{"id":5478,"date":"2016-11-26T02:13:58","date_gmt":"2016-11-26T02:13:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/ap1x2-91\/?post_type=chapter&p=5478"},"modified":"2017-05-11T15:00:19","modified_gmt":"2017-05-11T15:00:19","slug":"glossary-the-reproductive-system","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-biologyofaging\/chapter\/glossary-the-reproductive-system\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary: The Reproductive System","rendered":"Glossary: The Reproductive System"},"content":{"raw":"
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Glossary<\/h3>\r\nalveoli\u00a0<\/strong>(of the breast) milk-secreting cells in the mammary gland\r\n\r\nampulla\u00a0<\/strong>(of the uterine tube) middle portion of the uterine tube in which fertilization often occurs\r\n\r\nantrum\u00a0<\/strong>fluid-filled chamber that characterizes a mature tertiary (antral) follicle\r\n\r\nareola\u00a0<\/strong>highly pigmented, circular area surrounding the raised nipple and containing areolar glands that secrete fluid important for lubrication during suckling\r\n\r\nBartholin\u2019s glands\u00a0<\/strong>(also, greater vestibular glands) glands that produce a thick mucus that maintains moisture in the vulva area; also referred to as the greater vestibular glands\r\n\r\nblood\u2013testis barrier <\/strong>tight junctions between Sertoli cells that prevent bloodborne pathogens from gaining access to later stages of spermatogenesis and prevent the potential for an autoimmune reaction to haploid sperm\r\n\r\nbody of uterus\u00a0<\/strong>middle section of the uterus\r\n\r\nbroad ligament\u00a0<\/strong>wide ligament that supports the uterus by attaching laterally to both sides of the uterus and pelvic wall\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\nbulbourethral glands <\/strong>(also, Cowper\u2019s glands) glands that secrete a lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra prior to and during ejaculation\r\n\r\ncervix\u00a0<\/strong>elongate inferior end of the uterus where it connects to the vagina\r\n\r\nclitoris\u00a0<\/strong>(also, glans clitoris) nerve-rich area of the vulva that contributes to sexual sensation during intercourse\r\n\r\ncorpus albicans\u00a0<\/strong>nonfunctional structure remaining in the ovarian stroma following structural and functional regression of the corpus luteum\r\n\r\ncorpus cavernosum <\/strong>either of two columns of erectile tissue in the penis that fill with blood during an erection\r\n\r\ncorpus luteum\u00a0<\/strong>transformed follicle after ovulation that secretes progesterone\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\ncorpus spongiosum <\/strong>(plural = corpora cavernosa) column of erectile tissue in the penis that fills with blood during an erection and surrounds the penile urethra on the ventral portion of the penis\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nductus deferens <\/strong>(also, vas deferens) duct that transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord and into the ejaculatory duct; also referred as the vas deferens\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nejaculatory duct <\/strong>duct that connects the ampulla of the ductus deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle at the prostatic urethra\r\n\r\nendometrium\u00a0<\/strong>inner lining of the uterus, part of which builds up during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and then sheds with menses\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nepididymis <\/strong>(plural = epididymides) coiled tubular structure in which sperm start to mature and are stored until ejaculation\r\n\r\nfimbriae\u00a0<\/strong>fingerlike projections on the distal uterine tubes\r\n\r\nfollicle\u00a0<\/strong>ovarian structure of one oocyte and surrounding granulosa (and later theca) cells\r\n\r\nfolliculogenesis\u00a0<\/strong>development of ovarian follicles from primordial to tertiary under the stimulation of gonadotropins\r\n\r\nfundus\u00a0<\/strong>(of the uterus) domed portion of the uterus that is superior to the uterine tubes\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\ngamete <\/strong>haploid reproductive cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nglans penis <\/strong>bulbous end of the penis that contains a large number of nerve endings\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\ngonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) <\/strong>hormone released by the hypothalamus that regulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\ngonads <\/strong>reproductive organs (testes in men and ovaries in women) that produce gametes and reproductive hormones\r\n\r\ngranulosa cells\u00a0<\/strong>supportive cells in the ovarian follicle that produce estrogen\r\n\r\nhymen\u00a0<\/strong>membrane that covers part of the opening of the vagina\r\n\r\ninfundibulum\u00a0<\/strong>(of the uterine tube) wide, distal portion of the uterine tube terminating in fimbriae\r\n\r\ninguinal canal <\/strong>opening in abdominal wall that connects the testes to the abdominal cavity\r\n\r\nisthmus\u00a0<\/strong>narrow, medial portion of the uterine tube that joins the uterus\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nlabia majora\u00a0<\/strong>hair-covered folds of skin located behind the mons pubis\r\n\r\nlabia minora\u00a0<\/strong>thin, pigmented, hairless flaps of skin located medial and deep to the labia majora\r\n\r\nlactiferous ducts\u00a0<\/strong>ducts that connect the mammary glands to the nipple and allow for the transport of milk\r\n\r\nlactiferous sinus\u00a0<\/strong>area of milk collection between alveoli and lactiferous duct\r\n\r\nLeydig cells<\/strong> cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce testosterone; a type of interstitial cell\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n
<\/div>\r\n
\r\n
\r\n\r\nmammary glands\u00a0<\/strong>glands inside the breast that secrete milk\r\n\r\nmenarche\u00a0<\/strong>first menstruation in a pubertal female\r\n\r\nmenses\u00a0<\/strong>shedding of the inner portion of the endometrium out though the vagina; also referred to as menstruation\r\n\r\nmenses phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrial lining is shed\r\n\r\nmenstrual cycle\u00a0<\/strong>approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the uterus consisting of a menses phase, a proliferative phase, and a secretory phase\r\n\r\nmons pubis\u00a0<\/strong>mound of fatty tissue located at the front of the vulva\r\n\r\nM\u00fcllerian duct\u00a0<\/strong>duct system present in the embryo that will eventually form the internal female reproductive structures\r\n\r\nmyometrium\u00a0<\/strong>smooth muscle layer of uterus that allows for uterine contractions during labor and expulsion of menstrual blood\r\n\r\noocyte\u00a0<\/strong>cell that results from the division of the oogonium and undergoes meiosis I at the LH surge and meiosis II at fertilization to become a haploid ovum\r\n\r\noogenesis\u00a0<\/strong>process by which oogonia divide by mitosis to primary oocytes, which undergo meiosis to produce the secondary oocyte and, upon fertilization, the ovum\r\n\r\noogonia\u00a0<\/strong>ovarian stem cells that undergo mitosis during female fetal development to form primary oocytes\r\n\r\novarian cycle\u00a0<\/strong>approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the ovary consisting of a follicular phase and a luteal phase\r\n\r\novaries\u00a0<\/strong>female gonads that produce oocytes and sex steroid hormones (notably estrogen and progesterone)\r\n\r\novulation\u00a0<\/strong>release of a secondary oocyte and associated granulosa cells from an ovary\r\n\r\novum\u00a0<\/strong>haploid female gamete resulting from completion of meiosis II at fertilization\r\n\r\npenis<\/strong> male organ of copulation\r\n\r\nperimetrium\u00a0<\/strong>outer epithelial layer of uterine wall\r\n\r\npolar body\u00a0<\/strong>smaller cell produced during the process of meiosis in oogenesis\r\n\r\nprepuce<\/strong> (also, foreskin) flap of skin that forms a collar around, and thus protects and lubricates, the glans penis; also referred as the foreskin\r\n\r\nprimary follicles\u00a0<\/strong>ovarian follicles with a primary oocyte and one layer of cuboidal granulosa cells\r\n\r\nprimordial follicles\u00a0<\/strong>least developed ovarian follicles that consist of a single oocyte and a single layer of flat (squamous) granulosa cells\r\n\r\nproliferative phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium proliferates\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nprostate gland<\/strong> doughnut-shaped gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra and contributing fluid to semen during ejaculation\r\n\r\npuberty\u00a0<\/strong>life stage during which a male or female adolescent becomes anatomically and physiologically capable of reproduction\r\n\r\nrugae\u00a0<\/strong>(of the vagina) folds of skin in the vagina that allow it to stretch during intercourse and childbirth\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nscrotum<\/strong> external pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes\r\n\r\nsecondary follicles\u00a0<\/strong>ovarian follicles with a primary oocyte and multiple layers of granulosa cells\r\n\r\nsecondary sex characteristics\u00a0<\/strong>physical characteristics that are influenced by sex steroid hormones and have supporting roles in reproductive function\r\n\r\nsecretory phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium secretes a nutrient-rich fluid in preparation for implantation of an embryo\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nsemen<\/strong> ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nseminal vesicle<\/strong> gland that produces seminal fluid, which contributes to semen\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nseminiferous tubules<\/strong> tube structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nSertoli cells<\/strong> cells that support germ cells through the process of spermatogenesis; a type of sustentacular cell\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nsperm<\/strong> (also, spermatozoon) male gamete\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nspermatic cord<\/strong> bundle of nerves and blood vessels that supplies the testes; contains ductus deferens\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nspermatid<\/strong> immature sperm cells produced by meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nspermatocyte<\/strong> cell that results from the division of spermatogonium and undergoes meiosis I and meiosis II to form spermatids\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nspermatogenesis<\/strong> formation of new sperm, occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nspermatogonia<\/strong> (singular = spermatogonium) diploid precursor cells that become sperm\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\nspermiogenesis<\/strong> transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa during spermatogenesis\r\n\r\nsuspensory ligaments\u00a0<\/strong>bands of connective tissue that suspend the breast onto the chest wall by attachment to the overlying dermis\r\n\r\ntertiary follicles\u00a0<\/strong>(also, antral follicles) ovarian follicles with a primary or secondary oocyte, multiple layers of granulosa cells, and a fully formed antrum\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
\r\n\r\ntestes<\/strong> (singular = testis) male gonads\r\n\r\ntheca cells\u00a0<\/strong>estrogen-producing cells in a maturing ovarian follicle\r\n\r\nuterine tubes\u00a0<\/strong>(also, fallopian tubes or oviducts) ducts that facilitate transport of an ovulated oocyte to the uterus\r\n\r\nuterus\u00a0<\/strong>muscular hollow organ in which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus\r\n\r\nvagina\u00a0<\/strong>tunnel-like organ that provides access to the uterus for the insertion of semen and from the uterus for the birth of a baby\r\n\r\nvulva\u00a0<\/strong>external female genitalia\r\n\r\nWolffian duct\u00a0<\/strong>duct system present in the embryo that will eventually form the internal male reproductive structures\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

<\/h3>\r\n \r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"
\n

Glossary<\/h3>\n

alveoli\u00a0<\/strong>(of the breast) milk-secreting cells in the mammary gland<\/p>\n

ampulla\u00a0<\/strong>(of the uterine tube) middle portion of the uterine tube in which fertilization often occurs<\/p>\n

antrum\u00a0<\/strong>fluid-filled chamber that characterizes a mature tertiary (antral) follicle<\/p>\n

areola\u00a0<\/strong>highly pigmented, circular area surrounding the raised nipple and containing areolar glands that secrete fluid important for lubrication during suckling<\/p>\n

Bartholin\u2019s glands\u00a0<\/strong>(also, greater vestibular glands) glands that produce a thick mucus that maintains moisture in the vulva area; also referred to as the greater vestibular glands<\/p>\n

blood\u2013testis barrier <\/strong>tight junctions between Sertoli cells that prevent bloodborne pathogens from gaining access to later stages of spermatogenesis and prevent the potential for an autoimmune reaction to haploid sperm<\/p>\n

body of uterus\u00a0<\/strong>middle section of the uterus<\/p>\n

broad ligament\u00a0<\/strong>wide ligament that supports the uterus by attaching laterally to both sides of the uterus and pelvic wall<\/p>\n

\n
\n

bulbourethral glands <\/strong>(also, Cowper\u2019s glands) glands that secrete a lubricating mucus that cleans and lubricates the urethra prior to and during ejaculation<\/p>\n

cervix\u00a0<\/strong>elongate inferior end of the uterus where it connects to the vagina<\/p>\n

clitoris\u00a0<\/strong>(also, glans clitoris) nerve-rich area of the vulva that contributes to sexual sensation during intercourse<\/p>\n

corpus albicans\u00a0<\/strong>nonfunctional structure remaining in the ovarian stroma following structural and functional regression of the corpus luteum<\/p>\n

corpus cavernosum <\/strong>either of two columns of erectile tissue in the penis that fill with blood during an erection<\/p>\n

corpus luteum\u00a0<\/strong>transformed follicle after ovulation that secretes progesterone<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

corpus spongiosum <\/strong>(plural = corpora cavernosa) column of erectile tissue in the penis that fills with blood during an erection and surrounds the penile urethra on the ventral portion of the penis<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

ductus deferens <\/strong>(also, vas deferens) duct that transports sperm from the epididymis through the spermatic cord and into the ejaculatory duct; also referred as the vas deferens<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

ejaculatory duct <\/strong>duct that connects the ampulla of the ductus deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle at the prostatic urethra<\/p>\n

endometrium\u00a0<\/strong>inner lining of the uterus, part of which builds up during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle and then sheds with menses<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

epididymis <\/strong>(plural = epididymides) coiled tubular structure in which sperm start to mature and are stored until ejaculation<\/p>\n

fimbriae\u00a0<\/strong>fingerlike projections on the distal uterine tubes<\/p>\n

follicle\u00a0<\/strong>ovarian structure of one oocyte and surrounding granulosa (and later theca) cells<\/p>\n

folliculogenesis\u00a0<\/strong>development of ovarian follicles from primordial to tertiary under the stimulation of gonadotropins<\/p>\n

fundus\u00a0<\/strong>(of the uterus) domed portion of the uterus that is superior to the uterine tubes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

gamete <\/strong>haploid reproductive cell that contributes genetic material to form an offspring<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

glans penis <\/strong>bulbous end of the penis that contains a large number of nerve endings<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) <\/strong>hormone released by the hypothalamus that regulates the production of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

gonads <\/strong>reproductive organs (testes in men and ovaries in women) that produce gametes and reproductive hormones<\/p>\n

granulosa cells\u00a0<\/strong>supportive cells in the ovarian follicle that produce estrogen<\/p>\n

hymen\u00a0<\/strong>membrane that covers part of the opening of the vagina<\/p>\n

infundibulum\u00a0<\/strong>(of the uterine tube) wide, distal portion of the uterine tube terminating in fimbriae<\/p>\n

inguinal canal <\/strong>opening in abdominal wall that connects the testes to the abdominal cavity<\/p>\n

isthmus\u00a0<\/strong>narrow, medial portion of the uterine tube that joins the uterus<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

labia majora\u00a0<\/strong>hair-covered folds of skin located behind the mons pubis<\/p>\n

labia minora\u00a0<\/strong>thin, pigmented, hairless flaps of skin located medial and deep to the labia majora<\/p>\n

lactiferous ducts\u00a0<\/strong>ducts that connect the mammary glands to the nipple and allow for the transport of milk<\/p>\n

lactiferous sinus\u00a0<\/strong>area of milk collection between alveoli and lactiferous duct<\/p>\n

Leydig cells<\/strong> cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes that produce testosterone; a type of interstitial cell<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/div>\n
\n
\n

mammary glands\u00a0<\/strong>glands inside the breast that secrete milk<\/p>\n

menarche\u00a0<\/strong>first menstruation in a pubertal female<\/p>\n

menses\u00a0<\/strong>shedding of the inner portion of the endometrium out though the vagina; also referred to as menstruation<\/p>\n

menses phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrial lining is shed<\/p>\n

menstrual cycle\u00a0<\/strong>approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the uterus consisting of a menses phase, a proliferative phase, and a secretory phase<\/p>\n

mons pubis\u00a0<\/strong>mound of fatty tissue located at the front of the vulva<\/p>\n

M\u00fcllerian duct\u00a0<\/strong>duct system present in the embryo that will eventually form the internal female reproductive structures<\/p>\n

myometrium\u00a0<\/strong>smooth muscle layer of uterus that allows for uterine contractions during labor and expulsion of menstrual blood<\/p>\n

oocyte\u00a0<\/strong>cell that results from the division of the oogonium and undergoes meiosis I at the LH surge and meiosis II at fertilization to become a haploid ovum<\/p>\n

oogenesis\u00a0<\/strong>process by which oogonia divide by mitosis to primary oocytes, which undergo meiosis to produce the secondary oocyte and, upon fertilization, the ovum<\/p>\n

oogonia\u00a0<\/strong>ovarian stem cells that undergo mitosis during female fetal development to form primary oocytes<\/p>\n

ovarian cycle\u00a0<\/strong>approximately 28-day cycle of changes in the ovary consisting of a follicular phase and a luteal phase<\/p>\n

ovaries\u00a0<\/strong>female gonads that produce oocytes and sex steroid hormones (notably estrogen and progesterone)<\/p>\n

ovulation\u00a0<\/strong>release of a secondary oocyte and associated granulosa cells from an ovary<\/p>\n

ovum\u00a0<\/strong>haploid female gamete resulting from completion of meiosis II at fertilization<\/p>\n

penis<\/strong> male organ of copulation<\/p>\n

perimetrium\u00a0<\/strong>outer epithelial layer of uterine wall<\/p>\n

polar body\u00a0<\/strong>smaller cell produced during the process of meiosis in oogenesis<\/p>\n

prepuce<\/strong> (also, foreskin) flap of skin that forms a collar around, and thus protects and lubricates, the glans penis; also referred as the foreskin<\/p>\n

primary follicles\u00a0<\/strong>ovarian follicles with a primary oocyte and one layer of cuboidal granulosa cells<\/p>\n

primordial follicles\u00a0<\/strong>least developed ovarian follicles that consist of a single oocyte and a single layer of flat (squamous) granulosa cells<\/p>\n

proliferative phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium proliferates<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

prostate gland<\/strong> doughnut-shaped gland at the base of the bladder surrounding the urethra and contributing fluid to semen during ejaculation<\/p>\n

puberty\u00a0<\/strong>life stage during which a male or female adolescent becomes anatomically and physiologically capable of reproduction<\/p>\n

rugae\u00a0<\/strong>(of the vagina) folds of skin in the vagina that allow it to stretch during intercourse and childbirth<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

scrotum<\/strong> external pouch of skin and muscle that houses the testes<\/p>\n

secondary follicles\u00a0<\/strong>ovarian follicles with a primary oocyte and multiple layers of granulosa cells<\/p>\n

secondary sex characteristics\u00a0<\/strong>physical characteristics that are influenced by sex steroid hormones and have supporting roles in reproductive function<\/p>\n

secretory phase\u00a0<\/strong>phase of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium secretes a nutrient-rich fluid in preparation for implantation of an embryo<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

semen<\/strong> ejaculatory fluid composed of sperm and secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

seminal vesicle<\/strong> gland that produces seminal fluid, which contributes to semen<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

seminiferous tubules<\/strong> tube structures within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Sertoli cells<\/strong> cells that support germ cells through the process of spermatogenesis; a type of sustentacular cell<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

sperm<\/strong> (also, spermatozoon) male gamete<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

spermatic cord<\/strong> bundle of nerves and blood vessels that supplies the testes; contains ductus deferens<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

spermatid<\/strong> immature sperm cells produced by meiosis II of secondary spermatocytes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

spermatocyte<\/strong> cell that results from the division of spermatogonium and undergoes meiosis I and meiosis II to form spermatids<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

spermatogenesis<\/strong> formation of new sperm, occurs in the seminiferous tubules of the testes<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

spermatogonia<\/strong> (singular = spermatogonium) diploid precursor cells that become sperm<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

spermiogenesis<\/strong> transformation of spermatids to spermatozoa during spermatogenesis<\/p>\n

suspensory ligaments\u00a0<\/strong>bands of connective tissue that suspend the breast onto the chest wall by attachment to the overlying dermis<\/p>\n

tertiary follicles\u00a0<\/strong>(also, antral follicles) ovarian follicles with a primary or secondary oocyte, multiple layers of granulosa cells, and a fully formed antrum<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

testes<\/strong> (singular = testis) male gonads<\/p>\n

theca cells\u00a0<\/strong>estrogen-producing cells in a maturing ovarian follicle<\/p>\n

uterine tubes\u00a0<\/strong>(also, fallopian tubes or oviducts) ducts that facilitate transport of an ovulated oocyte to the uterus<\/p>\n

uterus\u00a0<\/strong>muscular hollow organ in which a fertilized egg develops into a fetus<\/p>\n

vagina\u00a0<\/strong>tunnel-like organ that provides access to the uterus for the insertion of semen and from the uterus for the birth of a baby<\/p>\n

vulva\u00a0<\/strong>external female genitalia<\/p>\n

Wolffian duct\u00a0<\/strong>duct system present in the embryo that will eventually form the internal male reproductive structures<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

<\/h3>\n

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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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