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Caduceus is the symbol of physician (doctor) or medicine<\/p>\r\n
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<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAncient Egyptians (3000 -300 BC)\u00a0believed that the gods would heal disease, priests were trained as physicians who believed that the body was a system of channels (air, blood, tears, urine) that could be healed by leeches and blood letting.\r\n\r\nAncient Greeks (1200 - 200 BC)\u00a0 Hippocrates (4th c. BC) \u00a0was considered the father of western medicine.\r\n
- \r\n \t
- doctor separate from religious leader<\/li>\r\n \t
- observation of patient<\/li>\r\n \t
- record observations<\/li>\r\n \t
- natural cause of disease rather than supernatural<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nPrior to Hippocrates health care was done by a witch doctor, evil spirits as the cause, life span was 20 years.\r\n\r\nAristotle (384 - 324 BC) was known as the father of anatomy, he began dissecting animals for study and believed that diet and hygiene were factors preventing disease.\r\n\r\nAncient Egyptians (3000 -300 BC)\u00a0believed that the gods would heal disease, priests were trained as physicians who believed that the body was a system of channels (air, blood, tears, urine) that could be healed by leeches and blood letting.\r\n\r\nAncient Romans (753 BC\u00a0- 410 AD) were the first to organize health care by providing treatment to soldiers. They had a system of public health and sanitation (aqueducts\/sewers), and drained wetlands to reduce the spread of malaria. Life expectancy was 35 years.\r\n\r\nIn the Dark Ages (400\u00a0- 800 AD) science and medicine was prohibited. Treatment of illness was prayer and divine intervention. Herbal remedies were provided by monks. Life expectancy was 20 to 30 years.\r\n\r\nThe Middle Ages (500 - 1500 AD) major diseases were smallpox, diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid, malaria and the bubonic plague (killed 3\/4 of population in Europe and Asia.\u00a0 Barbers performed surgery, amputations and blood letting. Regulation and licensing began to be introduced for male physicians, though most caregivers were religious orders.\u00a0 Life expectancy was 20 to 35 years.\r\n\r\nThe Renaissance (1300 - 1600 AD), also known as the Age of Enlightenment, saw the advancement of scientific method, invention of the microscope, study of human anatomy, publishing of medical texts (invention of the printing press).\r\n
Pre-Industrial America<\/h3>\r\nThe Industrial Revolution (1700 - 1800s) medical advances included the discovery of the smallpox vaccine (1796), the invention of the stethoscope (1819), the ability to view microorganisms, and the discovery of capillaries.\u00a0By 1885, French chemist Louis Pasteur identified microorganisms as the cause of disease, developed pasteurization of milk and produced the rabies vaccine.\u00a0British surgeon Joseph Lister introduced antiseptics and disinfectants to reduce infection in surgery. Florence Nightingale, the British social reformer, known as the founder of modern nursing, trained and managed nursing care of soldiers during the Crimean War (1853-1856). German physicist, Robert Koch established the science of pathology in the late 1800s with the discovery of pathogens. Anesthesia was first demonstrated dentist William Morton at Massachusetts General Hospital in 1846.\r\n\r\nBut from the birth of the nation\u00a0to the end of the nineteenth century, health care in the United states lagged behind Europe. Medical training was not scientific and health care was very primitive. Family members were more likely to care for their own sick, women served as midwives to family and friends, and only occasionally was there a \"physician\" in the community.\r\n\r\nHospitals that were situated in cities only, had poor sanitation and hygienic practices.\u00a0 Staff were untrained and unskilled.\r\n\r\nWork houses, also called poor house or\u00a0almshouse<\/i><\/b>, were institutions that housed destitute individuals and families and provided a very low level of basic nursing care for the sick.\u00a0
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\r\n\r\nAsylums<\/i><\/b>\u00a0were the early state run institutions that preceded today's inpatient mental health facilities.\u00a0 Staff were often abusive, with no medical or psychiatric training.\r\n\r\nPest houses<\/i><\/b>\u00a0were set up more or less as quarantine facilities to serve people with infectious diseases such as cholera, typhoid, yellow fever and smallpox.\r\n\r\nDispensaries<\/i><\/b>\u00a0were the precursor to outpatient clinics and pharmacies, where free care and drugs were dispensed to people who could not pay.\r\n\r\nMedical training was more of an apprenticeship than any form of university training. There were only about 42 inadequate medical schools in the US in 1850, about six months training with apprenticeship over 2 years. In 1849, Elizabeth Blackwell became the first female physician.\r\n\r\nMedical practice was primitive and unregulated, often a local barber or other town professional. Care was not based on science and were very unsanitary. By the mid 1800s, surgery and the use of ether as anesthesia became more widely practiced.\r\n\r\nAfter the Civil War (1861-1865) the US population started to shift to cities.\u00a0 By 1900, the population in urban areas increased from 11% (1840) to 40%. Medical care began to be driven by science and technology.\r\nPost-Industrial America<\/h3>\r\nAt the start of the 20th century, populations began to organize into multi-level societies.\u00a0 State and county levels of government began to provide regulation of medical training and medical services. Medical professionals began to become licensed.\u00a0 The health care organization, the American Medical Association, formed and lobbied to keep physician control of prescription authorization, health insurance to pay only if physician monitored.\r\n
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<\/a><\/b><\/p>\r\nThe AMA fought President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's health insurance initiatives because it would limit profits. President Truman appealed again, in 1946 national health insurance was again rejected. During the Clinton administration, 1993, the first lady proposed National Health Insurance which was again struck down by the Republican legislature. Finally, in 2010, President Barack Obama signed into law a compromised version of National Health Insurance. (It is not truly national health insurance, but a mandate to participate in private insurance with some government subsidies available). So why do Americans reject health care?\u00a0 Conservative values maintain the notion that \"socialized\" medicine is un-American and interferes with free enterprise (health care industry profits).\r\n