{"id":4837,"date":"2016-08-03T21:47:33","date_gmt":"2016-08-03T21:47:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/ap1x2-91\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=4837"},"modified":"2017-05-09T17:33:19","modified_gmt":"2017-05-09T17:33:19","slug":"cellular-changes-during-aging","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-biologyofaging\/chapter\/cellular-changes-during-aging\/","title":{"raw":"Cellular Changes During Aging","rendered":"Cellular Changes During Aging"},"content":{"raw":"<h3>Cellular Plasma Membrane Changes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the cell ages the plasma membrane has an increases amount fatty acids.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This structural change decreases the fluidity of the plasma membrane and reduces the transportation of ions, nutrients, amino acids, and proteins across the membrane.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Nuclear Changes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the cell ages cross-linkages form between the sulfur atoms on the\u00a0DNA in the nucleus of the cells.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This structural change condenses the DNA which decreases the synthesis of RNA, reduced the cells ability to repair enzymes,\u00a0and may reduce the cell's ability to divide.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Cytoplasmic Changes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the cell ages the volume of cytoplasm increases, enzymes that synthesize DNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm,\u00a0and there is a gradual build up of lipofuscin.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>While it is unclear how this directly affects the cell, it is known that once the DNA migrates from the nucleus it is unable to synthesizes enzymes.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Ribosomal Changes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the cell ages the amount of ribosomal RNA and the number of ribosomes decreases.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This structural change results in a decreased level of protein synthesis.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Mitochondrial Changes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the cell ages the number of mitochondrial present in a cell decreases.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This structural change reduces the cell's ability to produce energy.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Lysosomal Changes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the cell ages the lysosomes become less able to break down waste proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>This results is a build up waste within the cell.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h3>Cellular Plasma Membrane Changes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>As the cell ages the plasma membrane has an increases amount fatty acids.\n<ul>\n<li>This structural change decreases the fluidity of the plasma membrane and reduces the transportation of ions, nutrients, amino acids, and proteins across the membrane.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Nuclear Changes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>As the cell ages cross-linkages form between the sulfur atoms on the\u00a0DNA in the nucleus of the cells.\n<ul>\n<li>This structural change condenses the DNA which decreases the synthesis of RNA, reduced the cells ability to repair enzymes,\u00a0and may reduce the cell&#8217;s ability to divide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Cytoplasmic Changes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>As the cell ages the volume of cytoplasm increases, enzymes that synthesize DNA move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm,\u00a0and there is a gradual build up of lipofuscin.\n<ul>\n<li>While it is unclear how this directly affects the cell, it is known that once the DNA migrates from the nucleus it is unable to synthesizes enzymes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Ribosomal Changes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>As the cell ages the amount of ribosomal RNA and the number of ribosomes decreases.\n<ul>\n<li>This structural change results in a decreased level of protein synthesis.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Mitochondrial Changes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>As the cell ages the number of mitochondrial present in a cell decreases.\n<ul>\n<li>This structural change reduces the cell&#8217;s ability to produce energy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Lysosomal Changes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>As the cell ages the lysosomes become less able to break down waste proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats.\n<ul>\n<li>This results is a build up waste within the cell.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-4837\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Cellular Changes During Aging. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Kelly, Jessica. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Herkimer College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/NA\">http:\/\/NA<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: AtD Course. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":339,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Cellular Changes During Aging\",\"author\":\"Kelly, Jessica\",\"organization\":\"Herkimer College\",\"url\":\"NA\",\"project\":\"AtD 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