{"id":162,"date":"2019-01-18T19:51:40","date_gmt":"2019-01-18T19:51:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=162"},"modified":"2019-01-18T19:51:41","modified_gmt":"2019-01-18T19:51:41","slug":"introduction-13","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/chapter\/introduction-13\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction","rendered":"Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"<h1>Module 13 \u2013 Evolution<\/h1>\r\n<section>\r\n<h2>Module Introduction<\/h2>\r\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\r\nWhat is\u00a0<em>evolution\u00a0<\/em>? What does this term really mean? Evolution is something that is frequently referenced incorrectly. In this module, you will begin to better understand this term in general, how it applies to the development of new organisms, and agents that promote evolution.\r\n\r\nOne thing to consider as you begin your work in this module, is that evolution, as scientists speak of it, is the gradual (slow) change in species that can lead to the development of new organisms\/ species over time. There are many factors that can contribute to the \u201cchange in species\u201d that allow for development of new species and much of your work in this module will be in reviewing these factors.\r\n\r\nAnother important consideration is that some organisms may be able to \u201cevolve\u201d quicker than others. Consider bacteria, for example. These organisms have a faster life cycle than we do, they can exchange genetic information in many ways, and have a higher rate of mutation than us. All of these factors allow for more diversity and that diversity can set the stage for the production of a new species.\r\n\r\nA mutation is a change in the DNA or the genetic material of the organism. There are different ways that mutations can result and when a mutation occurs, that change in the DNA might\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>have no effect on the organism and proteins produced from this gene,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>produce a new protein that increases the \u201cfitness\u201d of the organism,<\/li>\r\n \t<li>produce a new protein that does not increase the \u201cfitness\u201d of the organism, etc.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nIt is important to consider that a bacteria cannot just decide that it would like to be resistant to a given antibiotic. Rather, a mutation may occur that allows for resistance to a give antibiotic and this resistance would provide the bacteria with a selective advantage and increased \u201cfitness\u201d when compared to other bacteria. By exposing resistant and susceptible bacteria to the antibiotic in question, the resistant bacteria would obviously have an advantage - they will not die\u00a0<sup>1\u00a0<\/sup>.\r\n\r\n<section>\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\nThis module addresses the following Course Learning Outcomes listed in the Syllabus for this course:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Demonstrate knowledge of biological principles.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Demonstrate knowledge of scientific method.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Communicate scientific ideas through oral or written assignments.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Interpret scientific models such as formulas, graphs and tables.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Demonstrate problem solving methods in situations that are encountered outside of the classroom\u00a0<sup>1\u00a0<\/sup>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section>\r\n<h3>Module Objectives<\/h3>\r\nUpon completion of this module, the student will be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe evolution, natural selection, and \u201csurvival of the fittest.\u201d<\/li>\r\n \t<li>State Darwin\u2019s work and the evidence of evolution.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify agents of microevolution.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe microevolution and macroevolution.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define\u00a0<em>species\u00a0<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Describe how new species arise.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Define reproductive isolating mechanisms discussed in this module\u00a0<sup>1\u00a0<\/sup>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><\/section>","rendered":"<h1>Module 13 \u2013 Evolution<\/h1>\n<section>\n<h2>Module Introduction<\/h2>\n<h2>Introduction<\/h2>\n<p>What is\u00a0<em>evolution\u00a0<\/em>? What does this term really mean? Evolution is something that is frequently referenced incorrectly. In this module, you will begin to better understand this term in general, how it applies to the development of new organisms, and agents that promote evolution.<\/p>\n<p>One thing to consider as you begin your work in this module, is that evolution, as scientists speak of it, is the gradual (slow) change in species that can lead to the development of new organisms\/ species over time. There are many factors that can contribute to the \u201cchange in species\u201d that allow for development of new species and much of your work in this module will be in reviewing these factors.<\/p>\n<p>Another important consideration is that some organisms may be able to \u201cevolve\u201d quicker than others. Consider bacteria, for example. These organisms have a faster life cycle than we do, they can exchange genetic information in many ways, and have a higher rate of mutation than us. All of these factors allow for more diversity and that diversity can set the stage for the production of a new species.<\/p>\n<p>A mutation is a change in the DNA or the genetic material of the organism. There are different ways that mutations can result and when a mutation occurs, that change in the DNA might<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>have no effect on the organism and proteins produced from this gene,<\/li>\n<li>produce a new protein that increases the \u201cfitness\u201d of the organism,<\/li>\n<li>produce a new protein that does not increase the \u201cfitness\u201d of the organism, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is important to consider that a bacteria cannot just decide that it would like to be resistant to a given antibiotic. Rather, a mutation may occur that allows for resistance to a give antibiotic and this resistance would provide the bacteria with a selective advantage and increased \u201cfitness\u201d when compared to other bacteria. By exposing resistant and susceptible bacteria to the antibiotic in question, the resistant bacteria would obviously have an advantage &#8211; they will not die\u00a0<sup>1\u00a0<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<section>\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<p>This module addresses the following Course Learning Outcomes listed in the Syllabus for this course:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Demonstrate knowledge of biological principles.<\/li>\n<li>Demonstrate knowledge of scientific method.<\/li>\n<li>Communicate scientific ideas through oral or written assignments.<\/li>\n<li>Interpret scientific models such as formulas, graphs and tables.<\/li>\n<li>Demonstrate problem solving methods in situations that are encountered outside of the classroom\u00a0<sup>1\u00a0<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section>\n<h3>Module Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>Upon completion of this module, the student will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe evolution, natural selection, and \u201csurvival of the fittest.\u201d<\/li>\n<li>State Darwin\u2019s work and the evidence of evolution.<\/li>\n<li>Identify agents of microevolution.<\/li>\n<li>Describe microevolution and macroevolution.<\/li>\n<li>Define\u00a0<em>species\u00a0<\/em>.<\/li>\n<li>Describe how new species arise.<\/li>\n<li>Define reproductive isolating mechanisms discussed in this module\u00a0<sup>1\u00a0<\/sup>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-162\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li><strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Florida State College at Jacksonville. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17533,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"\",\"author\":\"Florida State College at Jacksonville\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-162","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":42,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17533"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":165,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/162\/revisions\/165"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/42"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/162\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=162"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=162"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-fscj-biononmajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}