{"id":939,"date":"2015-07-20T22:00:45","date_gmt":"2015-07-20T22:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/vccsenglishcomp1x4xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=939"},"modified":"2017-06-16T14:23:42","modified_gmt":"2017-06-16T14:23:42","slug":"quoting-paraphrasing-and-avoiding-plagiarism","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-enhancedwriting\/chapter\/quoting-paraphrasing-and-avoiding-plagiarism\/","title":{"raw":"Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism","rendered":"Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism"},"content":{"raw":"<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Summarize: \u00a0An Overview<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Quote and Paraphrase: \u00a0An Overview<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">When to Quote, When to Paraphrase<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Four Examples of Quotes and Paraphrases<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Avoid Plagiarism in the Research Process<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Plagiarism and the Internet<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Learning how to effectively quote and paraphrase research can be difficult and it certainly takes practice. \u00a0Hopefully, your abilities to make good use of your research will improve as you work through the exercises in part two and three of <em>The Process of Research Writing<\/em>, not to mention as you take on other research writing experiences beyond this class. \u00a0The goal of this chapter is to introduce some basic strategies for summarizing, quoting and paraphrasing research in your writing and to explain how to avoid plagiarizing your research.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Summarize: \u00a0An Overview<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">A summary is a brief explanation of a longer text. \u00a0Some summaries, such as the ones that accompany annotated bibliographies, are very short, just a sentence or two. \u00a0Others are much longer, though summaries are always much shorter than the text being summarized in the first place.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Summaries of different lengths are useful in research writing because you often need to provide your readers with an explanation of the text you are discussing. \u00a0This is especially true when you are going to quote or paraphrase from a source.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Of course, the first step in writing a good summary is to do a thorough reading of the text you are going to summarize in the first place. \u00a0Beyond that important start, there are a few basic guidelines you should follow when you write summary material:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Stay \u201cneutral\u201d in your summarizing. \u00a0Summaries provide \u201cjust the facts\u201d and are not the place where you offer your opinions about the text you are summarizing. \u00a0Save your opinions and evaluation of the evidence you are summarizing for other parts of your writing.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Don\u2019t quote from what you are summarizing. \u00a0Summaries will be more useful to you and your colleagues if you write them in your own words.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Don\u2019t \u201ccut and paste\u201d from database abstracts. \u00a0Many of the periodical indexes that are available as part of your library\u2019s computer system include abstracts of articles. \u00a0Do no \u201ccut\u201d this abstract material and then \u201cpaste\u201d it into your own annotated bibliography. \u00a0For one thing, this is plagiarism. \u00a0Second, \u201ccutting and pasting\u201d from the abstract defeats one of the purposes of writing summaries and creating an annotated bibliography in the first place, which is to help you understand and explain your research.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Quote and Paraphrase: \u00a0An Overview<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Writers quote and paraphrase from research in order to support their points and to persuade their readers. \u00a0A quote or a paraphrase from a piece of evidence in support of a point answers the reader\u2019s question, \u201csays who?\u201d<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">This is especially true in academic writing since scholarly readers are most persuaded by effective research and evidence. \u00a0For example, readers of an article about a new cancer medication published in a medical journal will be most interested in the scholar\u2019s research and statistics that demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment. \u00a0Conversely, they will not be as persuaded by emotional stories from individual patients about how a new cancer medication improved the quality of their lives. \u00a0While this appeal to emotion can be effective and is common in popular sources, these individual anecdotes do not carry the same sort of \u201cscholarly\u201d or scientific value as well-reasoned research and evidence.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Of course, your instructor is not expecting you to be an expert on the topic of your research paper. \u00a0While you might conduct some primary research, it\u2019s a good bet that you\u2019ll be relying on secondary sources such as books, articles, and Web sites to inform and persuade your readers. \u00a0You\u2019ll present this research to your readers in the form of quotes and paraphrases.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">A \u201cquote\u201d is a direct restatement of the exact words from the original source. \u00a0The general rule of thumb is any time you use three or more words as they appeared in the original source, you should treat it as a quote. \u00a0A \u201cparaphrase\u201d is a restatement of the information or point of the original source in your own words.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">While quotes and paraphrases are different and should be used in different ways in your research writing (as the examples in this section suggest), they do have a number of things in common. \u00a0Both quotes and paraphrases should:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">be \u201cintroduced\u201d to the reader, particularly the first time you mention a source;<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">include an explanation of the evidence which explains to the reader why you think the evidence is important, especially if it is not apparent from the context of the quote or paraphrase; and<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">include a proper citation of the source.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">The method you should follow to properly quote or paraphrase depends on the style guide you are following in your academic writing. \u00a0The two most common style guides used in academic writing are the Modern Language Association (MLA), and the American Psychological Association (APA). \u00a0I discuss both of these different style guides in some detail in the Appendix of this book. \u00a0Your instructor will probably assign one of these styles before you begin working on your project, however, if he\/she doesn\u2019t mention this, be sure to ask.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">When to Quote, When to Paraphrase<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">The real \u201cart\u201d to research writing is using quotes and paraphrases from evidence effectively in order to support your point. \u00a0There are certain \u201crules,\u201d dictated by the rules of style you are following, such as the ones presented by the MLA or the ones presented by the APA. \u00a0There are certain \u201cguidelines\u201d and suggestions, like the ones I offer in the previous section and the ones you will learn from your teacher and colleagues.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">But when all is said and done, the question of when to quote and when to paraphrase depends a great deal on the specific context of the writing and the effect you are trying to achieve. \u00a0Learning the best times to quote and paraphrase takes practice and experience.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In general, <strong>it is best to use a quote when<\/strong>:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>The exact words of your source are important for the point you are trying to make.<\/strong> \u00a0This is especially true if you are quoting technical language, terms, or very specific word choices.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You want to highlight your <em>agreement<\/em> with the author\u2019s words<\/strong>. \u00a0If you agree with the point the author of the evidence makes and you like their exact words, use them as a quote.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You want to highlight your <em>disagreement<\/em> with the author\u2019s words<\/strong>. \u00a0In other words, you may sometimes want to use a direct quote to indicate exactly what it is you disagree about. \u00a0This might be particularly true when you are considering the antithetical positions in your research writing projects.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In general,<strong> it is best to paraphrase when<\/strong>:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>There is no good reason to use a quote to refer to your evidence.<\/strong> \u00a0If the author\u2019s exact words are not especially important to the point you are trying to make, you are usually better off paraphrasing the evidence.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You are trying to explain a particular a piece of evidence in order to explain or interpret it in more detail<\/strong>. \u00a0This might be particularly true in writing projects like critiques.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You need to balance a direct quote in your writing.<\/strong> \u00a0You need to be careful about directly quoting your research too much because it can sometimes make for awkward and difficult to read prose. \u00a0So, one of the reasons to use a paraphrase instead of a quote is to create balance within your writing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Tips for Quoting and Paraphrasing<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Introduce<\/strong> your quotes and paraphrases to your reader, especially on first reference.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Explain<\/strong> the significance of the quote or paraphrase to your reader.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Cite<\/strong> your quote or paraphrase properly according to the rules of style you are following in your essay.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Quote when<\/strong> the exact words are important, when you want to highlight your agreement or your disagreement.<\/li>\r\n\t<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Paraphrase when<\/strong> the exact words aren\u2019t important, when you want to explain the point of your evidence, or when you need to balance the direct quotes in your writing.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Four Examples of Quotes and Paraphrases<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here are four examples of what I mean about properly quoting and paraphrasing evidence in your research essays. \u00a0In each case, I begin with a <strong>BAD<\/strong> example, or the way <strong>NOT<\/strong> to quote or paraphrase.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Quoting in MLA Style<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here\u2019s the first <strong>BAD<\/strong> example, where the writer is trying to follow the rules of MLA style:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">There are many positive effects for advertising prescription drugs on television. \u00a0\u201cAfrican-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options\u201d (Wechsler, Internet).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">This is a potentially good piece of information to support a research writer\u2019s claim, but the researcher hasn\u2019t done any of the necessary work to explain where this quote comes from or to explain why it is important for supporting her point. \u00a0Rather, she has simply \u201cdropped in\u201d the quote, leaving the interpretation of its significance up to the reader.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Now consider this revised <strong>GOOD<\/strong> (or at least <strong>BETTER<\/strong>) example of how this quote might be better introduced into the essay:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">In her Pharmaceutical Executive article available through the Wilson Select Internet database, Jill Wechsler writes about one of the positive effects of advertising prescription drugs on television. \u00a0\u201cAfrican-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options.\u201d<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In this revision, it\u2019s much more clear what point the writer is trying to make with this evidence and where this evidence comes from.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In this particular example, the passage is from a traditional print journal called <em>Pharmaceutical Executive<\/em>. \u00a0However, the writer needs to indicate that she actually found and read this article through Wilson Select, an Internet database which reproduces the \u201cfull text\u201d of articles from periodicals without any graphics, charts, or page numbers.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">When you use a direct quote in your research, you need to the indicate page number of that direct quote or you need to indicate that the evidence has no specific page numbers. While it can be a bit awkward to indicate within the text how the writer found this information if it\u2019s from the Internet, it\u2019s important to do so on the first reference of a piece of evidence in your writing. \u00a0On references to this piece of evidence after the first reference, you can use just the last name of the writer. \u00a0For example:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Wechsler also reports on the positive effects of advertising prescription drugs on television. \u00a0She writes...<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Paraphrasing in MLA Style<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In this example, the writer is using MLA style to write a research essay for a Literature class. \u00a0Here is a <strong>BAD<\/strong> example of a paraphrase:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">While Gatsby is deeply in love with Daisy in <em>The Great Gatsby<\/em>, his love for her is indistinguishable from his love of his possessions (Callahan).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">There are two problems with this paraphrase. \u00a0First, if this is the first or only reference to this particular piece of evidence in the research essay, the writer should include more information about the source of this paraphrase in order to properly introduce it. \u00a0Second, this paraphrase is actually not of the entire article but rather of a specific passage. \u00a0The writer has neglected to note the page number within the parenthetical citation.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">A <strong>GOOD<\/strong> or at least <strong>BETTER<\/strong> revision of this paraphrase might look like this:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">John F. Callahan suggests in his article \u201cF. Scott Fitzgerald\u2019s Evolving American Dream\u201d that while Gatsby is deeply in love with Daisy in <em>The Great Gatsby<\/em>, his love for her is indistinguishable from his love of his possessions (381).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">By incorporating the name of the author of the evidence the research writer is referring to here, the source of this paraphrase is now clear to the reader. \u00a0Furthermore, because there is a page number at the end of this sentence, the reader understands that this passage is a paraphrase of a particular part of Callahan\u2019s essay and not a summary of the entire essay. Again, if the research writer had introduced this source to his readers earlier, he could have started with a phrase like \u201cCallahan suggests...\u201d and then continued on with his paraphrase.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">If the research writer were offering a brief summary of the entire essay following MLA style, he wouldn\u2019t include a page number in parentheses. \u00a0For example:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">John F. Callahan\u2019s article \u201cF. Scott Fitzgerald\u2019s Evolving American Dream\u201d examines Fitzgerald\u2019s fascination with the elusiveness of the American Dream in the novels <em>The Great Gatsby<\/em>, <em>Tender is the Night<\/em>, and <em>The Last Tycoon<\/em>.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Quoting in APA Style<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Consider this <strong>BAD<\/strong> example in APA style, of what <strong>NOT<\/strong> to do when quoting evidence:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u201cIf the U.S. scallop fishery were a business, its management would surely be fired, because its revenues could readily be increased by at least 50 percent while its costs were being reduced by an equal percentage.\u201d (Repetto, 2001, p. 84).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Again, this is a potentially valuable piece of evidence, but it simply isn\u2019t clear what point the research writer is trying to make with it. \u00a0Further, it doesn\u2019t follow the preferred method of citation with APA style.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here is a revision that is a <strong>GOOD<\/strong> or at least <strong>BETTER<\/strong> example:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Repetto (2001) concludes that in the case of the scallop industry, those running the industry should be held responsible for not considering methods that would curtail the problems of over-fishing. \u00a0 \u201cIf the U.S. scallop fishery were a business, its management would surely be fired, because its revenues could readily be increased by at least 50 percent while its costs were being reduced by an equal percentage\u201d (p. 84).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">This revision is improved because the research writer has introduced and explained the point of the evidence with the addition of a clarifying sentence. \u00a0It also follows the rules of APA style. \u00a0Generally, APA style prefers that the research writer refer to the author only by last name followed immediately by the year of publication. \u00a0Whenever possible, you should begin your citation with the author\u2019s last name and the year of publication, and, in the case of a direct quote like this passage, the page number (including the \u201cp.\u201d) in parentheses at the end.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h3 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Paraphrasing in APA\u00a0Style<\/h3>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Paraphrasing in APA style is slightly different from MLA style as well. \u00a0Consider first this <strong>BAD<\/strong> example of what NOT to do in paraphrasing from a source in APA style:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Computer criminals have lots of ways to get away with credit card fraud (Cameron, 2002).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">The main problem with this paraphrase is there isn\u2019t enough here to adequately explain to the reader what the point of the evidence really is. \u00a0Remember: \u00a0your readers have no way of automatically knowing why you as a research writer think that a particular piece of evidence is useful in supporting your point. \u00a0This is why it is key that you introduce and explain your evidence.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here is a revision that is <strong>GOOD<\/strong> or at least <strong>BETTER<\/strong>:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Cameron (2002) points out that computer criminals intent on committing credit card fraud are able to take advantage of the fact that there aren\u2019t enough officials working to enforce computer crimes. \u00a0Criminals are also able to use the technology to their advantage by communicating via email and chat rooms with other criminals.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Again, this revision is better because the additional information introduces and explains the point of the evidence. \u00a0In this particular example, the author\u2019s name is also incorporated into the explanation of the evidence as well. \u00a0In APA, it is preferable to weave in the author\u2019s name into your essay, usually at the beginning of a sentence. \u00a0However, it would also have been acceptable to end an improved paraphrase with just the author\u2019s last name and the date of publication in parentheses.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Avoid Plagiarism in the Research Process<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Plagiarism is the unauthorized or uncredited use of the writings or ideas of another in your writing. \u00a0While it might not be as tangible as auto theft or burglary, plagiarism is still a form of theft.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In the academic world, plagiarism is a serious matter because ideas in the forms of research, creative work, and original thought are highly valued. \u00a0Chances are, your school has strict rules about what happens when someone is caught plagiarizing. \u00a0The penalty for plagiarism is severe, everything from a failing grade for the plagiarized work, a failing grade for the class, or expulsion from the institution.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">You might not be aware that plagiarism can take several different forms. \u00a0The most well known, <strong>purposeful plagiarism<\/strong>, is handing in an essay written by someone else and representing it as your own, copying your essay word for word from a magazine or journal, or downloading an essay from the Internet.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">A much more common and less understood phenomenon is what I call <strong>accidental plagiarism<\/strong>. \u00a0Accidental plagiarism is the result of improperly paraphrasing, summarizing, quoting, or citing your evidence in your academic writing. \u00a0Generally, writers accidentally plagiarize because they simply don\u2019t know or they fail to follow the rules for giving credit to the ideas of others in their writing.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Both purposeful and accidental plagiarism are wrong, against the rules, and can result in harsh punishments. \u00a0Ignoring or not knowing the rules of how to not plagiarize and properly cite evidence might be an <em>explanation<\/em>, but it is not an excuse.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">To exemplify what I\u2019m getting at, consider the examples below that use quotations and paraphrases from this brief passage:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties. \u00a0Rock started out as an Anglo-American phenomenon and has become an industry. \u00a0Nonetheless, it was able to capture the hopes of young people around the world and provided enjoyment to those of us who listened to or played rock. \u00a0Sixties pop was the conscience of one or two generations that helped bring the war in Vietnam to a close. \u00a0Obviously, neither rock nor pop has solved global poverty or hunger. \u00a0But is this a reason to be \u201cagainst\u201d them? (ix).<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">And just to make it clear that <em>I\u2019m<\/em> not plagiarizing this passage, here is the citation in MLA style:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<p class=\"paragraph Normal_1 hanging-indent\">L\u00e9vy, Pierre. \u00a0Cyberculture. \u00a0Trans. Robert Bononno. \u00a0Minneapolis: \u00a0U of Minnesota P, 2001.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here\u2019s an obvious example of plagiarism:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In this case, the writer has literally taken one of L\u00e9vy\u2019s sentences and represented it as her own. \u00a0That\u2019s clearly against the rules.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here\u2019s another example of plagiarism, perhaps less obvious:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The same kind of people who criticize cyberculture are the same kind of people who criticized rock and roll music back in the fifties and sixties. \u00a0But both cyberculture and rock music inspire and entertain young people.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">While these aren\u2019t L\u00e9vy\u2019s exact words, they are certainly close enough to constitute a form of plagiarism. \u00a0And again, even though you might think that this is a \u201clesser\u201d form of plagiarism, it\u2019s still plagiarism.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Both of these passages can easily be corrected to make them acceptable quotations or paraphrases.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>In the introduction of his book Cyberculture, Pierre L\u00e9vy observes that<\/strong> \u201cThose who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties\u201d <strong>(ix)<\/strong>.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Pierre L\u00e9vy suggests<\/strong> that the same kind of people who criticize cyberculture are the same kind of people who criticized rock and roll music back in the fifties and sixties. \u00a0But both cyberculture and rock music inspire and entertain young people <strong>(ix)<\/strong>.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Note that changing these passages from examples of plagiarism to acceptable examples of a quotation and a paraphrase is extremely easy: \u00a0properly cite your sources.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">This leads to the \u201cgolden rule\u201d of avoiding plagiarism:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Always cite your sources. \u00a0If you are unsure as to whether you should or should not cite a particular claim or reference, you should probably cite your source.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div><\/blockquote>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Often, students are unclear as to whether or not they need to cite a piece of evidence because they believe it to be \u201ccommon knowledge\u201d or because they are not sure about the source of information. \u00a0When in doubt about whether or not to cite evidence in order to give credit to a source (\u201ccommon knowledge\u201d or not), you should cite the evidence.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Plagiarism and the Internet<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Sometimes, I think the ease of finding and retrieving information on the World Wide Web makes readers think that this information does not need to be cited. \u00a0After all, it isn\u2019t a traditional source like a book or a journal; it is available for \u201cfree.\u201d \u00a0All a research writer needs to do with a web site is \u201ccut and paste\u201d whatever he needs into his essay, right? \u00a0Wrong!<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You need to cite the evidence you find from the Internet or the World Wide Web the same way you cite evidence from other sources.<\/strong> \u00a0To not do this is plagiarism, or, more bluntly, cheating. \u00a0Just because the information is \u201cfreely\u201d available on the Internet does not mean you can use this information in your academic writing without properly citing it, much in the same way that the information from library journals and books \u201cfreely\u201d available to you needs to be cited in order to give credit where credit is due.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">It is also not acceptable to simply download graphics from the World Wide Web. \u00a0Images found on the Internet are protected by copyright laws. \u00a0Quite literally, taking images from the Web (particularly from commercial sources) is an offense that could lead to legal action. \u00a0There are places where you can find graphics and clip art that Web publishers have made publicly available for anyone to use, but be sure that the Web site where you find the graphics makes this explicit before you take graphics as your own.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In short, you can use evidence from the Web as long as you don\u2019t plagiarize and as long as you properly cite it; don\u2019t take graphics from the Web unless you know the images are in the public domain.<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>","rendered":"<ul>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Summarize: \u00a0An Overview<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Quote and Paraphrase: \u00a0An Overview<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">When to Quote, When to Paraphrase<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Four Examples of Quotes and Paraphrases<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Avoid Plagiarism in the Research Process<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Plagiarism and the Internet<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Learning how to effectively quote and paraphrase research can be difficult and it certainly takes practice. \u00a0Hopefully, your abilities to make good use of your research will improve as you work through the exercises in part two and three of <em>The Process of Research Writing<\/em>, not to mention as you take on other research writing experiences beyond this class. \u00a0The goal of this chapter is to introduce some basic strategies for summarizing, quoting and paraphrasing research in your writing and to explain how to avoid plagiarizing your research.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Summarize: \u00a0An Overview<\/h2>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">A summary is a brief explanation of a longer text. \u00a0Some summaries, such as the ones that accompany annotated bibliographies, are very short, just a sentence or two. \u00a0Others are much longer, though summaries are always much shorter than the text being summarized in the first place.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Summaries of different lengths are useful in research writing because you often need to provide your readers with an explanation of the text you are discussing. \u00a0This is especially true when you are going to quote or paraphrase from a source.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Of course, the first step in writing a good summary is to do a thorough reading of the text you are going to summarize in the first place. \u00a0Beyond that important start, there are a few basic guidelines you should follow when you write summary material:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Stay \u201cneutral\u201d in your summarizing. \u00a0Summaries provide \u201cjust the facts\u201d and are not the place where you offer your opinions about the text you are summarizing. \u00a0Save your opinions and evaluation of the evidence you are summarizing for other parts of your writing.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Don\u2019t quote from what you are summarizing. \u00a0Summaries will be more useful to you and your colleagues if you write them in your own words.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Don\u2019t \u201ccut and paste\u201d from database abstracts. \u00a0Many of the periodical indexes that are available as part of your library\u2019s computer system include abstracts of articles. \u00a0Do no \u201ccut\u201d this abstract material and then \u201cpaste\u201d it into your own annotated bibliography. \u00a0For one thing, this is plagiarism. \u00a0Second, \u201ccutting and pasting\u201d from the abstract defeats one of the purposes of writing summaries and creating an annotated bibliography in the first place, which is to help you understand and explain your research.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Quote and Paraphrase: \u00a0An Overview<\/h2>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Writers quote and paraphrase from research in order to support their points and to persuade their readers. \u00a0A quote or a paraphrase from a piece of evidence in support of a point answers the reader\u2019s question, \u201csays who?\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">This is especially true in academic writing since scholarly readers are most persuaded by effective research and evidence. \u00a0For example, readers of an article about a new cancer medication published in a medical journal will be most interested in the scholar\u2019s research and statistics that demonstrate the effectiveness of the treatment. \u00a0Conversely, they will not be as persuaded by emotional stories from individual patients about how a new cancer medication improved the quality of their lives. \u00a0While this appeal to emotion can be effective and is common in popular sources, these individual anecdotes do not carry the same sort of \u201cscholarly\u201d or scientific value as well-reasoned research and evidence.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Of course, your instructor is not expecting you to be an expert on the topic of your research paper. \u00a0While you might conduct some primary research, it\u2019s a good bet that you\u2019ll be relying on secondary sources such as books, articles, and Web sites to inform and persuade your readers. \u00a0You\u2019ll present this research to your readers in the form of quotes and paraphrases.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">A \u201cquote\u201d is a direct restatement of the exact words from the original source. \u00a0The general rule of thumb is any time you use three or more words as they appeared in the original source, you should treat it as a quote. \u00a0A \u201cparaphrase\u201d is a restatement of the information or point of the original source in your own words.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">While quotes and paraphrases are different and should be used in different ways in your research writing (as the examples in this section suggest), they do have a number of things in common. \u00a0Both quotes and paraphrases should:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">be \u201cintroduced\u201d to the reader, particularly the first time you mention a source;<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">include an explanation of the evidence which explains to the reader why you think the evidence is important, especially if it is not apparent from the context of the quote or paraphrase; and<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">include a proper citation of the source.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">The method you should follow to properly quote or paraphrase depends on the style guide you are following in your academic writing. \u00a0The two most common style guides used in academic writing are the Modern Language Association (MLA), and the American Psychological Association (APA). \u00a0I discuss both of these different style guides in some detail in the Appendix of this book. \u00a0Your instructor will probably assign one of these styles before you begin working on your project, however, if he\/she doesn\u2019t mention this, be sure to ask.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">When to Quote, When to Paraphrase<\/h2>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">The real \u201cart\u201d to research writing is using quotes and paraphrases from evidence effectively in order to support your point. \u00a0There are certain \u201crules,\u201d dictated by the rules of style you are following, such as the ones presented by the MLA or the ones presented by the APA. \u00a0There are certain \u201cguidelines\u201d and suggestions, like the ones I offer in the previous section and the ones you will learn from your teacher and colleagues.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">But when all is said and done, the question of when to quote and when to paraphrase depends a great deal on the specific context of the writing and the effect you are trying to achieve. \u00a0Learning the best times to quote and paraphrase takes practice and experience.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In general, <strong>it is best to use a quote when<\/strong>:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>The exact words of your source are important for the point you are trying to make.<\/strong> \u00a0This is especially true if you are quoting technical language, terms, or very specific word choices.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You want to highlight your <em>agreement<\/em> with the author\u2019s words<\/strong>. \u00a0If you agree with the point the author of the evidence makes and you like their exact words, use them as a quote.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You want to highlight your <em>disagreement<\/em> with the author\u2019s words<\/strong>. \u00a0In other words, you may sometimes want to use a direct quote to indicate exactly what it is you disagree about. \u00a0This might be particularly true when you are considering the antithetical positions in your research writing projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In general,<strong> it is best to paraphrase when<\/strong>:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>There is no good reason to use a quote to refer to your evidence.<\/strong> \u00a0If the author\u2019s exact words are not especially important to the point you are trying to make, you are usually better off paraphrasing the evidence.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You are trying to explain a particular a piece of evidence in order to explain or interpret it in more detail<\/strong>. \u00a0This might be particularly true in writing projects like critiques.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You need to balance a direct quote in your writing.<\/strong> \u00a0You need to be careful about directly quoting your research too much because it can sometimes make for awkward and difficult to read prose. \u00a0So, one of the reasons to use a paraphrase instead of a quote is to create balance within your writing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Tips for Quoting and Paraphrasing<\/h2>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Introduce<\/strong> your quotes and paraphrases to your reader, especially on first reference.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Explain<\/strong> the significance of the quote or paraphrase to your reader.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Cite<\/strong> your quote or paraphrase properly according to the rules of style you are following in your essay.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Quote when<\/strong> the exact words are important, when you want to highlight your agreement or your disagreement.<\/li>\n<li class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>Paraphrase when<\/strong> the exact words aren\u2019t important, when you want to explain the point of your evidence, or when you need to balance the direct quotes in your writing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Four Examples of Quotes and Paraphrases<\/h2>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here are four examples of what I mean about properly quoting and paraphrasing evidence in your research essays. \u00a0In each case, I begin with a <strong>BAD<\/strong> example, or the way <strong>NOT<\/strong> to quote or paraphrase.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Quoting in MLA Style<\/h3>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here\u2019s the first <strong>BAD<\/strong> example, where the writer is trying to follow the rules of MLA style:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">There are many positive effects for advertising prescription drugs on television. \u00a0\u201cAfrican-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options\u201d (Wechsler, Internet).<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">This is a potentially good piece of information to support a research writer\u2019s claim, but the researcher hasn\u2019t done any of the necessary work to explain where this quote comes from or to explain why it is important for supporting her point. \u00a0Rather, she has simply \u201cdropped in\u201d the quote, leaving the interpretation of its significance up to the reader.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Now consider this revised <strong>GOOD<\/strong> (or at least <strong>BETTER<\/strong>) example of how this quote might be better introduced into the essay:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">In her Pharmaceutical Executive article available through the Wilson Select Internet database, Jill Wechsler writes about one of the positive effects of advertising prescription drugs on television. \u00a0\u201cAfrican-American physicians regard direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription medicines as one way to educate minority patients about needed treatment and healthcare options.\u201d<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In this revision, it\u2019s much more clear what point the writer is trying to make with this evidence and where this evidence comes from.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In this particular example, the passage is from a traditional print journal called <em>Pharmaceutical Executive<\/em>. \u00a0However, the writer needs to indicate that she actually found and read this article through Wilson Select, an Internet database which reproduces the \u201cfull text\u201d of articles from periodicals without any graphics, charts, or page numbers.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">When you use a direct quote in your research, you need to the indicate page number of that direct quote or you need to indicate that the evidence has no specific page numbers. While it can be a bit awkward to indicate within the text how the writer found this information if it\u2019s from the Internet, it\u2019s important to do so on the first reference of a piece of evidence in your writing. \u00a0On references to this piece of evidence after the first reference, you can use just the last name of the writer. \u00a0For example:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Wechsler also reports on the positive effects of advertising prescription drugs on television. \u00a0She writes&#8230;<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Paraphrasing in MLA Style<\/h3>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In this example, the writer is using MLA style to write a research essay for a Literature class. \u00a0Here is a <strong>BAD<\/strong> example of a paraphrase:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">While Gatsby is deeply in love with Daisy in <em>The Great Gatsby<\/em>, his love for her is indistinguishable from his love of his possessions (Callahan).<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">There are two problems with this paraphrase. \u00a0First, if this is the first or only reference to this particular piece of evidence in the research essay, the writer should include more information about the source of this paraphrase in order to properly introduce it. \u00a0Second, this paraphrase is actually not of the entire article but rather of a specific passage. \u00a0The writer has neglected to note the page number within the parenthetical citation.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">A <strong>GOOD<\/strong> or at least <strong>BETTER<\/strong> revision of this paraphrase might look like this:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">John F. Callahan suggests in his article \u201cF. Scott Fitzgerald\u2019s Evolving American Dream\u201d that while Gatsby is deeply in love with Daisy in <em>The Great Gatsby<\/em>, his love for her is indistinguishable from his love of his possessions (381).<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">By incorporating the name of the author of the evidence the research writer is referring to here, the source of this paraphrase is now clear to the reader. \u00a0Furthermore, because there is a page number at the end of this sentence, the reader understands that this passage is a paraphrase of a particular part of Callahan\u2019s essay and not a summary of the entire essay. Again, if the research writer had introduced this source to his readers earlier, he could have started with a phrase like \u201cCallahan suggests&#8230;\u201d and then continued on with his paraphrase.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">If the research writer were offering a brief summary of the entire essay following MLA style, he wouldn\u2019t include a page number in parentheses. \u00a0For example:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">John F. Callahan\u2019s article \u201cF. Scott Fitzgerald\u2019s Evolving American Dream\u201d examines Fitzgerald\u2019s fascination with the elusiveness of the American Dream in the novels <em>The Great Gatsby<\/em>, <em>Tender is the Night<\/em>, and <em>The Last Tycoon<\/em>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Quoting in APA Style<\/h3>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Consider this <strong>BAD<\/strong> example in APA style, of what <strong>NOT<\/strong> to do when quoting evidence:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">\u201cIf the U.S. scallop fishery were a business, its management would surely be fired, because its revenues could readily be increased by at least 50 percent while its costs were being reduced by an equal percentage.\u201d (Repetto, 2001, p. 84).<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Again, this is a potentially valuable piece of evidence, but it simply isn\u2019t clear what point the research writer is trying to make with it. \u00a0Further, it doesn\u2019t follow the preferred method of citation with APA style.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here is a revision that is a <strong>GOOD<\/strong> or at least <strong>BETTER<\/strong> example:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Repetto (2001) concludes that in the case of the scallop industry, those running the industry should be held responsible for not considering methods that would curtail the problems of over-fishing. \u00a0 \u201cIf the U.S. scallop fishery were a business, its management would surely be fired, because its revenues could readily be increased by at least 50 percent while its costs were being reduced by an equal percentage\u201d (p. 84).<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">This revision is improved because the research writer has introduced and explained the point of the evidence with the addition of a clarifying sentence. \u00a0It also follows the rules of APA style. \u00a0Generally, APA style prefers that the research writer refer to the author only by last name followed immediately by the year of publication. \u00a0Whenever possible, you should begin your citation with the author\u2019s last name and the year of publication, and, in the case of a direct quote like this passage, the page number (including the \u201cp.\u201d) in parentheses at the end.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h3 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Paraphrasing in APA\u00a0Style<\/h3>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Paraphrasing in APA style is slightly different from MLA style as well. \u00a0Consider first this <strong>BAD<\/strong> example of what NOT to do in paraphrasing from a source in APA style:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Computer criminals have lots of ways to get away with credit card fraud (Cameron, 2002).<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">The main problem with this paraphrase is there isn\u2019t enough here to adequately explain to the reader what the point of the evidence really is. \u00a0Remember: \u00a0your readers have no way of automatically knowing why you as a research writer think that a particular piece of evidence is useful in supporting your point. \u00a0This is why it is key that you introduce and explain your evidence.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here is a revision that is <strong>GOOD<\/strong> or at least <strong>BETTER<\/strong>:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Cameron (2002) points out that computer criminals intent on committing credit card fraud are able to take advantage of the fact that there aren\u2019t enough officials working to enforce computer crimes. \u00a0Criminals are also able to use the technology to their advantage by communicating via email and chat rooms with other criminals.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Again, this revision is better because the additional information introduces and explains the point of the evidence. \u00a0In this particular example, the author\u2019s name is also incorporated into the explanation of the evidence as well. \u00a0In APA, it is preferable to weave in the author\u2019s name into your essay, usually at the beginning of a sentence. \u00a0However, it would also have been acceptable to end an improved paraphrase with just the author\u2019s last name and the date of publication in parentheses.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">How to Avoid Plagiarism in the Research Process<\/h2>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Plagiarism is the unauthorized or uncredited use of the writings or ideas of another in your writing. \u00a0While it might not be as tangible as auto theft or burglary, plagiarism is still a form of theft.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In the academic world, plagiarism is a serious matter because ideas in the forms of research, creative work, and original thought are highly valued. \u00a0Chances are, your school has strict rules about what happens when someone is caught plagiarizing. \u00a0The penalty for plagiarism is severe, everything from a failing grade for the plagiarized work, a failing grade for the class, or expulsion from the institution.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">You might not be aware that plagiarism can take several different forms. \u00a0The most well known, <strong>purposeful plagiarism<\/strong>, is handing in an essay written by someone else and representing it as your own, copying your essay word for word from a magazine or journal, or downloading an essay from the Internet.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">A much more common and less understood phenomenon is what I call <strong>accidental plagiarism<\/strong>. \u00a0Accidental plagiarism is the result of improperly paraphrasing, summarizing, quoting, or citing your evidence in your academic writing. \u00a0Generally, writers accidentally plagiarize because they simply don\u2019t know or they fail to follow the rules for giving credit to the ideas of others in their writing.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Both purposeful and accidental plagiarism are wrong, against the rules, and can result in harsh punishments. \u00a0Ignoring or not knowing the rules of how to not plagiarize and properly cite evidence might be an <em>explanation<\/em>, but it is not an excuse.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">To exemplify what I\u2019m getting at, consider the examples below that use quotations and paraphrases from this brief passage:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties. \u00a0Rock started out as an Anglo-American phenomenon and has become an industry. \u00a0Nonetheless, it was able to capture the hopes of young people around the world and provided enjoyment to those of us who listened to or played rock. \u00a0Sixties pop was the conscience of one or two generations that helped bring the war in Vietnam to a close. \u00a0Obviously, neither rock nor pop has solved global poverty or hunger. \u00a0But is this a reason to be \u201cagainst\u201d them? (ix).<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">And just to make it clear that <em>I\u2019m<\/em> not plagiarizing this passage, here is the citation in MLA style:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<p class=\"paragraph Normal_1 hanging-indent\">L\u00e9vy, Pierre. \u00a0Cyberculture. \u00a0Trans. Robert Bononno. \u00a0Minneapolis: \u00a0U of Minnesota P, 2001.<\/p>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here\u2019s an obvious example of plagiarism:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">Those who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In this case, the writer has literally taken one of L\u00e9vy\u2019s sentences and represented it as her own. \u00a0That\u2019s clearly against the rules.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Here\u2019s another example of plagiarism, perhaps less obvious:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\">The same kind of people who criticize cyberculture are the same kind of people who criticized rock and roll music back in the fifties and sixties. \u00a0But both cyberculture and rock music inspire and entertain young people.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">While these aren\u2019t L\u00e9vy\u2019s exact words, they are certainly close enough to constitute a form of plagiarism. \u00a0And again, even though you might think that this is a \u201clesser\u201d form of plagiarism, it\u2019s still plagiarism.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Both of these passages can easily be corrected to make them acceptable quotations or paraphrases.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>In the introduction of his book Cyberculture, Pierre L\u00e9vy observes that<\/strong> \u201cThose who denounce cyberculture today strangely resemble those who criticized rock music during the fifties and sixties\u201d <strong>(ix)<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\" style=\"padding-left: 30px\"><strong>Pierre L\u00e9vy suggests<\/strong> that the same kind of people who criticize cyberculture are the same kind of people who criticized rock and roll music back in the fifties and sixties. \u00a0But both cyberculture and rock music inspire and entertain young people <strong>(ix)<\/strong>.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Note that changing these passages from examples of plagiarism to acceptable examples of a quotation and a paraphrase is extremely easy: \u00a0properly cite your sources.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">This leads to the \u201cgolden rule\u201d of avoiding plagiarism:<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Always cite your sources. \u00a0If you are unsure as to whether you should or should not cite a particular claim or reference, you should probably cite your source.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Often, students are unclear as to whether or not they need to cite a piece of evidence because they believe it to be \u201ccommon knowledge\u201d or because they are not sure about the source of information. \u00a0When in doubt about whether or not to cite evidence in order to give credit to a source (\u201ccommon knowledge\u201d or not), you should cite the evidence.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Plagiarism and the Internet<\/h2>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">Sometimes, I think the ease of finding and retrieving information on the World Wide Web makes readers think that this information does not need to be cited. \u00a0After all, it isn\u2019t a traditional source like a book or a journal; it is available for \u201cfree.\u201d \u00a0All a research writer needs to do with a web site is \u201ccut and paste\u201d whatever he needs into his essay, right? \u00a0Wrong!<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><strong>You need to cite the evidence you find from the Internet or the World Wide Web the same way you cite evidence from other sources.<\/strong> \u00a0To not do this is plagiarism, or, more bluntly, cheating. \u00a0Just because the information is \u201cfreely\u201d available on the Internet does not mean you can use this information in your academic writing without properly citing it, much in the same way that the information from library journals and books \u201cfreely\u201d available to you needs to be cited in order to give credit where credit is due.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">It is also not acceptable to simply download graphics from the World Wide Web. \u00a0Images found on the Internet are protected by copyright laws. \u00a0Quite literally, taking images from the Web (particularly from commercial sources) is an offense that could lead to legal action. \u00a0There are places where you can find graphics and clip art that Web publishers have made publicly available for anyone to use, but be sure that the Web site where you find the graphics makes this explicit before you take graphics as your own.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\">In short, you can use evidence from the Web as long as you don\u2019t plagiarize and as long as you properly cite it; don\u2019t take graphics from the Web unless you know the images are in the public domain.<\/div>\n<div class=\"paragraph Normal_1\"><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-939\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Steven D. Krause. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stevendkrause.com\/tprw\/chapter3.html\">http:\/\/www.stevendkrause.com\/tprw\/chapter3.html<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: The Process of Research Writing. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":277,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Avoiding Plagiarism\",\"author\":\"Steven D. 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