{"id":5388,"date":"2016-11-05T00:14:01","date_gmt":"2016-11-05T00:14:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/ap1x2-91\/?post_type=chapter&p=5388"},"modified":"2017-05-11T14:52:27","modified_gmt":"2017-05-11T14:52:27","slug":"glossary","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-biologyofaging\/chapter\/glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary: The Digestive System","rendered":"Glossary: The Digestive System"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n\r\nabsorption\u00a0<\/strong>passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals\r\n\r\naccessory digestive organ\u00a0<\/strong>includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas\r\n\r\naccessory duct\u00a0 <\/strong>(also, duct of Santorini) duct that runs from the pancreas into the duodenum\r\n\r\nacinus\u00a0 <\/strong>cluster of glandular epithelial cells in the pancreas that secretes pancreatic juice in the pancreas\r\n\r\nalimentary canal\u00a0<\/strong>continuous muscular digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus\r\n
\r\n\r\nanal canal\u00a0<\/strong>final segment of the large intestine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nanal column\u00a0<\/strong>long fold of mucosa in the anal canal\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nanal sinus<\/strong>\u00a0between anal columns\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nappendix\u00a0<\/strong>(vermiform appendix) coiled tube attached to the cecum\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nascending colon\u00a0<\/strong>first region of the colon\r\n
\r\n\r\nbacterial flora\u00a0<\/strong>bacteria in the large intestine\r\n\r\nbile\u00a0 <\/strong>alkaline solution produced by the liver and important for the emulsification of lipids\r\n\r\nbile canaliculus\u00a0 <\/strong>small duct between hepatocytes that collects bile\r\n\r\nbilirubin\u00a0 <\/strong>main bile pigment, which is responsible for the brown color of feces\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nbody\u00a0<\/strong>mid-portion of the stomach\r\n\r\nbolus\u00a0<\/strong>mass of chewed food\r\n\r\nbrush border\u00a0<\/strong>fuzzy appearance of the small intestinal mucosa created by microvilli\r\n\r\ncardia\u00a0<\/strong>(also, cardiac region) part of the stomach surrounding the cardiac orifice (esophageal hiatus)\r\n
\r\n\r\ncecum\u00a0<\/strong>pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\ncementum\u00a0<\/strong>bone-like tissue covering the root of a tooth\r\n\r\ncentral vein\u00a0 <\/strong>vein that receives blood from hepatic sinusoids\r\n\r\ncephalic phase\u00a0<\/strong>(also, reflex phase) initial phase of gastric secretion that occurs before food enters the stomach\r\n\r\nchemical digestion\u00a0<\/strong>enzymatic breakdown of food\r\n\r\nchief cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastric gland cell that secretes pepsinogen\r\n\r\nchyme\u00a0<\/strong>soupy liquid created when food is mixed with digestive juices\r\n
\r\n\r\ncircular fold\u00a0<\/strong>(also, plica circulare) deep fold in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\ncolon\u00a0<\/strong>part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum\r\n\r\ncommon bile duct\u00a0 <\/strong>structure formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the gallbladder\u2019s cystic duct\r\n\r\ncommon hepatic duct\u00a0 <\/strong>duct formed by the merger of the two hepatic ducts\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\r\n\r\ncrown\u00a0<\/strong>portion of tooth visible superior to the gum line\r\n
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\r\n\r\ncuspid\u00a0<\/strong>(also, canine) pointed tooth used for tearing and shredding food\r\n\r\ncystic duct\u00a0 <\/strong>duct through which bile drains and enters the gallbladder\r\n
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\r\n\r\ndeciduous tooth\u00a0<\/strong>one of 20 \u201cbaby teeth\u201d\r\n\r\ndefecation\u00a0<\/strong>elimination of undigested substances from the body in the form of feces\r\n
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\r\n\r\ndeglutition\u00a0<\/strong>three-stage process of swallowing\r\n
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\r\n\r\ndens\u00a0<\/strong>tooth\r\n
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\r\n\r\ndentin\u00a0<\/strong>bone-like tissue immediately deep to the enamel of the crown or cementum of the root of a tooth\r\n
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\r\n\r\ndentition\u00a0<\/strong>set of teeth\r\n\r\ndescending colon\u00a0<\/strong>part of the colon between the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon\r\n
\r\n\r\nduodenal gland\u00a0<\/strong>(also, Brunner\u2019s gland) mucous-secreting gland in the duodenal submucosa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nduodenum\u00a0<\/strong>first part of the small intestine, which starts at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the jejunum\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\r\n\r\nenamel\u00a0<\/strong>covering of the dentin of the crown of a tooth\r\n\r\nenteroendocrine cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastric gland cell that releases hormones\r\n\r\nenterohepatic circulation\u00a0 <\/strong>recycling mechanism that conserves bile salts\r\n\r\nenteropeptidase\u00a0 <\/strong>intestinal brush-border enzyme that activates trypsinogen to trypsin\r\n
\r\n\r\nepiploic appendage\u00a0<\/strong>small sac of fat-filled visceral peritoneum attached to teniae coli\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\r\n\r\nesophagus\u00a0<\/strong>muscular tube that runs from the pharynx to the stomach\r\n\r\nexternal anal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>voluntary skeletal muscle sphincter in the anal canal\r\n
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\r\n\r\nfauces\u00a0<\/strong>opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx\r\n
\r\n\r\nfeces\u00a0<\/strong>semisolid waste product of digestion\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nflatus\u00a0<\/strong>gas in the intestine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nfundus\u00a0<\/strong>dome-shaped region of the stomach above and to the left of the cardia\r\n\r\nG cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastrin-secreting enteroendocrine cell\r\n\r\ngallbladder\u00a0 <\/strong>accessory digestive organ that stores and concentrates bile\r\n\r\ngastric emptying\u00a0<\/strong>process by which mixing waves gradually cause the release of chyme into the duodenum\r\n\r\ngastric gland\u00a0<\/strong>gland in the stomach mucosal epithelium that produces gastric juice\r\n\r\ngastric phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of gastric secretion that begins when food enters the stomach\r\n\r\ngastric pit\u00a0<\/strong>narrow channel formed by the epithelial lining of the stomach mucosa\r\n\r\ngastrin\u00a0<\/strong>peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and gut motility\r\n
\r\n\r\ngastrocolic reflex\u00a0<\/strong>propulsive movement in the colon activated by the presence of food in the stomach\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\ngastroileal reflex\u00a0<\/strong>long reflex that increases the strength of segmentation in the ileum\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\r\n\r\ngingiva\u00a0<\/strong>gum\r\n
\r\n\r\nhaustrum\u00a0<\/strong>small pouch in the colon created by tonic contractions of teniae coli\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nhaustral contraction\u00a0<\/strong>slow segmentation in the large intestine\r\n\r\nhepatic artery\u00a0 <\/strong>artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver\r\n\r\nhepatic lobule\u00a0 <\/strong>hexagonal-shaped structure composed of hepatocytes that radiate outward from a central vein\r\n\r\nhepatic portal vein\u00a0 <\/strong>vein that supplies deoxygenated nutrient-rich blood to the liver\r\n\r\nhepatic sinusoid\u00a0 <\/strong>blood capillaries between rows of hepatocytes that receive blood from the hepatic portal vein and the branches of the hepatic artery\r\n\r\nhepatic vein\u00a0 <\/strong>vein that drains into the inferior vena cava\r\n\r\nhepatocytes\u00a0 <\/strong>major functional cells of the liver\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nhepatopancreatic ampulla\u00a0<\/strong>(also, ampulla of Vater) bulb-like point in the wall of the duodenum where the bile duct and main pancreatic duct unite\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nhepatopancreatic sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>(also, sphincter of Oddi) sphincter regulating the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nhydrochloric acid (HCl)\u00a0<\/strong>digestive acid secreted by parietal cells in the stomach\r\n
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\r\n\r\nileocecal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>sphincter located where the small intestine joins with the large intestine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nileum\u00a0<\/strong>end of the small intestine between the jejunum and the large intestine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nincisor\u00a0<\/strong>midline, chisel-shaped tooth used for cutting into food\r\n\r\ningestion\u00a0<\/strong>taking food into the GI tract through the mouth\r\n
\r\n\r\ninternal anal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>involuntary smooth muscle sphincter in the anal canal\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nintestinal gland\u00a0<\/strong>(also, crypt of Lieberk\u00fchn) gland in the small intestinal mucosa that secretes intestinal juice\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nintestinal juice\u00a0<\/strong>mixture of water and mucus that helps absorb nutrients from chyme\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nintrinsic factor\u00a0<\/strong>glycoprotein required for vitamin B12<\/sub> absorption in the small intestine\r\n\r\nintestinal phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of gastric secretion that begins when chyme enters the intestine\r\n
\r\n\r\njejunum\u00a0<\/strong>middle part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\r\n\r\nlabium\u00a0<\/strong>lip\r\n
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\r\n\r\nlabial frenulum\u00a0<\/strong>midline mucous membrane fold that attaches the inner surface of the lips to the gums\r\n
\r\n\r\nlacteal\u00a0<\/strong>lymphatic capillary in the villi\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nlarge intestine\u00a0<\/strong>terminal portion of the alimentary canal\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\r\n\r\nlaryngopharynx\u00a0<\/strong>part of the pharynx that functions in respiration and digestion\r\n\r\nleft colic flexure\u00a0<\/strong>(also, splenic flexure) point where the transverse colon curves below the inferior end of the spleen\r\n
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\r\n\r\nlingual frenulum\u00a0<\/strong>mucous membrane fold that attaches the bottom of the tongue to the floor of the mouth\r\n
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\r\n\r\nlingual lipase\u00a0<\/strong>digestive enzyme from glands in the tongue that acts on triglycerides\r\n\r\nliver\u00a0 <\/strong>largest gland in the body whose main digestive function is the production of bile\r\n
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\r\n\r\nlower esophageal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>smooth muscle sphincter that regulates food movement from the esophagus to the stomach\r\n
\u00a0main pancreatic duct\u00a0<\/strong>(also, duct of Wirsung) duct through which pancreatic juice drains from the pancreas<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nmajor duodenal papilla\u00a0<\/strong>point at which the hepatopancreatic ampulla opens into the duodenum\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nmass movement\u00a0<\/strong>long, slow, peristaltic wave in the large intestine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nmastication\u00a0<\/strong>chewing\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nmechanical digestion\u00a0<\/strong>chewing, mixing, and segmentation that prepares food for chemical digestion\r\n
\r\n\r\nmesoappendix\u00a0<\/strong>mesentery of the appendix\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nmicrovillus\u00a0<\/strong>small projection of the plasma membrane of the absorptive cells of the small intestinal mucosa\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nmigrating motility complex\u00a0<\/strong>form of peristalsis in the small intestine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nmixing wave\u00a0<\/strong>unique type of peristalsis that occurs in the stomach\r\n
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\r\n\r\nmolar\u00a0<\/strong>tooth used for crushing and grinding food\r\n\r\nmotilin\u00a0<\/strong>hormone that initiates migrating motility complexes\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nmotility\u00a0<\/strong>movement of food through the GI tract\r\n\r\nmucosa\u00a0<\/strong>innermost lining of the alimentary canal\r\n\r\nmucosal barrier\u00a0<\/strong>protective barrier that prevents gastric juice from destroying the stomach itself\r\n\r\nmucous neck cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastric gland cell that secretes a uniquely acidic mucus\r\n\r\nmuscularis\u00a0<\/strong>muscle (skeletal or smooth) layer of the alimentary canal wall\r\n\r\nmyenteric plexus\u00a0<\/strong>(plexus of Auerbach) major nerve supply to alimentary canal wall; controls motility\r\n\r\noral cavity\u00a0<\/strong>(also, buccal cavity) mouth\r\n
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\r\n\r\noral vestibule\u00a0<\/strong>part of the mouth bounded externally by the cheeks and lips, and internally by the gums and teeth\r\n
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\r\n\r\noropharynx\u00a0<\/strong>part of the pharynx continuous with the oral cavity that functions in respiration and digestion\r\n\r\npalatoglossal arch\u00a0<\/strong>muscular fold that extends from the lateral side of the soft palate to the base of the tongue\r\n
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\r\n\r\npalatopharyngeal arch\u00a0<\/strong>muscular fold that extends from the lateral side of the soft palate to the side of the pharynx\r\n\r\npancreas\u00a0 <\/strong>accessory digestive organ that secretes pancreatic juice\r\n\r\npancreatic juice\u00a0 <\/strong>secretion of the pancreas containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate\r\n\r\nparietal cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastric gland cell that secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor\r\n
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\r\n\r\nparotid gland\u00a0<\/strong>one of a pair of major salivary glands located inferior and anterior to the ears\r\n\r\npectinate line\u00a0<\/strong>horizontal line that runs like a ring, perpendicular to the inferior margins of the anal sinuses\r\n\r\npepsinogen\u00a0<\/strong>inactive form of pepsin\r\n
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\r\n\r\nperistalsis\u00a0<\/strong>muscular contractions and relaxations that propel food through the GI tract\r\n\r\npermanent tooth\u00a0<\/strong>one of 32 adult teeth\r\n
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\r\n\r\npharynx\u00a0<\/strong>throat\r\n\r\nporta hepatis\u00a0 <\/strong>\u201cgateway to the liver\u201d where the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver\r\n\r\nportal triad\u00a0 <\/strong>bile duct, hepatic artery branch, and hepatic portal vein branch\r\n
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\r\n\r\npremolar\u00a0<\/strong>(also, bicuspid) transitional tooth used for mastication, crushing, and grinding food\r\n\r\npropulsion\u00a0<\/strong>voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis that moves food through the digestive tract\r\n
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\r\n\r\npulp cavity\u00a0<\/strong>deepest portion of a tooth, containing nerve endings and blood vessels\r\n\r\npyloric antrum\u00a0<\/strong>wider, more superior part of the pylorus\r\n\r\npyloric canal\u00a0<\/strong>narrow, more inferior part of the pylorus\r\n\r\npyloric sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>sphincter that controls stomach emptying\r\n\r\npylorus\u00a0<\/strong>lower, funnel-shaped part of the stomach that is continuous with the duodenum\r\n
\r\n\r\nrectal valve\u00a0<\/strong>one of three transverse folds in the rectum where feces is separated from flatus\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nrectum\u00a0<\/strong>part of the large intestine between the sigmoid colon and anal canal\r\n\r\nreticuloendothelial cell\u00a0 <\/strong>(also, Kupffer cell) phagocyte in hepatic sinusoids that filters out material from venous blood from the alimentary canal\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nretroperitoneal\u00a0<\/strong>located posterior to the peritoneum\r\n\r\nright colic flexure\u00a0<\/strong>(also, hepatic flexure) point, at the inferior surface of the liver, where the ascending colon turns abruptly to the left\r\n\r\nroot\u00a0<\/strong>portion of a tooth embedded in the alveolar processes beneath the gum line\r\n\r\nruga\u00a0<\/strong>fold of alimentary canal mucosa and submucosa in the empty stomach and other organs\r\n
\r\n\r\nsaccharolytic fermentation\u00a0<\/strong>anaerobic decomposition of carbohydrates\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nsaliva\u00a0<\/strong>aqueous solution of proteins and ions secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands\r\n
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\r\n\r\nsalivary amylase\u00a0<\/strong>digestive enzyme in saliva that acts on starch\r\n
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\r\n\r\nsalivary gland\u00a0<\/strong>an exocrine gland that secretes a digestive fluid called saliva\r\n
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\r\n\r\nsalivation\u00a0<\/strong>secretion of saliva\r\n\r\nsegmentation\u00a0<\/strong>alternating contractions and relaxations of non-adjacent segments of the intestine that move food forward and backward, breaking it apart and mixing it with digestive juices\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nserosa\u00a0<\/strong>outermost layer of the alimentary canal wall present in regions within the abdominal cavity\r\n\r\nsigmoid colon\u00a0<\/strong>end portion of the colon, which terminates at the rectum\r\n\r\nsmall intestine\u00a0<\/strong>section of the alimentary canal where most digestion and absorption occurs\r\n\r\nsoft palate\u00a0<\/strong>posterior region of the bottom portion of the nasal cavity that consists of skeletal muscle\r\n
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\r\n\r\nstomach\u00a0<\/strong>alimentary canal organ that contributes to chemical and mechanical digestion of food from the esophagus before releasing it, as chyme, to the small intestine\r\n\r\nsublingual gland\u00a0<\/strong>one of a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the tongue\r\n
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\r\n\r\nsubmandibular gland\u00a0<\/strong>one of a pair of major salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\nsubmucosa\u00a0<\/strong>layer of dense connective tissue in the alimentary canal wall that binds the overlying mucosa to the underlying muscularis\r\n\r\nsubmucosal plexus\u00a0<\/strong>(plexus of Meissner) nerve supply that regulates activity of glands and smooth muscle\r\n
\r\n\r\ntenia coli\u00a0<\/strong>one of three smooth muscle bands that make up the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis in all of the large intestine except the terminal end\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\ntongue\u00a0<\/strong>accessory digestive organ of the mouth, the bulk of which is composed of skeletal muscle\r\n\r\ntransverse colon\u00a0<\/strong>part of the colon between the ascending colon and the descending colon\r\n
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\r\n\r\nupper esophageal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>skeletal muscle sphincter that regulates food movement from the pharynx to the esophagus\r\n
\r\n\r\nValsalva\u2019s maneuver\u00a0<\/strong>voluntary contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles and closing of the glottis, which increases intra-abdominal pressure and facilitates defecation\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nvillus\u00a0<\/strong>projection of the mucosa of the small intestine\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
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absorption\u00a0<\/strong>passage of digested products from the intestinal lumen through mucosal cells and into the bloodstream or lacteals<\/p>\n

accessory digestive organ\u00a0<\/strong>includes teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver, and pancreas<\/p>\n

accessory duct\u00a0 <\/strong>(also, duct of Santorini) duct that runs from the pancreas into the duodenum<\/p>\n

acinus\u00a0 <\/strong>cluster of glandular epithelial cells in the pancreas that secretes pancreatic juice in the pancreas<\/p>\n

alimentary canal\u00a0<\/strong>continuous muscular digestive tube that extends from the mouth to the anus<\/p>\n

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anal canal\u00a0<\/strong>final segment of the large intestine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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anal column\u00a0<\/strong>long fold of mucosa in the anal canal<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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anal sinus<\/strong>\u00a0between anal columns<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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appendix\u00a0<\/strong>(vermiform appendix) coiled tube attached to the cecum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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ascending colon\u00a0<\/strong>first region of the colon<\/p>\n

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bacterial flora\u00a0<\/strong>bacteria in the large intestine<\/p>\n

bile\u00a0 <\/strong>alkaline solution produced by the liver and important for the emulsification of lipids<\/p>\n

bile canaliculus\u00a0 <\/strong>small duct between hepatocytes that collects bile<\/p>\n

bilirubin\u00a0 <\/strong>main bile pigment, which is responsible for the brown color of feces<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

body\u00a0<\/strong>mid-portion of the stomach<\/p>\n

bolus\u00a0<\/strong>mass of chewed food<\/p>\n

brush border\u00a0<\/strong>fuzzy appearance of the small intestinal mucosa created by microvilli<\/p>\n

cardia\u00a0<\/strong>(also, cardiac region) part of the stomach surrounding the cardiac orifice (esophageal hiatus)<\/p>\n

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cecum\u00a0<\/strong>pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

cementum\u00a0<\/strong>bone-like tissue covering the root of a tooth<\/p>\n

central vein\u00a0 <\/strong>vein that receives blood from hepatic sinusoids<\/p>\n

cephalic phase\u00a0<\/strong>(also, reflex phase) initial phase of gastric secretion that occurs before food enters the stomach<\/p>\n

chemical digestion\u00a0<\/strong>enzymatic breakdown of food<\/p>\n

chief cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastric gland cell that secretes pepsinogen<\/p>\n

chyme\u00a0<\/strong>soupy liquid created when food is mixed with digestive juices<\/p>\n

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circular fold\u00a0<\/strong>(also, plica circulare) deep fold in the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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colon\u00a0<\/strong>part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum<\/p>\n

common bile duct\u00a0 <\/strong>structure formed by the union of the common hepatic duct and the gallbladder\u2019s cystic duct<\/p>\n

common hepatic duct\u00a0 <\/strong>duct formed by the merger of the two hepatic ducts<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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crown\u00a0<\/strong>portion of tooth visible superior to the gum line<\/p>\n

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cuspid\u00a0<\/strong>(also, canine) pointed tooth used for tearing and shredding food<\/p>\n

cystic duct\u00a0 <\/strong>duct through which bile drains and enters the gallbladder<\/p>\n

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deciduous tooth\u00a0<\/strong>one of 20 \u201cbaby teeth\u201d<\/p>\n

defecation\u00a0<\/strong>elimination of undigested substances from the body in the form of feces<\/p>\n

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deglutition\u00a0<\/strong>three-stage process of swallowing<\/p>\n

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dens\u00a0<\/strong>tooth<\/p>\n

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dentin\u00a0<\/strong>bone-like tissue immediately deep to the enamel of the crown or cementum of the root of a tooth<\/p>\n

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dentition\u00a0<\/strong>set of teeth<\/p>\n

descending colon\u00a0<\/strong>part of the colon between the transverse colon and the sigmoid colon<\/p>\n

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duodenal gland\u00a0<\/strong>(also, Brunner\u2019s gland) mucous-secreting gland in the duodenal submucosa<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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duodenum\u00a0<\/strong>first part of the small intestine, which starts at the pyloric sphincter and ends at the jejunum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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enamel\u00a0<\/strong>covering of the dentin of the crown of a tooth<\/p>\n

enteroendocrine cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastric gland cell that releases hormones<\/p>\n

enterohepatic circulation\u00a0 <\/strong>recycling mechanism that conserves bile salts<\/p>\n

enteropeptidase\u00a0 <\/strong>intestinal brush-border enzyme that activates trypsinogen to trypsin<\/p>\n

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epiploic appendage\u00a0<\/strong>small sac of fat-filled visceral peritoneum attached to teniae coli<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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esophagus\u00a0<\/strong>muscular tube that runs from the pharynx to the stomach<\/p>\n

external anal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>voluntary skeletal muscle sphincter in the anal canal<\/p>\n

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fauces\u00a0<\/strong>opening between the oral cavity and the oropharynx<\/p>\n

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feces\u00a0<\/strong>semisolid waste product of digestion<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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flatus\u00a0<\/strong>gas in the intestine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

fundus\u00a0<\/strong>dome-shaped region of the stomach above and to the left of the cardia<\/p>\n

G cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastrin-secreting enteroendocrine cell<\/p>\n

gallbladder\u00a0 <\/strong>accessory digestive organ that stores and concentrates bile<\/p>\n

gastric emptying\u00a0<\/strong>process by which mixing waves gradually cause the release of chyme into the duodenum<\/p>\n

gastric gland\u00a0<\/strong>gland in the stomach mucosal epithelium that produces gastric juice<\/p>\n

gastric phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of gastric secretion that begins when food enters the stomach<\/p>\n

gastric pit\u00a0<\/strong>narrow channel formed by the epithelial lining of the stomach mucosa<\/p>\n

gastrin\u00a0<\/strong>peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and gut motility<\/p>\n

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gastrocolic reflex\u00a0<\/strong>propulsive movement in the colon activated by the presence of food in the stomach<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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gastroileal reflex\u00a0<\/strong>long reflex that increases the strength of segmentation in the ileum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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gingiva\u00a0<\/strong>gum<\/p>\n

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haustrum\u00a0<\/strong>small pouch in the colon created by tonic contractions of teniae coli<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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haustral contraction\u00a0<\/strong>slow segmentation in the large intestine<\/p>\n

hepatic artery\u00a0 <\/strong>artery that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver<\/p>\n

hepatic lobule\u00a0 <\/strong>hexagonal-shaped structure composed of hepatocytes that radiate outward from a central vein<\/p>\n

hepatic portal vein\u00a0 <\/strong>vein that supplies deoxygenated nutrient-rich blood to the liver<\/p>\n

hepatic sinusoid\u00a0 <\/strong>blood capillaries between rows of hepatocytes that receive blood from the hepatic portal vein and the branches of the hepatic artery<\/p>\n

hepatic vein\u00a0 <\/strong>vein that drains into the inferior vena cava<\/p>\n

hepatocytes\u00a0 <\/strong>major functional cells of the liver<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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hepatopancreatic ampulla\u00a0<\/strong>(also, ampulla of Vater) bulb-like point in the wall of the duodenum where the bile duct and main pancreatic duct unite<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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hepatopancreatic sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>(also, sphincter of Oddi) sphincter regulating the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

hydrochloric acid (HCl)\u00a0<\/strong>digestive acid secreted by parietal cells in the stomach<\/p>\n

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ileocecal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>sphincter located where the small intestine joins with the large intestine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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ileum\u00a0<\/strong>end of the small intestine between the jejunum and the large intestine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

incisor\u00a0<\/strong>midline, chisel-shaped tooth used for cutting into food<\/p>\n

ingestion\u00a0<\/strong>taking food into the GI tract through the mouth<\/p>\n

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internal anal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>involuntary smooth muscle sphincter in the anal canal<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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intestinal gland\u00a0<\/strong>(also, crypt of Lieberk\u00fchn) gland in the small intestinal mucosa that secretes intestinal juice<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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intestinal juice\u00a0<\/strong>mixture of water and mucus that helps absorb nutrients from chyme<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

intrinsic factor\u00a0<\/strong>glycoprotein required for vitamin B12<\/sub> absorption in the small intestine<\/p>\n

intestinal phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of gastric secretion that begins when chyme enters the intestine<\/p>\n

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jejunum\u00a0<\/strong>middle part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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labium\u00a0<\/strong>lip<\/p>\n

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labial frenulum\u00a0<\/strong>midline mucous membrane fold that attaches the inner surface of the lips to the gums<\/p>\n

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lacteal\u00a0<\/strong>lymphatic capillary in the villi<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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large intestine\u00a0<\/strong>terminal portion of the alimentary canal<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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laryngopharynx\u00a0<\/strong>part of the pharynx that functions in respiration and digestion<\/p>\n

left colic flexure\u00a0<\/strong>(also, splenic flexure) point where the transverse colon curves below the inferior end of the spleen<\/p>\n

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lingual frenulum\u00a0<\/strong>mucous membrane fold that attaches the bottom of the tongue to the floor of the mouth<\/p>\n

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lingual lipase\u00a0<\/strong>digestive enzyme from glands in the tongue that acts on triglycerides<\/p>\n

liver\u00a0 <\/strong>largest gland in the body whose main digestive function is the production of bile<\/p>\n

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lower esophageal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>smooth muscle sphincter that regulates food movement from the esophagus to the stomach<\/p>\n

\u00a0main pancreatic duct\u00a0<\/strong>(also, duct of Wirsung) duct through which pancreatic juice drains from the pancreas<\/div>\n
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major duodenal papilla\u00a0<\/strong>point at which the hepatopancreatic ampulla opens into the duodenum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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mass movement\u00a0<\/strong>long, slow, peristaltic wave in the large intestine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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mastication\u00a0<\/strong>chewing<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

mechanical digestion\u00a0<\/strong>chewing, mixing, and segmentation that prepares food for chemical digestion<\/p>\n

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mesoappendix\u00a0<\/strong>mesentery of the appendix<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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microvillus\u00a0<\/strong>small projection of the plasma membrane of the absorptive cells of the small intestinal mucosa<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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migrating motility complex\u00a0<\/strong>form of peristalsis in the small intestine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

mixing wave\u00a0<\/strong>unique type of peristalsis that occurs in the stomach<\/p>\n

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molar\u00a0<\/strong>tooth used for crushing and grinding food<\/p>\n

motilin\u00a0<\/strong>hormone that initiates migrating motility complexes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

motility\u00a0<\/strong>movement of food through the GI tract<\/p>\n

mucosa\u00a0<\/strong>innermost lining of the alimentary canal<\/p>\n

mucosal barrier\u00a0<\/strong>protective barrier that prevents gastric juice from destroying the stomach itself<\/p>\n

mucous neck cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastric gland cell that secretes a uniquely acidic mucus<\/p>\n

muscularis\u00a0<\/strong>muscle (skeletal or smooth) layer of the alimentary canal wall<\/p>\n

myenteric plexus\u00a0<\/strong>(plexus of Auerbach) major nerve supply to alimentary canal wall; controls motility<\/p>\n

oral cavity\u00a0<\/strong>(also, buccal cavity) mouth<\/p>\n

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oral vestibule\u00a0<\/strong>part of the mouth bounded externally by the cheeks and lips, and internally by the gums and teeth<\/p>\n

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oropharynx\u00a0<\/strong>part of the pharynx continuous with the oral cavity that functions in respiration and digestion<\/p>\n

palatoglossal arch\u00a0<\/strong>muscular fold that extends from the lateral side of the soft palate to the base of the tongue<\/p>\n

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palatopharyngeal arch\u00a0<\/strong>muscular fold that extends from the lateral side of the soft palate to the side of the pharynx<\/p>\n

pancreas\u00a0 <\/strong>accessory digestive organ that secretes pancreatic juice<\/p>\n

pancreatic juice\u00a0 <\/strong>secretion of the pancreas containing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate<\/p>\n

parietal cell\u00a0<\/strong>gastric gland cell that secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor<\/p>\n

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parotid gland\u00a0<\/strong>one of a pair of major salivary glands located inferior and anterior to the ears<\/p>\n

pectinate line\u00a0<\/strong>horizontal line that runs like a ring, perpendicular to the inferior margins of the anal sinuses<\/p>\n

pepsinogen\u00a0<\/strong>inactive form of pepsin<\/p>\n

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peristalsis\u00a0<\/strong>muscular contractions and relaxations that propel food through the GI tract<\/p>\n

permanent tooth\u00a0<\/strong>one of 32 adult teeth<\/p>\n

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pharynx\u00a0<\/strong>throat<\/p>\n

porta hepatis\u00a0 <\/strong>\u201cgateway to the liver\u201d where the hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein enter the liver<\/p>\n

portal triad\u00a0 <\/strong>bile duct, hepatic artery branch, and hepatic portal vein branch<\/p>\n

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premolar\u00a0<\/strong>(also, bicuspid) transitional tooth used for mastication, crushing, and grinding food<\/p>\n

propulsion\u00a0<\/strong>voluntary process of swallowing and the involuntary process of peristalsis that moves food through the digestive tract<\/p>\n

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pulp cavity\u00a0<\/strong>deepest portion of a tooth, containing nerve endings and blood vessels<\/p>\n

pyloric antrum\u00a0<\/strong>wider, more superior part of the pylorus<\/p>\n

pyloric canal\u00a0<\/strong>narrow, more inferior part of the pylorus<\/p>\n

pyloric sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>sphincter that controls stomach emptying<\/p>\n

pylorus\u00a0<\/strong>lower, funnel-shaped part of the stomach that is continuous with the duodenum<\/p>\n

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rectal valve\u00a0<\/strong>one of three transverse folds in the rectum where feces is separated from flatus<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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rectum\u00a0<\/strong>part of the large intestine between the sigmoid colon and anal canal<\/p>\n

reticuloendothelial cell\u00a0 <\/strong>(also, Kupffer cell) phagocyte in hepatic sinusoids that filters out material from venous blood from the alimentary canal<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

retroperitoneal\u00a0<\/strong>located posterior to the peritoneum<\/p>\n

right colic flexure\u00a0<\/strong>(also, hepatic flexure) point, at the inferior surface of the liver, where the ascending colon turns abruptly to the left<\/p>\n

root\u00a0<\/strong>portion of a tooth embedded in the alveolar processes beneath the gum line<\/p>\n

ruga\u00a0<\/strong>fold of alimentary canal mucosa and submucosa in the empty stomach and other organs<\/p>\n

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saccharolytic fermentation\u00a0<\/strong>anaerobic decomposition of carbohydrates<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

saliva\u00a0<\/strong>aqueous solution of proteins and ions secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands<\/p>\n

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salivary amylase\u00a0<\/strong>digestive enzyme in saliva that acts on starch<\/p>\n

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salivary gland\u00a0<\/strong>an exocrine gland that secretes a digestive fluid called saliva<\/p>\n

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salivation\u00a0<\/strong>secretion of saliva<\/p>\n

segmentation\u00a0<\/strong>alternating contractions and relaxations of non-adjacent segments of the intestine that move food forward and backward, breaking it apart and mixing it with digestive juices<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

serosa\u00a0<\/strong>outermost layer of the alimentary canal wall present in regions within the abdominal cavity<\/p>\n

sigmoid colon\u00a0<\/strong>end portion of the colon, which terminates at the rectum<\/p>\n

small intestine\u00a0<\/strong>section of the alimentary canal where most digestion and absorption occurs<\/p>\n

soft palate\u00a0<\/strong>posterior region of the bottom portion of the nasal cavity that consists of skeletal muscle<\/p>\n

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stomach\u00a0<\/strong>alimentary canal organ that contributes to chemical and mechanical digestion of food from the esophagus before releasing it, as chyme, to the small intestine<\/p>\n

sublingual gland\u00a0<\/strong>one of a pair of major salivary glands located beneath the tongue<\/p>\n

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submandibular gland\u00a0<\/strong>one of a pair of major salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

submucosa\u00a0<\/strong>layer of dense connective tissue in the alimentary canal wall that binds the overlying mucosa to the underlying muscularis<\/p>\n

submucosal plexus\u00a0<\/strong>(plexus of Meissner) nerve supply that regulates activity of glands and smooth muscle<\/p>\n

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tenia coli\u00a0<\/strong>one of three smooth muscle bands that make up the longitudinal muscle layer of the muscularis in all of the large intestine except the terminal end<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

tongue\u00a0<\/strong>accessory digestive organ of the mouth, the bulk of which is composed of skeletal muscle<\/p>\n

transverse colon\u00a0<\/strong>part of the colon between the ascending colon and the descending colon<\/p>\n

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upper esophageal sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>skeletal muscle sphincter that regulates food movement from the pharynx to the esophagus<\/p>\n

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Valsalva\u2019s maneuver\u00a0<\/strong>voluntary contraction of the diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles and closing of the glottis, which increases intra-abdominal pressure and facilitates defecation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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villus\u00a0<\/strong>projection of the mucosa of the small intestine<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>