{"id":914,"date":"2015-07-20T20:50:43","date_gmt":"2015-07-20T20:50:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/vccsenglishcomp1x4xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=914"},"modified":"2015-07-20T20:50:43","modified_gmt":"2015-07-20T20:50:43","slug":"paragraphs","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/chapter\/paragraphs\/","title":{"raw":"Paragraphs","rendered":"Paragraphs"},"content":{"raw":"<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>What this handout is about <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">This handout will help you understand how paragraphs are formed, how to develop stronger paragraphs, and how to completely and clearly express your ideas. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>What is a paragraph? <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Paragraphs are the building blocks of papers. Many students define paragraphs in terms of length: a paragraph is a group of at least five sentences, a paragraph is half a page long, etc. In reality, though, the unity and coherence of ideas among sentences is what constitutes a paragraph. A paragraph is defined as \u201ca group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit\u201d (Lunsford and Connors 116). Length and appearance do not determine whether a section in a paper is a paragraph. For instance, in some styles of writing, particularly journalistic styles, a paragraph can be just one sentence long. Ultimately, a paragraph is a sentence or group of sentences that support one main idea. In this handout, we will refer to this as the \u201ccontrolling idea,\u201d because it controls what happens in the rest of the paragraph. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>How do I decide what to put in a paragraph? <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Before you can begin to determine what the composition of a particular paragraph will be, you must first decide on a working <\/span><span class=\"s2\">thesis <\/span><span class=\"s1\">for your paper. What is the most important idea that you are trying to convey to your reader? The information in each paragraph must be related to that idea. In other words, your paragraphs should remind your reader that there is a recurrent relationship between your thesis and the information in each paragraph. A working thesis functions like a seed from which your paper, and your ideas, will grow. The whole process is an organic one\u2014a natural progression from a seed to a full-blown paper where there are direct, familial relationships between all of the ideas in the paper. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The decision about what to put into your paragraphs begins with the germination of a seed of ideas; this \u201cgermination process\u201d is better known as <\/span><span class=\"s2\">brainstorming<\/span><span class=\"s1\">. There are many techniques for brainstorming; whichever one you choose, this stage of paragraph development cannot be skipped. Building paragraphs can be like building a skyscraper: there must be a well-planned foundation that supports what you are building. Any cracks, inconsistencies, or other corruptions of the foundation can cause your whole paper to crumble. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">So, let\u2019s suppose that you have done some brainstorming to develop your thesis. What else should you keep in mind as you begin to create paragraphs? Every paragraph in a paper should\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s1\">be <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Unified<\/b>\u2014All of the sentences in a single paragraph should be related to a single controlling idea (often expressed in the topic sentence of the paragraph).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Clearly related to the thesis<\/b>\u2014The sentences should all refer to the central idea, or thesis, of the paper (Rosen and Behrens 119).<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><b>Coherent<\/b>\u2014The sentences should be arranged in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan for development (Rosen and Behrens 119).<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><b style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">Well-developed<\/b><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u2014Every idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately explained and supported through evidence and details that work together to explain the paragraph\u2019s controlling idea (Rosen and Behrens 119).<\/span><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>How do I organize a paragraph? <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are many different ways to organize a paragraph. The organization you choose will depend on the controlling idea of the paragraph. Below are a few possibilities for organization, with brief examples. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Narration: <\/b>Tell a story. Go chronologically, from start to finish. (<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/paragraphs\/paragraph-development-examples\/\" target=\"_blank\">See an example.<\/a><\/span><span class=\"s1\">) <\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Description: <\/b>Provide specific details about what something looks, smells, tastes, sounds, or feels like. Organize spatially, in order of appearance, or by topic. (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/paragraphs\/paragraph-development-examples\/\"><span class=\"s2\">See an example.<\/span><\/a><span class=\"s1\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Process: <\/b>Explain how something works, step by step. Perhaps follow a sequence\u2014first, second, third. (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/paragraphs\/paragraph-development-examples\/\"><span class=\"s2\">See an example.<\/span><\/a><span class=\"s1\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><b>Classification: <\/b>Separate into groups or explain the various parts of a topic. (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/paragraphs\/paragraph-development-examples\/\"><span class=\"s2\" style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">See an example.<\/span><\/a><span class=\"s1\" style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">)<\/span><\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"p1\"><b>Illustration: <\/b>Give examples and explain how those examples prove your point. (See the detailed example in the next section of this handout.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>5-step process to paragraph development <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Let\u2019s walk through a 5-step process to building a paragraph. Each step of the process will include an explanation of the step and a bit of \u201cmodel\u201d text to illustrate how the step works. Our finished model paragraph will be about slave spirituals, the original songs that African Americans created during slavery. The model paragraph uses illustration (giving examples) to prove its point. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 1. Decide on a controlling idea and create a topic sentence <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Paragraph development begins with the formulation of the controlling idea. This idea directs the paragraph\u2019s development. Often, the controlling idea of a paragraph will appear in the form of a topic sentence. In some cases, you may need more than one sentence to express a paragraph\u2019s controlling idea. Here is the controlling idea for our \u201cmodel paragraph,\u201d expressed in a topic sentence:<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model controlling idea and topic sentence<\/b>\u2014 <i>Slave spirituals often had hidden double meanings. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 2. Explain the controlling idea <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Paragraph development continues with an expression of the rationale or the explanation that the writer gives for how the reader should interpret the information presented in the idea statement or topic sentence of the paragraph. The writer explains his\/her thinking about the main topic, idea, or focus of the paragraph. Here\u2019s the sentence that would follow the controlling idea about slave spirituals: <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model explanation<\/b>\u2014<i>On one level, spirituals referenced heaven, Jesus, and the soul; but on another level, the songs spoke about slave resistance. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 3. Give an example (or multiple examples) <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Paragraph development progresses with the expression of some type of support or evidence for the idea and the explanation that came before it. The example serves as a sign or representation of the relationship established in the idea and explanation portions of the paragraph. Here are two examples that we could use to illustrate the double meanings in slave spirituals: <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model example A<\/b>\u2014 <i>For example, according to Frederick Douglass, the song \u201cO Canaan, Sweet Canaan\u201d spoke of slaves\u2019 longing for heaven, but it also expressed their desire to escape to the North. Careful listeners heard this second meaning in the following lyrics: \u201cI don\u2019t expect to stay \/ Much longer here. \/ Run to Jesus, shun the danger. \/ I don\u2019t expect to stay.\u201d <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model example B<\/b>\u2014 <i>Slaves even used songs like \u201cSteal Away to Jesus (at midnight)\u201d to announce to other slaves the time and place of secret, forbidden meetings. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 4. Explain the example(s) <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The next movement in paragraph development is an explanation of each example and its relevance to the topic sentence and rationale that were stated at the beginning of the paragraph. This explanation shows readers why you chose to use this\/or these particular examples as evidence to support the major claim, or focus, in your paragraph. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Continue the pattern of giving examples and explaining them until all points\/examples that the writer deems necessary have been made and explained. NONE of your examples should be left unexplained. You might be able to explain the relationship between the example and the topic sentence in the same sentence which introduced the example. More often, however, you will need to explain that relationship in a separate sentence. Look at these explanations for the two examples in the slave spirituals paragraph: <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model explanation for example A<\/b>\u2014 <i>When slaves sang this song, they could have been speaking of their departure from this life and their arrival in heaven; however, they also could h<\/i><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><i>ave been describing their plans to leave the South and run, not to Jesus, but to the North. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model explanation for example B<\/b>\u2014<i>[The relationship between example B and the main idea of the paragraph's controlling idea is clear enough without adding another sentence to explain it.] <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 5. Complete the paragraph\u2019s idea or transition into the next paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The final movement in paragraph development involves tying up the loose ends of the paragraph and reminding the reader of the relevance of the information in this paragraph to the main or controlling idea of the paper. At this point, you can remind your reader about the relevance of the information that you just discussed in the paragraph. You might feel more comfortable, however, simply transitioning your reader to the next development in the next paragraph. Here\u2019s an example of a sentence that completes the slave spirituals paragraph: <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model sentence for completing a paragraph<\/b>\u2014 <i>What whites heard as merely spiritual songs, slaves discerned as detailed messages. The hidden meanings in spirituals allowed slaves to sing what they could not say. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><i>Notice that the example and explanation steps of this 5-step process (steps 3 and 4) can be repeated as needed. The idea is that you continue to use this pattern until you have completely developed the main idea of the paragraph. <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Here is a look at the completed \u201cmodel\u201d paragraph: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Slave spirituals often had hidden double meanings. On one level, spirituals referenced heaven, Jesus, and the soul, but on another level, the songs spoke about slave resistance. For example, according to Frederick Douglass, the song \u201cO Canaan, Sweet Canaan\u201d spoke of slaves\u2019 longing for heaven, but it also expressed their desire to escape to the North. Careful listeners heard this second meaning in the following lyrics: \u201cI don\u2019t expect to stay \/ Much longer here. \/ Run to Jesus, shun the danger. \/ I don\u2019t expect to stay.\u201d When slaves sang this song, they could have been speaking of their departure from this life and their arrival in heaven; however, they also could have been describing their plans to leave the South and run, not to Jesus, but to the North. Slaves even used songs like \u201cSteal Away to Jesus (at midnight)\u201d to announce to other slaves the time and place of secret, forbidden meetings. What whites heard as merely spiritual songs, slaves discerned as detailed messages. The hidden meanings in spirituals allowed slaves to sing what they could not say. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Troubleshooting paragraphs <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>1) Problem: the paragraph has no topic sentence. <\/b>Imagine each paragraph as a sandwich. The real content of the sandwich\u2014the meat or other filling\u2014is in the middle. It includes all the evidence you need to make the point. But it gets kind of messy to eat a sandwich without any bread. Your readers don\u2019t know what to do with all the evidence you\u2019ve given them. So, the top\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s1\">slice of bread (the first sentence of the paragraph) explains the topic (or controlling idea) of the paragraph. And, the bottom slice (the last sentence of the paragraph) tells the reader how the paragraph relates to the broader argument. In the original and revised paragraphs below, notice how a topic sentence expressing the controlling idea tells the reader the point of all the evidence. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Original paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won\u2019t bite humans. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Revised paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won\u2019t bite humans. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Once you have mastered the use of topic sentences, you may decide that the topic sentence for a particular paragraph really shouldn\u2019t be the first sentence of the paragraph. This is fine\u2014the topic sentence can actually go at the beginning, middle, or end of a paragraph; what\u2019s important is that it is in there somewhere so that readers know what the main idea of the paragraph is and how it relates back to the thesis of your paper. Suppose that we wanted to start the piranha paragraph with a transition sentence\u2014something that reminds the reader of what happened in the previous paragraph\u2014rather than with the topic sentence. Let\u2019s suppose that the previous paragraph was about all kinds of animals that people are afraid of, like sharks, snakes, and spiders. Our paragraph might look like this (the topic sentence is underlined): <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Like sharks, snakes, and spiders, pirahnas are widely feared. Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won\u2019t bite humans. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>2) Problem: the paragraph has more than one controlling idea. <\/b>If a paragraph has more than one main idea, consider eliminating sentences that relate to the second idea, or split the paragraph into two or more paragraphs, each with only one main idea. In the following paragraph, the final two sentences branch off into a different topic; so, the revised paragraph eliminates them and concludes with a sentence that reminds the reader of the paragraph\u2019s main idea.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Original paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas.<del> A number of South American groups eat piranhas. They fry or grill the fish and then serve them with coconut milk or tucupi, a sauce made from fermented manioc juices. <\/del><\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Revised paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won\u2019t bite humans. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>3) Problem: transitions are needed within the paragraph. <\/b>You are probably familiar with the idea that transitions may be needed between paragraphs or sections in a paper (see our <\/span><span class=\"s2\">handout <\/span><span class=\"s1\">on this subject). Sometimes they are also helpful within the body of a single paragraph. Within a paragraph, transitions are often single words or short phrases that help to establish relationships between ideas and to create a logical progression of those ideas in a paragraph. This is especially likely to be true within paragraphs that discuss multiple examples. Let\u2019s take a look at a version of our piranha paragraph that uses transitions to orient the reader: <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, except in two main situations, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 instinct is to flee, not attack. But there are two situations in which a piranha bite is likely. The first is when a frightened piranha is lifted out of the water\u2014for example, if it has been caught in a fishing net. The second is when the water level in pools where piranhas are living falls too low. A large number of fish may be trapped in a single pool, and if they are hungry, they may attack anything that enters the water. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In this example, you can see how the phrases \u201cthe first\u201d and \u201cthe second\u201d help the reader follow the organization of the ideas in the paragraph. <\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Works consulted <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">We consulted these works while writing the original version of this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout\u2019s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find the latest publications on this topic. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the <\/span><span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www2.lib.unc.edu\/instruct\/citations\/\" target=\"_blank\">UNC Libraries citation tutorial<\/a><\/span><span class=\"s1\">.<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Lunsford, Andrea and Robert Collins. <i>The St. Martin\u2019s Handbook, Annotated Instructor\u2019s Edition<\/i>. 5th Ed. New York: St. Martin\u2019s, 2003. <\/span><\/p>\r\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Rosen, Leonard and Laurence Behrens. <i>The Allyn and Bacon Handbook, Annotated Instructor\u2019s Edition<\/i>. 4th Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000. <\/span><\/p>","rendered":"<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>What this handout is about <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">This handout will help you understand how paragraphs are formed, how to develop stronger paragraphs, and how to completely and clearly express your ideas. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>What is a paragraph? <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Paragraphs are the building blocks of papers. Many students define paragraphs in terms of length: a paragraph is a group of at least five sentences, a paragraph is half a page long, etc. In reality, though, the unity and coherence of ideas among sentences is what constitutes a paragraph. A paragraph is defined as \u201ca group of sentences or a single sentence that forms a unit\u201d (Lunsford and Connors 116). Length and appearance do not determine whether a section in a paper is a paragraph. For instance, in some styles of writing, particularly journalistic styles, a paragraph can be just one sentence long. Ultimately, a paragraph is a sentence or group of sentences that support one main idea. In this handout, we will refer to this as the \u201ccontrolling idea,\u201d because it controls what happens in the rest of the paragraph. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>How do I decide what to put in a paragraph? <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">Before you can begin to determine what the composition of a particular paragraph will be, you must first decide on a working <\/span><span class=\"s2\">thesis <\/span><span class=\"s1\">for your paper. What is the most important idea that you are trying to convey to your reader? The information in each paragraph must be related to that idea. In other words, your paragraphs should remind your reader that there is a recurrent relationship between your thesis and the information in each paragraph. A working thesis functions like a seed from which your paper, and your ideas, will grow. The whole process is an organic one\u2014a natural progression from a seed to a full-blown paper where there are direct, familial relationships between all of the ideas in the paper. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">The decision about what to put into your paragraphs begins with the germination of a seed of ideas; this \u201cgermination process\u201d is better known as <\/span><span class=\"s2\">brainstorming<\/span><span class=\"s1\">. There are many techniques for brainstorming; whichever one you choose, this stage of paragraph development cannot be skipped. Building paragraphs can be like building a skyscraper: there must be a well-planned foundation that supports what you are building. Any cracks, inconsistencies, or other corruptions of the foundation can cause your whole paper to crumble. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\">So, let\u2019s suppose that you have done some brainstorming to develop your thesis. What else should you keep in mind as you begin to create paragraphs? Every paragraph in a paper should\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s1\">be <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Unified<\/b>\u2014All of the sentences in a single paragraph should be related to a single controlling idea (often expressed in the topic sentence of the paragraph).<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Clearly related to the thesis<\/b>\u2014The sentences should all refer to the central idea, or thesis, of the paper (Rosen and Behrens 119).<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Coherent<\/b>\u2014The sentences should be arranged in a logical manner and should follow a definite plan for development (Rosen and Behrens 119).<\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">Well-developed<\/b><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">\u2014Every idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately explained and supported through evidence and details that work together to explain the paragraph\u2019s controlling idea (Rosen and Behrens 119).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>How do I organize a paragraph? <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">There are many different ways to organize a paragraph. The organization you choose will depend on the controlling idea of the paragraph. Below are a few possibilities for organization, with brief examples. <\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Narration: <\/b>Tell a story. Go chronologically, from start to finish. (<\/span><span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/paragraphs\/paragraph-development-examples\/\" target=\"_blank\">See an example.<\/a><\/span><span class=\"s1\">) <\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Description: <\/b>Provide specific details about what something looks, smells, tastes, sounds, or feels like. Organize spatially, in order of appearance, or by topic. (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/paragraphs\/paragraph-development-examples\/\"><span class=\"s2\">See an example.<\/span><\/a><span class=\"s1\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Process: <\/b>Explain how something works, step by step. Perhaps follow a sequence\u2014first, second, third. (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/paragraphs\/paragraph-development-examples\/\"><span class=\"s2\">See an example.<\/span><\/a><span class=\"s1\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\" style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"><b>Classification: <\/b>Separate into groups or explain the various parts of a topic. (<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/handouts\/paragraphs\/paragraph-development-examples\/\"><span class=\"s2\" style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">See an example.<\/span><\/a><span class=\"s1\" style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">)<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"p1\"><b>Illustration: <\/b>Give examples and explain how those examples prove your point. (See the detailed example in the next section of this handout.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>5-step process to paragraph development <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Let\u2019s walk through a 5-step process to building a paragraph. Each step of the process will include an explanation of the step and a bit of \u201cmodel\u201d text to illustrate how the step works. Our finished model paragraph will be about slave spirituals, the original songs that African Americans created during slavery. The model paragraph uses illustration (giving examples) to prove its point. <\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 1. Decide on a controlling idea and create a topic sentence <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Paragraph development begins with the formulation of the controlling idea. This idea directs the paragraph\u2019s development. Often, the controlling idea of a paragraph will appear in the form of a topic sentence. In some cases, you may need more than one sentence to express a paragraph\u2019s controlling idea. Here is the controlling idea for our \u201cmodel paragraph,\u201d expressed in a topic sentence:<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model controlling idea and topic sentence<\/b>\u2014 <i>Slave spirituals often had hidden double meanings. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 2. Explain the controlling idea <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Paragraph development continues with an expression of the rationale or the explanation that the writer gives for how the reader should interpret the information presented in the idea statement or topic sentence of the paragraph. The writer explains his\/her thinking about the main topic, idea, or focus of the paragraph. Here\u2019s the sentence that would follow the controlling idea about slave spirituals: <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model explanation<\/b>\u2014<i>On one level, spirituals referenced heaven, Jesus, and the soul; but on another level, the songs spoke about slave resistance. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 3. Give an example (or multiple examples) <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Paragraph development progresses with the expression of some type of support or evidence for the idea and the explanation that came before it. The example serves as a sign or representation of the relationship established in the idea and explanation portions of the paragraph. Here are two examples that we could use to illustrate the double meanings in slave spirituals: <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model example A<\/b>\u2014 <i>For example, according to Frederick Douglass, the song \u201cO Canaan, Sweet Canaan\u201d spoke of slaves\u2019 longing for heaven, but it also expressed their desire to escape to the North. Careful listeners heard this second meaning in the following lyrics: \u201cI don\u2019t expect to stay \/ Much longer here. \/ Run to Jesus, shun the danger. \/ I don\u2019t expect to stay.\u201d <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model example B<\/b>\u2014 <i>Slaves even used songs like \u201cSteal Away to Jesus (at midnight)\u201d to announce to other slaves the time and place of secret, forbidden meetings. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 4. Explain the example(s) <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The next movement in paragraph development is an explanation of each example and its relevance to the topic sentence and rationale that were stated at the beginning of the paragraph. This explanation shows readers why you chose to use this\/or these particular examples as evidence to support the major claim, or focus, in your paragraph. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Continue the pattern of giving examples and explaining them until all points\/examples that the writer deems necessary have been made and explained. NONE of your examples should be left unexplained. You might be able to explain the relationship between the example and the topic sentence in the same sentence which introduced the example. More often, however, you will need to explain that relationship in a separate sentence. Look at these explanations for the two examples in the slave spirituals paragraph: <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model explanation for example A<\/b>\u2014 <i>When slaves sang this song, they could have been speaking of their departure from this life and their arrival in heaven; however, they also could h<\/i><\/span><span class=\"s1\"><i>ave been describing their plans to leave the South and run, not to Jesus, but to the North. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model explanation for example B<\/b>\u2014<i>[The relationship between example B and the main idea of the paragraph&#8217;s controlling idea is clear enough without adding another sentence to explain it.] <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Step 5. Complete the paragraph\u2019s idea or transition into the next paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">The final movement in paragraph development involves tying up the loose ends of the paragraph and reminding the reader of the relevance of the information in this paragraph to the main or controlling idea of the paper. At this point, you can remind your reader about the relevance of the information that you just discussed in the paragraph. You might feel more comfortable, however, simply transitioning your reader to the next development in the next paragraph. Here\u2019s an example of a sentence that completes the slave spirituals paragraph: <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Model sentence for completing a paragraph<\/b>\u2014 <i>What whites heard as merely spiritual songs, slaves discerned as detailed messages. The hidden meanings in spirituals allowed slaves to sing what they could not say. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b><i>Notice that the example and explanation steps of this 5-step process (steps 3 and 4) can be repeated as needed. The idea is that you continue to use this pattern until you have completely developed the main idea of the paragraph. <\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Here is a look at the completed \u201cmodel\u201d paragraph: <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Slave spirituals often had hidden double meanings. On one level, spirituals referenced heaven, Jesus, and the soul, but on another level, the songs spoke about slave resistance. For example, according to Frederick Douglass, the song \u201cO Canaan, Sweet Canaan\u201d spoke of slaves\u2019 longing for heaven, but it also expressed their desire to escape to the North. Careful listeners heard this second meaning in the following lyrics: \u201cI don\u2019t expect to stay \/ Much longer here. \/ Run to Jesus, shun the danger. \/ I don\u2019t expect to stay.\u201d When slaves sang this song, they could have been speaking of their departure from this life and their arrival in heaven; however, they also could have been describing their plans to leave the South and run, not to Jesus, but to the North. Slaves even used songs like \u201cSteal Away to Jesus (at midnight)\u201d to announce to other slaves the time and place of secret, forbidden meetings. What whites heard as merely spiritual songs, slaves discerned as detailed messages. The hidden meanings in spirituals allowed slaves to sing what they could not say. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Troubleshooting paragraphs <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>1) Problem: the paragraph has no topic sentence. <\/b>Imagine each paragraph as a sandwich. The real content of the sandwich\u2014the meat or other filling\u2014is in the middle. It includes all the evidence you need to make the point. But it gets kind of messy to eat a sandwich without any bread. Your readers don\u2019t know what to do with all the evidence you\u2019ve given them. So, the top\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"s1\">slice of bread (the first sentence of the paragraph) explains the topic (or controlling idea) of the paragraph. And, the bottom slice (the last sentence of the paragraph) tells the reader how the paragraph relates to the broader argument. In the original and revised paragraphs below, notice how a topic sentence expressing the controlling idea tells the reader the point of all the evidence. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Original paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won\u2019t bite humans. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Revised paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won\u2019t bite humans. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Once you have mastered the use of topic sentences, you may decide that the topic sentence for a particular paragraph really shouldn\u2019t be the first sentence of the paragraph. This is fine\u2014the topic sentence can actually go at the beginning, middle, or end of a paragraph; what\u2019s important is that it is in there somewhere so that readers know what the main idea of the paragraph is and how it relates back to the thesis of your paper. Suppose that we wanted to start the piranha paragraph with a transition sentence\u2014something that reminds the reader of what happened in the previous paragraph\u2014rather than with the topic sentence. Let\u2019s suppose that the previous paragraph was about all kinds of animals that people are afraid of, like sharks, snakes, and spiders. Our paragraph might look like this (the topic sentence is underlined): <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Like sharks, snakes, and spiders, pirahnas are widely feared. Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won\u2019t bite humans. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>2) Problem: the paragraph has more than one controlling idea. <\/b>If a paragraph has more than one main idea, consider eliminating sentences that relate to the second idea, or split the paragraph into two or more paragraphs, each with only one main idea. In the following paragraph, the final two sentences branch off into a different topic; so, the revised paragraph eliminates them and concludes with a sentence that reminds the reader of the paragraph\u2019s main idea.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Original paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas.<del> A number of South American groups eat piranhas. They fry or grill the fish and then serve them with coconut milk or tucupi, a sauce made from fermented manioc juices. <\/del><\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Revised paragraph <\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, for the most part, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 first instinct is to flee, not attack. Their fear of humans makes sense. Far more piranhas are eaten by people than people are eaten by piranhas. If the fish are well-fed, they won\u2019t bite humans. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>3) Problem: transitions are needed within the paragraph. <\/b>You are probably familiar with the idea that transitions may be needed between paragraphs or sections in a paper (see our <\/span><span class=\"s2\">handout <\/span><span class=\"s1\">on this subject). Sometimes they are also helpful within the body of a single paragraph. Within a paragraph, transitions are often single words or short phrases that help to establish relationships between ideas and to create a logical progression of those ideas in a paragraph. This is especially likely to be true within paragraphs that discuss multiple examples. Let\u2019s take a look at a version of our piranha paragraph that uses transitions to orient the reader: <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\"><i>Although most people consider piranhas to be quite dangerous, they are, except in two main situations, entirely harmless. Piranhas rarely feed on large animals; they eat smaller fish and aquatic plants. When confronted with humans, piranhas\u2019 instinct is to flee, not attack. But there are two situations in which a piranha bite is likely. The first is when a frightened piranha is lifted out of the water\u2014for example, if it has been caught in a fishing net. The second is when the water level in pools where piranhas are living falls too low. A large number of fish may be trapped in a single pool, and if they are hungry, they may attack anything that enters the water. <\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">In this example, you can see how the phrases \u201cthe first\u201d and \u201cthe second\u201d help the reader follow the organization of the ideas in the paragraph. <\/span><\/p>\n<h2 class=\"p2\"><span class=\"s1\"><b>Works consulted <\/b><\/span><\/h2>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">We consulted these works while writing the original version of this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout\u2019s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find the latest publications on this topic. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the <\/span><span class=\"s2\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www2.lib.unc.edu\/instruct\/citations\/\" target=\"_blank\">UNC Libraries citation tutorial<\/a><\/span><span class=\"s1\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\">\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Lunsford, Andrea and Robert Collins. <i>The St. Martin\u2019s Handbook, Annotated Instructor\u2019s Edition<\/i>. 5th Ed. New York: St. Martin\u2019s, 2003. <\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"p1\"><span class=\"s1\">Rosen, Leonard and Laurence Behrens. <i>The Allyn and Bacon Handbook, Annotated Instructor\u2019s Edition<\/i>. 4th Ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000. <\/span><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-914\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Paragraphs. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/\">http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":277,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Paragraphs\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/writingcenter.unc.edu\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-nd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-914","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":245,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/914","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/277"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/914\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":915,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/914\/revisions\/915"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/245"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/914\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=914"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=914"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=914"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}