{"id":346,"date":"2014-09-28T21:17:03","date_gmt":"2014-09-28T21:17:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/lifespandevelopment1x1\/?post_type=chapter&p=346"},"modified":"2016-03-16T17:57:23","modified_gmt":"2016-03-16T17:57:23","slug":"introduction-to-lesson-9-middle-adulthood","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-developmentalpsych\/chapter\/introduction-to-lesson-9-middle-adulthood\/","title":{"raw":"Introduction to Middle Adulthood","rendered":"Introduction to Middle Adulthood"},"content":{"raw":"
\r\n

Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nObjectives:\u00a0At the end of this lesson, you will be able to\r\n
    \r\n\t
  1. Explain trends in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.<\/li>\r\n\t
  2. List developmental tasks of midlife.<\/li>\r\n\t
  3. Summarize physical changes that occur in midlife.<\/li>\r\n\t
  4. Explain physical changes that occur during menopause.<\/li>\r\n\t
  5. Describe variations in cultural responses to menopause.<\/li>\r\n\t
  6. Contrast menopause and\u00a0andropause.<\/li>\r\n\t
  7. Explain the relationships between the climacteric and sexual expression.<\/li>\r\n\t
  8. Discuss the impact of exercise on health in midlife.<\/li>\r\n\t
  9. Describe the ideal diet for middle aged adults.<\/li>\r\n\t
  10. Describe cognitive development in\u00a0midlife.<\/li>\r\n\t
  11. \u00a0Compare midlife students with younger students and their approach to learning.<\/li>\r\n\t
  12. \u00a0Contrast the expert and the novice.<\/li>\r\n\t
  13. \u00a0Evaluate the notion of the midlife crisis.<\/li>\r\n\t
  14. \u00a0Define\u00a0kinkeeping\u00a0and the impact of caregiving.<\/li>\r\n\t
  15. \u00a0Describe Erikson's stage of\u00a0generativity\u00a0vs. stagnation.<\/li>\r\n\t
  16. Compare types of singles.<\/li>\r\n\t
  17. Contrast intrinsic and utilitarian marriages.<\/li>\r\n\t
  18. Classify types of marriages based on\u00a0Cuber\u00a0and\u00a0Harroff's\u00a0model.<\/li>\r\n\t
  19. \u00a0Discuss communication in marriage.<\/li>\r\n\t
  20. \u00a0Describe the stations of divorce.<\/li>\r\n\t
  21. \u00a0Discuss issues related to re-coupling including remarriage and cohabitation.<\/li>\r\n\t
  22. \u00a0Describe personality changes in midlife.<\/li>\r\n\t
  23. Discuss work related issues in midlife.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n

    Introduction<\/h2>\r\nMiddle adulthood (or midlife) refers to the period of the lifespan between young adulthood and old age. This period lasts from 20 to 40 years depending on how these stages, ages, and tasks are culturally defined. The most common age definition is from 40 to 65, but there can be a range of up to 10 years (ages 30-75) on either side of these numbers. The mid-thiries\u00a0or the forties through the late 60s can be our guide. Research on this period of life is relatively new and many aspects of midlife are still being explored.\u00a0This may be the least studied period of the lifespan. And this is a varied group. We can see considerable differences in individuals within this developmental stage. There is much to learn about this group. In the United States, the large Baby Boom cohort (those born between 1946 and 1964) are now midlife adults and this\u00a0has led to increased interest in this developmental stage.\r\n\r\nThis is a relatively new period of life.\u00a0One hundred years ago, life expectancy in the United States was about 47 years.\u00a0Life-expectancy has increased globally by about 6 years since 1990 and now stands at 68 years and ranges from 57 years in low-income countries to 80 in high-income countries (World Health Organization, 2011). This number reflects an increase in life expectancy in Africa due to availability of antiretroviral medications to reduce HIV\/AIDS, and a decrease in Europe and in countries in the former Soviet Union. Life expectancy in the United States for those born in 2007 is now at 75.9 for white males, 80.8 for white females, 70.0 for black males, and 76.8 for black females (U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, 2010). The U. S. ranks 42nd in the world and has been declining in rank. Children born in the U. S. today may be the first generation to have a shorter life span than their parents. Much of this decline has been attributed to the increase in sedentary lifestyle and obesity. See the Washington Post article,\u00a0U.S. Deaths Rise by 50,000 in 2005<\/a>,\u00a0for more details.\r\n\r\nOf course, longevity is not the only consideration. How long can we expect to lead health lives? Healthy life expectancy, or the years one can expect to live in good health, is 67 for males and 71 for females in the United States. It is higher in Japan with a healthy life expectancy of 72 for males and 78 for females. Certainly, living healthier lives is the goal. In the United States, Canada, and other countries where people live well\u00a0in midlife, there are new concerns are about the aging process, the impact of lifestyle on health, productivity at work, and how to best spend the second half of life.\r\n

    Developmental Tasks<\/h2>\r\n

    Lachman\u00a0(2004) provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges facing midlife adults. These include:<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      \r\n\t
    1. Losing parents and experiencing associated grief.<\/li>\r\n\t
    2. Launching children into their own lives.<\/li>\r\n\t
    3. Adjusting to home life without children (often referred to as the\u00a0empty nest).<\/li>\r\n\t
    4. Dealing with adult children who return to live at home (known as boomerang children in the United States).<\/li>\r\n\t
    5. Becoming grandparents.<\/li>\r\n\t
    6. Preparing for late adulthood.<\/li>\r\n\t
    7. Acting as caregivers for aging parents or spouses.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n

      Let's explore these tasks and this stage of life.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

      REFERENCES:<\/h2>\r\nAnderson, S. A., &\u00a0Sabatelli, R. M. (2007).\u00a0Family interaction: A multigenerational developmental perspective. Boston: Pearson\/A & B.\r\n\r\nBarnett, R. C. (1997). Gender, employment, and psychological well-being: Historical and life course perspectives. In\u00a0Lachman\u00a0& James (Eds.),\u00a0Multiple Paths of Midlife Development\u00a0(pp. 325-343). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\n\r\nBengstron, V. L. (2001).\u00a0Families, intergenerational relationships, and\u00a0kinkeeping\u00a0in midlife.\u00a0In N. M. Putney (Author) & M. E.\u00a0Lachman\u00a0(Ed.),\u00a0Handbook of midlife development\u00a0(pp. 528-579).\u00a0New York: Wiley.\r\n\r\nBerger, K. S. (n.d.).\u00a0The developing person through the life span.\u00a0(6th\u00a0ed.). New York: Worth.\r\n\r\nBerk, L. (2007).\u00a0Development through the life span\u00a0(4th\u00a0ed.). Boston:\u00a0Allyn\u00a0and Bacon.\r\n\r\nBohannan, P. (1971).\u00a0Divorce and after.\u00a0New York: Doubleday.\r\n\r\nBumpass, L. L., &\u00a0Aquilino, W. S. (1995).\u00a0A social map of midlife: Family and work over the life course.\u00a0Prepared for the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Midlife Development.\r\n\r\nCuber, J. F., &\u00a0Harroff, P. B. (1965).\u00a0Sex and the significant Americans: A study of sexual behavior among the affluent. Baltimore: Penguin Books.\r\n\r\nFirth, K. (2004).\u00a0The adaptive value of feeling in control in midlife.\u00a0In M. E.\u00a0Lachman\u00a0(Author) & O. D. Brim, C. D.\u00a0Ryff, & R. Kessler (Eds.),\u00a0How\u00a0healthy are we: A national study of health in midlife.\u00a0(pp. 320-349). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\n\r\nGlobal Health Observatory: Life expectancy at birth.\u00a0(Rep.).\u00a0(2011). Retrieved February 21, 2011, from World Health Organization website: http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/mortality_burden_disease\/life_tables\/situation_trends_life_expectancy\/en\/index.html\r\n\r\nGottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (1999).\u00a0The seven principles for making marriage work. New York: Crown.\r\n\r\nHochschild, A. R., &\u00a0Machung, A. (1989).\u00a0The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York, NY: Viking.\r\n\r\nKnowles, M. S. (1998).\u00a0The adult learner: A neglected species. Houston: Gulf Pub., Book Division.\r\n\r\nLachman, M. E. (2004).\u00a0Development in Midlife.\u00a0Annual Review of Psychology,\u00a055(1), 305-331.\u00a0doi: 10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141521\r\n\r\nLow Testosterone:\u00a0MedlinePlus\u00a0Interactive Health Tutorial from the Patient Education Institute.\u00a0(n.d.).\u00a0National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/tutorials\/lowtestosterone\/htm\/index.htm\r\n\r\nMarks, N. F. (1998).\u00a0Does it hurt to care?\u00a0Caregiving, work-family conflict, and midlife well-being.\u00a0Journal of Marriage and the Family,\u00a060(4), 951-966.\r\n\r\nMcCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003).\u00a0Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. New York: Guilford Press.\r\n\r\nMenopause:\u00a0MedlinePlus\u00a0Medical Encyclopedia. (2007, January 11).\u00a0National Library of Medicine - National Institutes of Health.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/ency\/article\/000894.htm\r\n\r\nNeugarten, B. L. (1968).\u00a0The awareness of middle aging.\u00a0In B. L.\u00a0Neugarten\u00a0(Ed.),\u00a0Middle age and aging\u00a0(pp. 93-98).\u00a0Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\n\r\nNIH Research Matters has moved. (2007, January 12).\u00a0National Institutes of Health (NIH).\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news\/research_matters\/january2007\/01122007skills.htm\r\n\r\nReid, J. D. (1999).\u00a0Women's health in midlife.\u00a0In N. E. Avis (Author) & S. L. Willis (Ed.),\u00a0Life in the Middle: Psychological and Social Development in Middle Age\u00a0(pp. 105-147). San Diego, CA: Academic.\r\n\r\nResearch network on successful midlife development.\u00a0(2007, February 7).\u00a0Midlife Research - MIDMAC\u00a0WebSite.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/midmac.med.harvard.edu\/research.html\r\n\r\nRossi, A. S. (2004).\u00a0The menopausal transition and aging process.\u00a0In\u00a0How\u00a0healthy are we: A national study of health in midlife.\u00a0(pp. 550-575). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.\r\n\r\nSchaie, K. W. (2005).\u00a0Developmental influences on adult intelligence the Seattle longitudinal study.\u00a0Oxford: Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\nSeccombe, K., & Warner, R. L. (2004).\u00a0Marriages and families: Relationships in social context. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth\/Thomson Learning.\r\n\r\nShapiro, S. M. (2006).\u00a0Goal-free living: How to have the life you want now!\u00a0Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.\r\n\r\nShure, J., &\u00a0Cahan, V. (1998, September 10). Launch an Exercise Program Today, Say Aging Institute, Senator John Glenn.\u00a0National Institute on Aging.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/NewsAndEvents\/PressReleases\/PR19980910Launch.htm\r\n\r\nStein, J. (1981).\u00a0Single life: Unmarried adults in social context.\u00a0New York: St. Martin's Press.\r\n\r\nThe 2011 Statistical Abstract: Life Expectancy.\u00a0(n.d.).\u00a0Census Bureau Home Page.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.census.gov\/compendia\/statab\/cats\/births_deaths_marriages_divorces\/life_expectancy.html\r\n\r\nUnited States, National Institute on Aging.\u00a0(2005, December 20).\u00a0Sexuality in Later Life.\u00a0Retrieved February 3, 2007, from http:\/\/www.niapublications.org\/agepages\/sexuality.asp\r\n\r\nUnited States, U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institute of Health.\u00a0(2007, February 1).\u00a0Erectile Dysfunction Affects 18 Million U. S. Men.\u00a0Retrieved February 3, 2007, from http:\/\/www.nim.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/news\/fullstory_44724.htm\r\n\r\nWillis, S. L., &\u00a0Schaie, K. W. (1999).\u00a0Intellectual functioning in midlife.\u00a0In S. L. Willis & J. D. Reid (Eds.),\u00a0Life in the Middle: Psychological and Social Development in Middle Age\u00a0(pp. 233-247). San Diego: Academic.","rendered":"
      \n

      Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n

      Objectives:\u00a0At the end of this lesson, you will be able to<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Explain trends in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.<\/li>\n
      2. List developmental tasks of midlife.<\/li>\n
      3. Summarize physical changes that occur in midlife.<\/li>\n
      4. Explain physical changes that occur during menopause.<\/li>\n
      5. Describe variations in cultural responses to menopause.<\/li>\n
      6. Contrast menopause and\u00a0andropause.<\/li>\n
      7. Explain the relationships between the climacteric and sexual expression.<\/li>\n
      8. Discuss the impact of exercise on health in midlife.<\/li>\n
      9. Describe the ideal diet for middle aged adults.<\/li>\n
      10. Describe cognitive development in\u00a0midlife.<\/li>\n
      11. \u00a0Compare midlife students with younger students and their approach to learning.<\/li>\n
      12. \u00a0Contrast the expert and the novice.<\/li>\n
      13. \u00a0Evaluate the notion of the midlife crisis.<\/li>\n
      14. \u00a0Define\u00a0kinkeeping\u00a0and the impact of caregiving.<\/li>\n
      15. \u00a0Describe Erikson’s stage of\u00a0generativity\u00a0vs. stagnation.<\/li>\n
      16. Compare types of singles.<\/li>\n
      17. Contrast intrinsic and utilitarian marriages.<\/li>\n
      18. Classify types of marriages based on\u00a0Cuber\u00a0and\u00a0Harroff’s\u00a0model.<\/li>\n
      19. \u00a0Discuss communication in marriage.<\/li>\n
      20. \u00a0Describe the stations of divorce.<\/li>\n
      21. \u00a0Discuss issues related to re-coupling including remarriage and cohabitation.<\/li>\n
      22. \u00a0Describe personality changes in midlife.<\/li>\n
      23. Discuss work related issues in midlife.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

        Introduction<\/h2>\n

        Middle adulthood (or midlife) refers to the period of the lifespan between young adulthood and old age. This period lasts from 20 to 40 years depending on how these stages, ages, and tasks are culturally defined. The most common age definition is from 40 to 65, but there can be a range of up to 10 years (ages 30-75) on either side of these numbers. The mid-thiries\u00a0or the forties through the late 60s can be our guide. Research on this period of life is relatively new and many aspects of midlife are still being explored.\u00a0This may be the least studied period of the lifespan. And this is a varied group. We can see considerable differences in individuals within this developmental stage. There is much to learn about this group. In the United States, the large Baby Boom cohort (those born between 1946 and 1964) are now midlife adults and this\u00a0has led to increased interest in this developmental stage.<\/p>\n

        This is a relatively new period of life.\u00a0One hundred years ago, life expectancy in the United States was about 47 years.\u00a0Life-expectancy has increased globally by about 6 years since 1990 and now stands at 68 years and ranges from 57 years in low-income countries to 80 in high-income countries (World Health Organization, 2011). This number reflects an increase in life expectancy in Africa due to availability of antiretroviral medications to reduce HIV\/AIDS, and a decrease in Europe and in countries in the former Soviet Union. Life expectancy in the United States for those born in 2007 is now at 75.9 for white males, 80.8 for white females, 70.0 for black males, and 76.8 for black females (U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, 2010). The U. S. ranks 42nd in the world and has been declining in rank. Children born in the U. S. today may be the first generation to have a shorter life span than their parents. Much of this decline has been attributed to the increase in sedentary lifestyle and obesity. See the Washington Post article,\u00a0U.S. Deaths Rise by 50,000 in 2005<\/a>,\u00a0for more details.<\/p>\n

        Of course, longevity is not the only consideration. How long can we expect to lead health lives? Healthy life expectancy, or the years one can expect to live in good health, is 67 for males and 71 for females in the United States. It is higher in Japan with a healthy life expectancy of 72 for males and 78 for females. Certainly, living healthier lives is the goal. In the United States, Canada, and other countries where people live well\u00a0in midlife, there are new concerns are about the aging process, the impact of lifestyle on health, productivity at work, and how to best spend the second half of life.<\/p>\n

        Developmental Tasks<\/h2>\n

        Lachman\u00a0(2004) provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges facing midlife adults. These include:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Losing parents and experiencing associated grief.<\/li>\n
        2. Launching children into their own lives.<\/li>\n
        3. Adjusting to home life without children (often referred to as the\u00a0empty nest).<\/li>\n
        4. Dealing with adult children who return to live at home (known as boomerang children in the United States).<\/li>\n
        5. Becoming grandparents.<\/li>\n
        6. Preparing for late adulthood.<\/li>\n
        7. Acting as caregivers for aging parents or spouses.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Let’s explore these tasks and this stage of life.<\/p>\n

          REFERENCES:<\/h2>\n

          Anderson, S. A., &\u00a0Sabatelli, R. M. (2007).\u00a0Family interaction: A multigenerational developmental perspective. Boston: Pearson\/A & B.<\/p>\n

          Barnett, R. C. (1997). Gender, employment, and psychological well-being: Historical and life course perspectives. In\u00a0Lachman\u00a0& James (Eds.),\u00a0Multiple Paths of Midlife Development\u00a0(pp. 325-343). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

          Bengstron, V. L. (2001).\u00a0Families, intergenerational relationships, and\u00a0kinkeeping\u00a0in midlife.\u00a0In N. M. Putney (Author) & M. E.\u00a0Lachman\u00a0(Ed.),\u00a0Handbook of midlife development\u00a0(pp. 528-579).\u00a0New York: Wiley.<\/p>\n

          Berger, K. S. (n.d.).\u00a0The developing person through the life span.\u00a0(6th\u00a0ed.). New York: Worth.<\/p>\n

          Berk, L. (2007).\u00a0Development through the life span\u00a0(4th\u00a0ed.). Boston:\u00a0Allyn\u00a0and Bacon.<\/p>\n

          Bohannan, P. (1971).\u00a0Divorce and after.\u00a0New York: Doubleday.<\/p>\n

          Bumpass, L. L., &\u00a0Aquilino, W. S. (1995).\u00a0A social map of midlife: Family and work over the life course.\u00a0Prepared for the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Successful Midlife Development.<\/p>\n

          Cuber, J. F., &\u00a0Harroff, P. B. (1965).\u00a0Sex and the significant Americans: A study of sexual behavior among the affluent. Baltimore: Penguin Books.<\/p>\n

          Firth, K. (2004).\u00a0The adaptive value of feeling in control in midlife.\u00a0In M. E.\u00a0Lachman\u00a0(Author) & O. D. Brim, C. D.\u00a0Ryff, & R. Kessler (Eds.),\u00a0How\u00a0healthy are we: A national study of health in midlife.\u00a0(pp. 320-349). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

          Global Health Observatory: Life expectancy at birth.\u00a0(Rep.).\u00a0(2011). Retrieved February 21, 2011, from World Health Organization website: http:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/mortality_burden_disease\/life_tables\/situation_trends_life_expectancy\/en\/index.html<\/p>\n

          Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (1999).\u00a0The seven principles for making marriage work. New York: Crown.<\/p>\n

          Hochschild, A. R., &\u00a0Machung, A. (1989).\u00a0The second shift: Working parents and the revolution at home. New York, NY: Viking.<\/p>\n

          Knowles, M. S. (1998).\u00a0The adult learner: A neglected species. Houston: Gulf Pub., Book Division.<\/p>\n

          Lachman, M. E. (2004).\u00a0Development in Midlife.\u00a0Annual Review of Psychology,\u00a055(1), 305-331.\u00a0doi: 10.1146\/annurev.psych.55.090902.141521<\/p>\n

          Low Testosterone:\u00a0MedlinePlus\u00a0Interactive Health Tutorial from the Patient Education Institute.\u00a0(n.d.).\u00a0National Library of Medicine – National Institutes of Health.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/tutorials\/lowtestosterone\/htm\/index.htm<\/p>\n

          Marks, N. F. (1998).\u00a0Does it hurt to care?\u00a0Caregiving, work-family conflict, and midlife well-being.\u00a0Journal of Marriage and the Family,\u00a060(4), 951-966.<\/p>\n

          McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. (2003).\u00a0Personality in adulthood: A five-factor theory perspective. New York: Guilford Press.<\/p>\n

          Menopause:\u00a0MedlinePlus\u00a0Medical Encyclopedia. (2007, January 11).\u00a0National Library of Medicine – National Institutes of Health.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/ency\/article\/000894.htm<\/p>\n

          Neugarten, B. L. (1968).\u00a0The awareness of middle aging.\u00a0In B. L.\u00a0Neugarten\u00a0(Ed.),\u00a0Middle age and aging\u00a0(pp. 93-98).\u00a0Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

          NIH Research Matters has moved. (2007, January 12).\u00a0National Institutes of Health (NIH).\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news\/research_matters\/january2007\/01122007skills.htm<\/p>\n

          Reid, J. D. (1999).\u00a0Women’s health in midlife.\u00a0In N. E. Avis (Author) & S. L. Willis (Ed.),\u00a0Life in the Middle: Psychological and Social Development in Middle Age\u00a0(pp. 105-147). San Diego, CA: Academic.<\/p>\n

          Research network on successful midlife development.\u00a0(2007, February 7).\u00a0Midlife Research – MIDMAC\u00a0WebSite.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/midmac.med.harvard.edu\/research.html<\/p>\n

          Rossi, A. S. (2004).\u00a0The menopausal transition and aging process.\u00a0In\u00a0How\u00a0healthy are we: A national study of health in midlife.\u00a0(pp. 550-575). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.<\/p>\n

          Schaie, K. W. (2005).\u00a0Developmental influences on adult intelligence the Seattle longitudinal study.\u00a0Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n

          Seccombe, K., & Warner, R. L. (2004).\u00a0Marriages and families: Relationships in social context. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth\/Thomson Learning.<\/p>\n

          Shapiro, S. M. (2006).\u00a0Goal-free living: How to have the life you want now!\u00a0Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.<\/p>\n

          Shure, J., &\u00a0Cahan, V. (1998, September 10). Launch an Exercise Program Today, Say Aging Institute, Senator John Glenn.\u00a0National Institute on Aging.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/NewsAndEvents\/PressReleases\/PR19980910Launch.htm<\/p>\n

          Stein, J. (1981).\u00a0Single life: Unmarried adults in social context.\u00a0New York: St. Martin’s Press.<\/p>\n

          The 2011 Statistical Abstract: Life Expectancy.\u00a0(n.d.).\u00a0Census Bureau Home Page.\u00a0Retrieved May 07, 2011, from http:\/\/www.census.gov\/compendia\/statab\/cats\/births_deaths_marriages_divorces\/life_expectancy.html<\/p>\n

          United States, National Institute on Aging.\u00a0(2005, December 20).\u00a0Sexuality in Later Life.\u00a0Retrieved February 3, 2007, from http:\/\/www.niapublications.org\/agepages\/sexuality.asp<\/p>\n

          United States, U.S. National Library of Medicine and the National Institute of Health.\u00a0(2007, February 1).\u00a0Erectile Dysfunction Affects 18 Million U. S. Men.\u00a0Retrieved February 3, 2007, from http:\/\/www.nim.nih.gov\/medlineplus\/news\/fullstory_44724.htm<\/p>\n

          Willis, S. L., &\u00a0Schaie, K. W. (1999).\u00a0Intellectual functioning in midlife.\u00a0In S. L. Willis & J. D. Reid (Eds.),\u00a0Life in the Middle: Psychological and Social Development in Middle Age\u00a0(pp. 233-247). San Diego: Academic.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

          \n\t\t\t

          Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t
          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
          CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>