{"id":606,"date":"2017-10-26T15:16:52","date_gmt":"2017-10-26T15:16:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/sunynutrition\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=606"},"modified":"2017-11-13T20:31:32","modified_gmt":"2017-11-13T20:31:32","slug":"8-2-minerals","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/chapter\/8-2-minerals\/","title":{"raw":"8.2 Minerals","rendered":"8.2 Minerals"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\r\n\r\nMinerals are elements that are essential for body functions that can't be synthesized in the body. Some people refer to them as elements instead of minerals, and the names can be used interchangeably. However, in the nutrition community, they are more commonly referred to as minerals. Minerals can be divided up into three different categories:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Macrominerals<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Trace Minerals (aka Microminerals)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ultratrace Minerals<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThere is not an exact, agreed on definition for how the different categories are defined, but in general they are defined by the amount required and found in the body such that:\r\n\r\nMacrominerals &gt; Trace Minerals &gt; Ultratrace Minerals\r\n\r\nTable 8.21 Alphabetical listing of the 20 minerals and their chemical symbols\r\n<table><colgroup> <col \/> <col \/> <col \/><\/colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><b>Macrominerals<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td><b>Trace Minerals<\/b><\/td>\r\n<td><b>Ultratrace Minerals<\/b><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Calcium (Ca)<\/td>\r\n<td>Chromium (Cr)<\/td>\r\n<td>Arsenic (As)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Chloride (Cl)a<\/td>\r\n<td>Copper (Cu)<\/td>\r\n<td>Boron (B)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Magnesium (Mg)<\/td>\r\n<td>Fluoride (F)<\/td>\r\n<td>Nickel (Ni)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Phosphorus (P)b<\/td>\r\n<td>Iodine (I)<\/td>\r\n<td>Silicon (Si)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Potassium (K)<\/td>\r\n<td>Iron (Fe)<\/td>\r\n<td>Vanadium (V)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sodium (Na)<\/td>\r\n<td>Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Molybdenum (Mo)<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Selenium (Se)<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Zinc (Zn)<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\na Chlorine ion, Cl-\r\n\r\nb Phosphate in body, PO4\r\n\r\nThe table below shows the estimated amount of the macrominerals, trace minerals, and ultratrace minerals found in the body.\r\n\r\nTable 8.22 Amount of different minerals found in the body<sup>1<\/sup>\r\n\r\n<b>Macrominerals\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trace Minerals\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ultratrace Minerals<\/b>\r\n<table><colgroup> <col \/> <col \/> <col \/> <col \/> <col \/> <col \/><\/colgroup>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Calcium<\/td>\r\n<td>1200 g<\/td>\r\n<td>Iron<\/td>\r\n<td>4 g<\/td>\r\n<td>Silicon<\/td>\r\n<td>1 g<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Phosphorus<\/td>\r\n<td>780 g<\/td>\r\n<td>Fluoride<\/td>\r\n<td>3-6 g<\/td>\r\n<td>Boron<\/td>\r\n<td>17 mg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Potassium<\/td>\r\n<td>110-140 g<\/td>\r\n<td>Zinc<\/td>\r\n<td>2.3 g<\/td>\r\n<td>Nickel<\/td>\r\n<td>15 mg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Sodium<\/td>\r\n<td>100 g<\/td>\r\n<td>Copper<\/td>\r\n<td>70 mg<\/td>\r\n<td>Arsenic<\/td>\r\n<td>7 mg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Chloride<\/td>\r\n<td>95 g<\/td>\r\n<td>Selenium<\/td>\r\n<td>14 mg<\/td>\r\n<td>Vanadium<\/td>\r\n<td>0.1 mg<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Magnesium<\/td>\r\n<td>25 g<\/td>\r\n<td>Manganese<\/td>\r\n<td>12 mg<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Iodine<\/td>\r\n<td>10-20 mg<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Molybdenum<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a05 mg<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td>Chromium<\/td>\r\n<td>1-2 mg<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nMinerals are elements. The figure below shows the distribution of minerals in the periodic table, which you should be familiar with from your chemistry education.\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"1192\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2569\/2017\/10\/26151604\/10000000000004A800000275668976F7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1192\" height=\"629\" \/> Figure 8.21 Minerals are elements, this figure shows their position within the periodic table<sup>2<\/sup>[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<b>References &amp; Links<\/b>\r\n\r\n1. Emsley, John. Nature\u2019s building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements. 2001. Oxford, Oxford University Press.\r\n\r\n2. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Periodic_Table_by_Quality.SVG\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"__UNKNOWN__\">\n<p>Minerals are elements that are essential for body functions that can&#8217;t be synthesized in the body. Some people refer to them as elements instead of minerals, and the names can be used interchangeably. However, in the nutrition community, they are more commonly referred to as minerals. Minerals can be divided up into three different categories:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Macrominerals<\/li>\n<li>Trace Minerals (aka Microminerals)<\/li>\n<li>Ultratrace Minerals<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There is not an exact, agreed on definition for how the different categories are defined, but in general they are defined by the amount required and found in the body such that:<\/p>\n<p>Macrominerals &gt; Trace Minerals &gt; Ultratrace Minerals<\/p>\n<p>Table 8.21 Alphabetical listing of the 20 minerals and their chemical symbols<\/p>\n<table>\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Macrominerals<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Trace Minerals<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Ultratrace Minerals<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Calcium (Ca)<\/td>\n<td>Chromium (Cr)<\/td>\n<td>Arsenic (As)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Chloride (Cl)a<\/td>\n<td>Copper (Cu)<\/td>\n<td>Boron (B)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Magnesium (Mg)<\/td>\n<td>Fluoride (F)<\/td>\n<td>Nickel (Ni)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Phosphorus (P)b<\/td>\n<td>Iodine (I)<\/td>\n<td>Silicon (Si)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Potassium (K)<\/td>\n<td>Iron (Fe)<\/td>\n<td>Vanadium (V)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sodium (Na)<\/td>\n<td>Manganese (Mn)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Molybdenum (Mo)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Selenium (Se)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Zinc (Zn)<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>a Chlorine ion, Cl-<\/p>\n<p>b Phosphate in body, PO4<\/p>\n<p>The table below shows the estimated amount of the macrominerals, trace minerals, and ultratrace minerals found in the body.<\/p>\n<p>Table 8.22 Amount of different minerals found in the body<sup>1<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><b>Macrominerals\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Trace Minerals\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ultratrace Minerals<\/b><\/p>\n<table>\n<colgroup>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/>\n<col \/><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Calcium<\/td>\n<td>1200 g<\/td>\n<td>Iron<\/td>\n<td>4 g<\/td>\n<td>Silicon<\/td>\n<td>1 g<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Phosphorus<\/td>\n<td>780 g<\/td>\n<td>Fluoride<\/td>\n<td>3-6 g<\/td>\n<td>Boron<\/td>\n<td>17 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Potassium<\/td>\n<td>110-140 g<\/td>\n<td>Zinc<\/td>\n<td>2.3 g<\/td>\n<td>Nickel<\/td>\n<td>15 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Sodium<\/td>\n<td>100 g<\/td>\n<td>Copper<\/td>\n<td>70 mg<\/td>\n<td>Arsenic<\/td>\n<td>7 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Chloride<\/td>\n<td>95 g<\/td>\n<td>Selenium<\/td>\n<td>14 mg<\/td>\n<td>Vanadium<\/td>\n<td>0.1 mg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Magnesium<\/td>\n<td>25 g<\/td>\n<td>Manganese<\/td>\n<td>12 mg<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Iodine<\/td>\n<td>10-20 mg<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Molybdenum<\/td>\n<td>\u00a05 mg<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td>Chromium<\/td>\n<td>1-2 mg<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Minerals are elements. The figure below shows the distribution of minerals in the periodic table, which you should be familiar with from your chemistry education.<\/p>\n<div>\n<div style=\"width: 1202px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2569\/2017\/10\/26151604\/10000000000004A800000275668976F7.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1192\" height=\"629\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 8.21 Minerals are elements, this figure shows their position within the periodic table<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p><b>References &amp; Links<\/b><\/p>\n<p>1. Emsley, John. Nature\u2019s building blocks : an A-Z guide to the elements. 2001. Oxford, Oxford University Press.<\/p>\n<p>2. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/File:Periodic_Table_by_Quality.SVG<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-606\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Kansas State University Human Nutrition Flexbook. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Brian Lindshield. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Kansas State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/goo.gl\/vOAnR\">http:\/\/goo.gl\/vOAnR<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":44985,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Kansas State University Human Nutrition Flexbook\",\"author\":\"Brian Lindshield\",\"organization\":\"Kansas State University\",\"url\":\"goo.gl\/vOAnR\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-606","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":599,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/606","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/44985"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/606\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1754,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/606\/revisions\/1754"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/599"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/606\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=606"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=606"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=606"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-nutrition\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=606"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}