4.448 N<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Energy<\/td>\r\n<td>1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 1.055 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> J<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Power<\/td>\r\n<td>1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\r\n<td>1 lb\/in<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0= 6.895 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> Pa<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a>\r\n<table id=\"table8\" summary=\"Two column table listing Other Units. Column one lists various types of measurements. Column two contains conversion equations between various units of measurement. Most of the entries in column one correspond to multiple rows in column two.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table 8. Other Units<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"4\">Length<\/td>\r\n<td>1 light year (ly) = 9.46 \u00d7 10<sup>15<\/sup> m<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 astronomical unit (au) = 1.50 \u00d7 10<sup>11<\/sup> m<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 nautical mile = 1.852 km<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 angstrom (\u00c5) = 10<sup>\u221210<\/sup> m<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Area<\/td>\r\n<td>1 acre (ac) = 4.05 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 square foot (ft<sup>2<\/sup>) = 9.29 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22122<\/sup> m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 barn (b) = 10<sup>\u221228<\/sup> m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Volume<\/td>\r\n<td>1 liter (L) = 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 3.785 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Mass<\/td>\r\n<td>1 solar mass = 1.99 \u00d7 10<sup>30<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1metric ton = 10<sup>3<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 atomic mass unit (u) = 1.6605 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Time<\/td>\r\n<td>1 year (y) = 3.16 \u00d7 10<sup>7<\/sup> s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 day (d) = 86,400 s<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Speed<\/td>\r\n<td>1 mile per hour (mph) = 1.609 km\/h<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 nautical mile per hour (naut) = 1.852 km\/h<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"4\">Angle<\/td>\r\n<td>1 degree (\u00b0) = 1.745 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22122<\/sup> rad<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 minute of arc (\u2032) = 1\/60 degree<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 second of arc (\u2032\u2032) = 1\/60 minute of arc<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 grad = 1.571 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22122<\/sup> rad<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"5\">Energy<\/td>\r\n<td>1 kiloton TNT (kT) = 4.2 \u00d7 10<sup>12<\/sup> J<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 kilowatt hour (kW \u22c5 h) = 3.60 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> J<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 food calorie (kcal) = 4186 J<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 J<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 electron volt (eV) = 1.60 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> J<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Pressure<\/td>\r\n<td>1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup> Pa<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) = 133.3 Pa<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1 torricelli (torr) = 1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\r\n<td>1 curie (Ci) = 3.70 \u00d7 10<sup>10<\/sup> Bq<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a>\r\n<table id=\"table9\" summary=\"Two-column table of Useful formulae. Entries in column one describe the mathematical formulae in column two.\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table 9. Useful Formulae<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Circumference of a circle with radius <em>r<\/em>\u00a0or diameter\u00a0<em>d<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>[latex]C=2\\pi{r}=\\pi{d}\\\\[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Area of a circle with radius <em>r<\/em>\u00a0or diameter\u00a0<em>d<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>[latex]A=\\pi{r}^{2}=\\frac{\\pi{d}^{2}}{4}\\\\[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Area of a sphere with radius\u00a0<em>r<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>[latex]A=4\\pi{r}^{2}\\\\[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Volume of a sphere with radius\u00a0<em>r<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td>[latex]V=\\frac{4}{3}\\left(\\pi{r}^{3}\\right)\\\\[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a>","rendered":"<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#table1\">Table 1<\/a>, Important Constants<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#table2\">Table 2<\/a>, Submicroscopic Masses<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#table3\">Table 3<\/a>, Solar System Data<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#table4\">Table 4<\/a>, Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#table5\">Table 5<\/a>, The Greek Alphabet<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#table6\">Table 6<\/a>, SI units<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#table7\">Table 7<\/a>, Selected British Units<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#table8\">Table 8<\/a>, Other Units<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#table9\">Table 9<\/a>, Useful Formulae<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<table id=\"table1\" summary=\"Four-column table of Important Constants. Column one lists the constant\u2019s symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"4\">Table 1. Important Constants<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.\" id=\"return-footnote-7038-1\" href=\"#footnote-7038-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>c<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Speed of light in vacuum<\/td>\n<td>2.99792458 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m\/s<\/td>\n<td>3.00 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m\/s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>G<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Gravitational constant<\/td>\n<td>6.67384(80) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221211<\/sup> N \u00b7\u00a0m<sup>2<\/sup>\/kg<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>6.67 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221211<\/sup> N\u00a0\u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/kg<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>N<sub>A<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\n<td>Avogadro\u2019s number<\/td>\n<td>6.02214129(27) \u00d7 10<sup>23<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>6.02 \u00d7 10<sup>23<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>k<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Boltzmann\u2019s constant<\/td>\n<td>1.3806488(13) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221223<\/sup> J\/K<\/td>\n<td>1.38 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221223<\/sup> J\/K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>R<\/td>\n<td>Gas constant<\/td>\n<td>8.3144621(75) J\/mol \u00b7 K<\/td>\n<td>8.31 J\/mol \u00b7 K = 1.99 cal\/mol \u00b7 K = 0.0821 atm \u00b7\u00a0L\/mol \u00b7 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u03c3<\/td>\n<td>Stefan-Boltzmann constant<\/td>\n<td>5.670373(21) \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup> W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00b7 K<\/td>\n<td>5.67 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22128<\/sup> W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0\u00b7 K<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>k<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Coulomb force constant<\/td>\n<td>8.987551788&#8230; \u00d7 10<sup>9<\/sup> N \u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/C<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>8.99 \u00d7 10<sup>9<\/sup>\u00a0N \u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/C<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>q<sub>e<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\n<td>Charge on electron<\/td>\n<td>\u22121.602176565(35) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> C<\/td>\n<td>\u22121.60 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>\u03b5<\/em><sub>0<\/sub><\/td>\n<td>Permittivity of free space<\/td>\n<td>8.854187817&#8230;\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<sup>\u221212 <\/sup>C<sup>2<\/sup>\/N\u00a0\u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>8.85 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221212<\/sup> C<sup>2<\/sup>\/N \u00b7 m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u00b5<sub>0<\/sub><\/td>\n<td>Permeability of free space<\/td>\n<td>4\u03c0 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22127<\/sup> T\u00a0\u00b7 m\/A<\/td>\n<td>1.26 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22126<\/sup> T \u00b7 m\/A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>h<\/em><\/td>\n<td>Planck\u2019s constant<\/td>\n<td>6.62606957(29) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221234<\/sup> J\u00a0\u00b7 s<\/td>\n<td>6.63 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221234<\/sup> J \u00b7 s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<table id=\"table2\" summary=\"Four-column table of submicroscopic masses. Column one lists the symbol. Column two lists its meaning. Column three lists its best value, and column four lists its approximate value.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"4\">Table 2. Submicroscopic Masses<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined.\" id=\"return-footnote-7038-2\" href=\"#footnote-7038-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Meaning<\/th>\n<th>Best Value<\/th>\n<th>Approximate Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>m<sub>e<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\n<td>Electron mass<\/td>\n<td>9.10938291(40) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221231<\/sup>\u00a0kg<\/td>\n<td>9.11 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221231<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>m<sub>p<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\n<td>Proton mass<\/td>\n<td>1.672621777(74) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<td>1.6726 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><em>m<sub>n<\/sub><\/em><\/td>\n<td>Neutron mass<\/td>\n<td>1.674927351(74) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<td>1.6749 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>u<\/td>\n<td>Atomic mass unit<\/td>\n<td>1.660538921(73) \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<td>1.6605 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<table id=\"table3\" summary=\"Three column table of solar system data. Column one has only three entries: Sun, Earth, and Moon. Column two describes various measurements for each of these heavenly bodies, and column three lists the value for each measurement.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"3\">Table 3. Solar System Data<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"3\">Sun<\/th>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>1.99 \u00d7 10<sup>30<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>6.96 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Earth-sun distance (average)<\/td>\n<td>1.496 \u00d7 10<sup>11<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"3\">Earth<\/th>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>5.9736 \u00d7 10<sup>24<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>6.376 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>orbital period<\/td>\n<td>3.16 \u00d7 10<sup>7<\/sup> s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"4\">Moon<\/th>\n<td>mass<\/td>\n<td>7.35 \u00d7 10<sup>22<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>average radius<\/td>\n<td>1.74 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>orbital period (average)<\/td>\n<td>2.36 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Earth-moon distance (average)<\/td>\n<td>3.84 \u00d7 10<sup>8<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<table id=\"table4\" summary=\"Six-column table of metric prefixes. Columns one through three list the prefixes symbols, and values to the positive powers of ten. Columns four through six list the prefixes symbols, and values to the negative powers of ten.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"6\">Table 4. Metric Prefixes for Powers of Ten and Their Symbols<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<th>Prefix<\/th>\n<th>Symbol<\/th>\n<th>Value<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>tera<\/td>\n<td>T<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>12<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>deci<\/td>\n<td>d<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22121<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>giga<\/td>\n<td>G<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>9<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>centi<\/td>\n<td>c<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22122<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>mega<\/td>\n<td>M<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>6<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>milli<\/td>\n<td>m<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22123<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>kilo<\/td>\n<td>k<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>micro<\/td>\n<td>\u00b5<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22126<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>hecto<\/td>\n<td>h<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>nano<\/td>\n<td>n<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u22129<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>deka<\/td>\n<td>da<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>pico<\/td>\n<td>p<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u221212<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>\u2014<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>0<\/sup> (= 1)<\/td>\n<td>femto<\/td>\n<td>f<\/td>\n<td>10<sup>\u221215<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<table id=\"table5\" summary=\"Twelve-column table listing letters of the Greek alphabet. The first three columns contain the English spelling, the upper-case letter, and the lower-case letter, respectively. Columns four through six, seven through nine, and ten through twelve also follow this format.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"9\">Table 5. The Greek Alphabet<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Alpha<\/td>\n<td>\u0391<\/td>\n<td>\u03b1<\/td>\n<td>Eta<\/td>\n<td>\u0397<\/td>\n<td>\u03b7<\/td>\n<td>Nu<\/td>\n<td>\u039d<\/td>\n<td>\u03bd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Beta<\/td>\n<td>\u0392<\/td>\n<td>\u03b2<\/td>\n<td>Tau<\/td>\n<td>\u03a4<\/td>\n<td>\u03c4<\/td>\n<td>Theta<\/td>\n<td>\u0398<\/td>\n<td>\u03b8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Xi<\/td>\n<td>\u039e<\/td>\n<td>\u03be<\/td>\n<td>Upsilon<\/td>\n<td>\u03a5<\/td>\n<td>\u03c5<\/td>\n<td>Gamma<\/td>\n<td>\u0393<\/td>\n<td>\u03b3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Iota<\/td>\n<td>\u0399<\/td>\n<td>\u03b9<\/td>\n<td>Omicron<\/td>\n<td>\u039f<\/td>\n<td>\u03bf<\/td>\n<td>Phi<\/td>\n<td>\u03c6<\/td>\n<td>\u03d5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Delta<\/td>\n<td>\u0394<\/td>\n<td>\u03b4<\/td>\n<td>Kappa<\/td>\n<td>\u039a<\/td>\n<td>\u03ba<\/td>\n<td>Pi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a0<\/td>\n<td>\u03c0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Chi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a7<\/td>\n<td>\u03c7<\/td>\n<td>Epsilon<\/td>\n<td>\u0395<\/td>\n<td>\u03b5<\/td>\n<td>Lambda<\/td>\n<td>\u039b<\/td>\n<td>\u03bb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Rho<\/td>\n<td>\u03a1<\/td>\n<td>\u03c1<\/td>\n<td>Psi<\/td>\n<td>\u03a8<\/td>\n<td>\u03c8<\/td>\n<td>Zeta<\/td>\n<td>\u0396<\/td>\n<td>\u03b6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mu<\/td>\n<td>\u039c<\/td>\n<td>\u03bc<\/td>\n<td>Sigma<\/td>\n<td>\u03a3<\/td>\n<td>\u03c3<\/td>\n<td>Omega<\/td>\n<td>\u03a9<\/td>\n<td>\u03c9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<table id=\"table6\" summary=\"Four column table of SI Units. Column 1 serves to group the entries in the other three columns into three categories: Fundamental units, Supplementary units, and Derived units. Column two lists the Entity for each unit; column three the Abbreviation; column four the Name.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"4\">Table 6. SI Units<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Entity<\/th>\n<th>Abbreviation<\/th>\n<th>Name<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\"><strong>Fundamental units<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Length<\/td>\n<td>m<\/td>\n<td>meter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Mass<\/td>\n<td>kg<\/td>\n<td>kilogram<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Time<\/td>\n<td>s<\/td>\n<td>second<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Current<\/td>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>ampere<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Supplementary unit<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Angle<\/td>\n<td>rad<\/td>\n<td>radian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"11\"><strong>Derived units<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Force<\/td>\n<td>N = kg \u22c5 m\/s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>newton<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>J = kg \u22c5 m<sup>2<\/sup>\/s<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>joule<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Power<\/td>\n<td>W = J\/s<\/td>\n<td>watt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>Pa = N\/m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td>pascal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Frequency<\/td>\n<td>Hz = 1\/s<\/td>\n<td>hertz<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Electronic potential<\/td>\n<td>V = J\/C<\/td>\n<td>volt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Capacitance<\/td>\n<td>F = C\/V<\/td>\n<td>farad<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Charge<\/td>\n<td>C = s \u22c5 A<\/td>\n<td>coulomb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Resistance<\/td>\n<td>\u03a9 = V\/A<\/td>\n<td>ohm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Magnetic field<\/td>\n<td>T = N\/(A \u22c5 m)<\/td>\n<td>tesla<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\n<td>Bq = 1\/s<\/td>\n<td>becquerel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<table id=\"table7\" summary=\"Two-column table listing selected British units. Column 1 lists types of measurements. Column two contains equations for the conversion of British units to metric.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table 7. Selected British Units<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Length<\/td>\n<td>1 inch (in.) = 2.54 cm (exactly)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 foot (ft) = 0.3048 m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 mile (mi) = 1.609 km<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Force<\/td>\n<td>1 pound (lb) = 4.448 N<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Energy<\/td>\n<td>1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 1.055 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Power<\/td>\n<td>1 horsepower (hp) = 746 W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pressure<\/td>\n<td>1 lb\/in<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0= 6.895 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> Pa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<table id=\"table8\" summary=\"Two column table listing Other Units. Column one lists various types of measurements. Column two contains conversion equations between various units of measurement. Most of the entries in column one correspond to multiple rows in column two.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table 8. Other Units<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\">Length<\/td>\n<td>1 light year (ly) = 9.46 \u00d7 10<sup>15<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 astronomical unit (au) = 1.50 \u00d7 10<sup>11<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 nautical mile = 1.852 km<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 angstrom (\u00c5) = 10<sup>\u221210<\/sup> m<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Area<\/td>\n<td>1 acre (ac) = 4.05 \u00d7 10<sup>3<\/sup> m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 square foot (ft<sup>2<\/sup>) = 9.29 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22122<\/sup> m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 barn (b) = 10<sup>\u221228<\/sup> m<sup>2<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Volume<\/td>\n<td>1 liter (L) = 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 U.S. gallon (gal) = 3.785 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22123<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Mass<\/td>\n<td>1 solar mass = 1.99 \u00d7 10<sup>30<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1metric ton = 10<sup>3<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 atomic mass unit (u) = 1.6605 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221227<\/sup> kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Time<\/td>\n<td>1 year (y) = 3.16 \u00d7 10<sup>7<\/sup> s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 day (d) = 86,400 s<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\">Speed<\/td>\n<td>1 mile per hour (mph) = 1.609 km\/h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 nautical mile per hour (naut) = 1.852 km\/h<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"4\">Angle<\/td>\n<td>1 degree (\u00b0) = 1.745 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22122<\/sup> rad<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 minute of arc (\u2032) = 1\/60 degree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 second of arc (\u2032\u2032) = 1\/60 minute of arc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 grad = 1.571 \u00d7 10<sup>\u22122<\/sup> rad<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"5\">Energy<\/td>\n<td>1 kiloton TNT (kT) = 4.2 \u00d7 10<sup>12<\/sup> J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 kilowatt hour (kW \u22c5 h) = 3.60 \u00d7 10<sup>6<\/sup> J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 food calorie (kcal) = 4186 J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 calorie (cal) = 4.186 J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 electron volt (eV) = 1.60 \u00d7 10<sup>\u221219<\/sup> J<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">Pressure<\/td>\n<td>1 atmosphere (atm) = 1.013 \u00d7 10<sup>5<\/sup> Pa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 millimeter of mercury (mm Hg) = 133.3 Pa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1 torricelli (torr) = 1 mm Hg = 133.3 Pa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nuclear decay rate<\/td>\n<td>1 curie (Ci) = 3.70 \u00d7 10<sup>10<\/sup> Bq<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<table id=\"table9\" summary=\"Two-column table of Useful formulae. Entries in column one describe the mathematical formulae in column two.\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table 9. Useful Formulae<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Circumference of a circle with radius <em>r<\/em>\u00a0or diameter\u00a0<em>d<\/em><\/td>\n<td>[latex]C=2\\pi{r}=\\pi{d}\\\\[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Area of a circle with radius <em>r<\/em>\u00a0or diameter\u00a0<em>d<\/em><\/td>\n<td>[latex]A=\\pi{r}^{2}=\\frac{\\pi{d}^{2}}{4}\\\\[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Area of a sphere with radius\u00a0<em>r<\/em><\/td>\n<td>[latex]A=4\\pi{r}^{2}\\\\[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Volume of a sphere with radius\u00a0<em>r<\/em><\/td>\n<td>[latex]V=\\frac{4}{3}\\left(\\pi{r}^{3}\\right)\\\\[\/latex]<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a href=\"#top\">Return to Top<\/a><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-7038\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>College Physics. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: OpenStax College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a\/College_Physics\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a\/College_Physics<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Located at License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-7038-1\">Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\" target=\"_blank\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined. <a href=\"#return-footnote-7038-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-7038-2\">Stated values are according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu\" target=\"_blank\">www.physics.nist.gov\/cuu<\/a> (accessed May 18, 2012). Values in parentheses are the uncertainties in the last digits. Numbers without uncertainties are exact as defined. <a href=\"#return-footnote-7038-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":5,"menu_order":383,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"College Physics\",\"author\":\"OpenStax College\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/contents\/031da8d3-b525-429c-80cf-6c8ed997733a\/College_Physics\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Located at License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-7038","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":3,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/7038","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/7038\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11753,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/7038\/revisions\/11753"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/3"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/7038\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7038"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=7038"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=7038"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-austincc-physics2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=7038"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}