{"id":5447,"date":"2016-11-06T12:31:57","date_gmt":"2016-11-06T12:31:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/ap1x2-91\/?post_type=chapter&p=5447"},"modified":"2017-05-11T14:56:56","modified_gmt":"2017-05-11T14:56:56","slug":"glossary-the-urinary-system","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-biologyofaging\/chapter\/glossary-the-urinary-system\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary: The Urinary System","rendered":"Glossary: The Urinary System"},"content":{"raw":"
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Glossary<\/h3>\r\nanatomical sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>smooth or skeletal muscle surrounding the lumen of a vessel or hollow organ that can restrict flow when contracted\r\n\r\nanuria\u00a0<\/strong>absence of urine produced; production of 50 mL or less per day\r\n\r\nBowman\u2019s capsule<\/strong>\u00a0cup-shaped sack lined by a simple squamous epithelium (parietal surface) and specialized cells called podocytes (visceral surface) that participate in the filtration process; receives the filtrate which then passes on to the PCTs\r\n\r\ncalyces\u00a0<\/strong>cup-like structures receiving urine from the collecting ducts where it passes on to the renal pelvis and ureter\r\n\r\ncortical nephrons\u00a0<\/strong>nephrons with loops of Henle that do not extend into the renal medulla\r\n\r\ndetrusor muscle\u00a0<\/strong>smooth muscle in the bladder wall; fibers run in all directions to reduce the size of the organ when emptying it of urine\r\n\r\ndistal convoluted tubules\u00a0<\/strong>portions of the nephron distal to the loop of Henle that receive hyposmotic filtrate from the loop of Henle and empty into collecting ducts\r\n\r\nefferent arteriole\u00a0<\/strong>arteriole carrying blood from the glomerulus to the capillary beds around the convoluted tubules and loop of Henle; portion of the portal system\r\n\r\nexternal urinary sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>skeletal muscle; must be relaxed consciously to void urine\r\n\r\nglomerulus\u00a0<\/strong>tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman\u2019s capsule; filters the blood based on size\r\n\r\ninternal urinary sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>smooth muscle at the juncture of the bladder and urethra; relaxes as the bladder fills to allow urine into the urethra\r\n\r\nincontinence\u00a0<\/strong>loss of ability to control micturition\r\n\r\njuxtamedullary nephrons\u00a0<\/strong>nephrons adjacent to the border of the cortex and medulla with loops of Henle that extend into the renal medulla\r\n\r\nleukocyte esterase\u00a0<\/strong>enzyme produced by leukocytes that can be detected in the urine and that serves as an indirect indicator of urinary tract infection\r\n\r\nloop of Henle\u00a0<\/strong>descending and ascending portions between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; those of cortical nephrons do not extend into the medulla, whereas those of juxtamedullary nephrons do extend into the medulla\r\n\r\nmedulla\u00a0<\/strong>inner region of kidney containing the renal pyramids\r\n\r\nmicturition\u00a0<\/strong>also called urination or voiding\r\n\r\nnephrons\u00a0<\/strong>functional units of the kidney that carry out all filtration and modification to produce urine; consist of renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and descending and ascending loops of Henle; drain into collecting ducts\r\n\r\noliguria\u00a0<\/strong>below normal urine production of 400\u2013500 mL\/day\r\n\r\nperitubular capillaries\u00a0<\/strong>second capillary bed of the renal portal system; surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; associated with the vasa recta\r\n\r\nphysiological sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>sphincter consisting of circular smooth muscle indistinguishable from adjacent muscle but possessing differential innervations, permitting its function as a sphincter; structurally weak\r\n\r\npolyuria\u00a0<\/strong>urine production in excess of 2.5 L\/day; may be caused by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, or excessive use of diuretics\r\n\r\nproximal convoluted tubules (PCTs)\u00a0<\/strong>tortuous tubules receiving filtrate from Bowman\u2019s capsule; most active part of the nephron in reabsorption and secretion\r\n\r\nrenal columns\u00a0<\/strong>extensions of the renal cortex into the renal medulla; separates the renal pyramids; contains blood vessels and connective tissues\r\n\r\nrenal corpuscle\u00a0<\/strong>consists of the glomerulus and Bowman\u2019s capsule\r\n\r\nrenal cortex\u00a0<\/strong>outer part of kidney containing all of the nephrons; some nephrons have loops of Henle extending into the medulla\r\n\r\nrenal fat pad\u00a0<\/strong>adipose tissue between the renal fascia and the renal capsule that provides protective cushioning to the kidney\r\n\r\nrenal hilum\u00a0<\/strong>recessed medial area of the kidney through which the renal artery, renal vein, ureters, lymphatics, and nerves pass\r\n\r\nrenal papillae\u00a0<\/strong>medullary area of the renal pyramids where collecting ducts empty urine into the minor calyces\r\n\r\nrenal pyramids\u00a0<\/strong>six to eight cone-shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney containing collecting ducts and the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons\r\n\r\nretroperitoneal\u00a0<\/strong>outside the peritoneal cavity; in the case of the kidney and ureters, between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall\r\n\r\nsacral micturition center\u00a0<\/strong>group of neurons in the sacral region of the spinal cord that controls urination; acts reflexively unless its action is modified by higher brain centers to allow voluntary urination\r\n\r\nspecific gravity\u00a0<\/strong>weight of a liquid compared to pure water, which has a specific gravity of 1.0; any solute added to water will increase its specific gravity\r\n\r\ntrigone\u00a0<\/strong>area at the base of the bladder marked by the two ureters in the posterior\u2013lateral aspect and the urethral orifice in the anterior aspect oriented like points on a triangle\r\n\r\nurethra\u00a0<\/strong>transports urine from the bladder to the outside environment\r\n\r\nurinalysis\u00a0<\/strong>analysis of urine to diagnose disease\r\n\r\nurochrome\u00a0<\/strong>heme-derived pigment that imparts the typical yellow color of urine\r\n\r\nvasa recta\u00a0<\/strong>branches of the efferent arterioles that parallel the course of the loops of Henle and are continuous with the peritubular capillaries; with the glomerulus, form a portal system\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
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Glossary<\/h3>\n

anatomical sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>smooth or skeletal muscle surrounding the lumen of a vessel or hollow organ that can restrict flow when contracted<\/p>\n

anuria\u00a0<\/strong>absence of urine produced; production of 50 mL or less per day<\/p>\n

Bowman\u2019s capsule<\/strong>\u00a0cup-shaped sack lined by a simple squamous epithelium (parietal surface) and specialized cells called podocytes (visceral surface) that participate in the filtration process; receives the filtrate which then passes on to the PCTs<\/p>\n

calyces\u00a0<\/strong>cup-like structures receiving urine from the collecting ducts where it passes on to the renal pelvis and ureter<\/p>\n

cortical nephrons\u00a0<\/strong>nephrons with loops of Henle that do not extend into the renal medulla<\/p>\n

detrusor muscle\u00a0<\/strong>smooth muscle in the bladder wall; fibers run in all directions to reduce the size of the organ when emptying it of urine<\/p>\n

distal convoluted tubules\u00a0<\/strong>portions of the nephron distal to the loop of Henle that receive hyposmotic filtrate from the loop of Henle and empty into collecting ducts<\/p>\n

efferent arteriole\u00a0<\/strong>arteriole carrying blood from the glomerulus to the capillary beds around the convoluted tubules and loop of Henle; portion of the portal system<\/p>\n

external urinary sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>skeletal muscle; must be relaxed consciously to void urine<\/p>\n

glomerulus\u00a0<\/strong>tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman\u2019s capsule; filters the blood based on size<\/p>\n

internal urinary sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>smooth muscle at the juncture of the bladder and urethra; relaxes as the bladder fills to allow urine into the urethra<\/p>\n

incontinence\u00a0<\/strong>loss of ability to control micturition<\/p>\n

juxtamedullary nephrons\u00a0<\/strong>nephrons adjacent to the border of the cortex and medulla with loops of Henle that extend into the renal medulla<\/p>\n

leukocyte esterase\u00a0<\/strong>enzyme produced by leukocytes that can be detected in the urine and that serves as an indirect indicator of urinary tract infection<\/p>\n

loop of Henle\u00a0<\/strong>descending and ascending portions between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; those of cortical nephrons do not extend into the medulla, whereas those of juxtamedullary nephrons do extend into the medulla<\/p>\n

medulla\u00a0<\/strong>inner region of kidney containing the renal pyramids<\/p>\n

micturition\u00a0<\/strong>also called urination or voiding<\/p>\n

nephrons\u00a0<\/strong>functional units of the kidney that carry out all filtration and modification to produce urine; consist of renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, and descending and ascending loops of Henle; drain into collecting ducts<\/p>\n

oliguria\u00a0<\/strong>below normal urine production of 400\u2013500 mL\/day<\/p>\n

peritubular capillaries\u00a0<\/strong>second capillary bed of the renal portal system; surround the proximal and distal convoluted tubules; associated with the vasa recta<\/p>\n

physiological sphincter\u00a0<\/strong>sphincter consisting of circular smooth muscle indistinguishable from adjacent muscle but possessing differential innervations, permitting its function as a sphincter; structurally weak<\/p>\n

polyuria\u00a0<\/strong>urine production in excess of 2.5 L\/day; may be caused by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, or excessive use of diuretics<\/p>\n

proximal convoluted tubules (PCTs)\u00a0<\/strong>tortuous tubules receiving filtrate from Bowman\u2019s capsule; most active part of the nephron in reabsorption and secretion<\/p>\n

renal columns\u00a0<\/strong>extensions of the renal cortex into the renal medulla; separates the renal pyramids; contains blood vessels and connective tissues<\/p>\n

renal corpuscle\u00a0<\/strong>consists of the glomerulus and Bowman\u2019s capsule<\/p>\n

renal cortex\u00a0<\/strong>outer part of kidney containing all of the nephrons; some nephrons have loops of Henle extending into the medulla<\/p>\n

renal fat pad\u00a0<\/strong>adipose tissue between the renal fascia and the renal capsule that provides protective cushioning to the kidney<\/p>\n

renal hilum\u00a0<\/strong>recessed medial area of the kidney through which the renal artery, renal vein, ureters, lymphatics, and nerves pass<\/p>\n

renal papillae\u00a0<\/strong>medullary area of the renal pyramids where collecting ducts empty urine into the minor calyces<\/p>\n

renal pyramids\u00a0<\/strong>six to eight cone-shaped tissues in the medulla of the kidney containing collecting ducts and the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons<\/p>\n

retroperitoneal\u00a0<\/strong>outside the peritoneal cavity; in the case of the kidney and ureters, between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal wall<\/p>\n

sacral micturition center\u00a0<\/strong>group of neurons in the sacral region of the spinal cord that controls urination; acts reflexively unless its action is modified by higher brain centers to allow voluntary urination<\/p>\n

specific gravity\u00a0<\/strong>weight of a liquid compared to pure water, which has a specific gravity of 1.0; any solute added to water will increase its specific gravity<\/p>\n

trigone\u00a0<\/strong>area at the base of the bladder marked by the two ureters in the posterior\u2013lateral aspect and the urethral orifice in the anterior aspect oriented like points on a triangle<\/p>\n

urethra\u00a0<\/strong>transports urine from the bladder to the outside environment<\/p>\n

urinalysis\u00a0<\/strong>analysis of urine to diagnose disease<\/p>\n

urochrome\u00a0<\/strong>heme-derived pigment that imparts the typical yellow color of urine<\/p>\n

vasa recta\u00a0<\/strong>branches of the efferent arterioles that parallel the course of the loops of Henle and are continuous with the peritubular capillaries; with the glomerulus, form a portal system<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t

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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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