{"id":253,"date":"2017-04-18T18:56:43","date_gmt":"2017-04-18T18:56:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/chapter\/chimu\/"},"modified":"2017-04-18T18:56:43","modified_gmt":"2017-04-18T18:56:43","slug":"chimu","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/chapter\/chimu\/","title":{"raw":"Chim\u00fa","rendered":"Chim\u00fa"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<ul><li>Discuss distinguishing aspects of Chim\u00fa religion, craftsmanship, and agriculture<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>The Chim\u00fa expanded to cover a vast area and include many different ethnic groups along the northern coast of modern-day Peru.<\/li>\n \t<li>Chim\u00fa artisans made notable multi-colored textiles and monochromatic pottery and metalwork.<\/li>\n \t<li>In 1470, the Chim\u00fa were conquered by the Inca.<\/li>\n \t<li>The Chim\u00fa worshipped the Moon as the essential deity of fertility, good weather, and bountiful crops.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Terms<\/h3>\n<h4>Chan Chan<\/h4>\nThe capital of the Chim\u00fa culture. It is in modern-day Peru.\n<h4>Chimor<\/h4>\nThe long swath of land along the northern coast of Peru that was ruled by the Chim\u00fa elite.\n<h4>ciudadela<\/h4>\nAny one of a number of walled cities in the Chim\u00fa capital of Chan Chan where elites consolidated power and artisans lived in organized groups to make prestige goods.\n\n<\/div>\nThe Chim\u00fa were a culture that lasted from approximately 900 CE until 1470 CE along the northern coast of modern-day Peru, centered in the city of Chan Chan. This is not to be confused with the Early Chim\u00fa, a related group also known as the Moche that lived in the region until about 800 CE.\n\nThe Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui led a campaign that conquered the Chim\u00fa around 1470 CE. This was just fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region. Consequently, Spanish chroniclers were able to record accounts of Chim\u00fa culture from individuals who had lived before the Inca conquest. Similarly, archaeological evidence suggests Chimor, the large coastal swath of land inhabited by Chim\u00fa culture, grew out of the remnants of Moche culture. Early Chim\u00fa ceramics in a high-sheen black, along with detailed and intricate precious metalworking, shared many of the same aspects as Moche craftsmanship.\n\nThe mature Chim\u00fa culture developed in roughly the same territory where the Moche had existed centuries before, which made the Chim\u00fa another coastal culture. It was developed in the Moche Valley south of present-day Lima, northeast of Huarmey, and grew to include central present-day Trujillo, where the bureaucratic and artisanal capital of Chan Chan developed.\n\nThe Chim\u00fa expansion also incorporated many different ethnic groups, including the Sic\u00e1n culture, which lasted independently until 1375. At its peak, the Chim\u00fa advanced to the limits of the desert coast, to the Jequetepeque Valley in the north, and Carabayallo in the south. Their expansion southward was stopped by the military power of the great valley of Lima.\n<h1>Agriculture and Bureaucracy<\/h1>\nThe Chim\u00fa expanded and gained power over their 500-year growth through intensive farming techniques and hydraulic works, which joined valleys to form complexes. A few of these landmark agricultural\u00a0techniques included the following:\n<ul><li><em>Huachaques<\/em>: These sunken farms included the removal of the top layer of earth and allowed farmers to work the moist, sandy soil underneath.<\/li>\n \t<li>Walk-in wells, similar to those of the Nazca, were developed to draw water.<\/li>\n \t<li>Large reservoirs were developed to retain water from river systems in this arid climate where water was an essential resource.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nThese systematic changes increased the productivity of the land, which multiplied Chim\u00fa wealth and likely contributed to the formation of a bureaucratic, hierarchical system.\n\nThe Chim\u00fa cultivated beans, sweet potatoes, papayas, and cotton with their reservoir and irrigation systems. This focus on large-scale irrigation persisted until the Late Intermediate period. At this point, there was a shift to a more specialized system that focused on importing and redistributing resources from satellite communities. There appears to have been a complex network of sites that provided goods and services for Chim\u00fa subsistence.\n\nMany of these satellite areas produced commodities that the Chim\u00fa population based in the capital of Chan Chan could not. Some sites relied on marine resources, such as fish and precious shells. However, after the advent of agriculture, more sites developed further inland, where marine resources were harder to attain. These inland communities began raising llamas as a supplemental source of meat, but by the Late Intermediate period and Late Horizon, inland sites started to rely on llamas as an essential transportation and food resource.\n<figure>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"560\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/chimu-mantle.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"560\" height=\"560\" \/> Chim\u00fa mantle. The Chim\u00fa are known for their artisanal works, such as this mantle spun of multiple colored fibers sometime from 1000 to 1476 CE.[\/caption]<\/figure><h1>Artisans<\/h1>\nThe capital of Chan Chan likely developed a complex bureaucracy due to the elite's controlled access to information. This bureaucratic center imported raw materials from across Chimor, which were then processed into prestige goods by highly skilled artisans. The majority of the citizens in each <em>ciudadela<\/em> (walled cities in the capital of Chan Chan) were artisans. In the late Chim\u00fa, about 12,000 artisans lived and worked in Chan Chan alone. Artisans played an essential role in Chim\u00fa culture:\n<ul><li>They engaged in fishing, agriculture, craft work, and trade.<\/li>\n \t<li>Artisans were forbidden to change their profession, and were grouped in the <em>ciudadela<\/em> according to their area of specialization.<\/li>\n \t<li>Archeologists have noted a dramatic increase in Chim\u00fa craft production over time, and they believe that artisans may have been brought to Chan Chan from other areas taken as a result of Chim\u00fa conquest.<\/li>\n<\/ul><figure>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"468\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/chimu-cc-81.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"468\" height=\"480\" \/> Chim\u00fa pottery is distinctly monochromatic and bears a striking resemblance to Moche pottery.[\/caption]<\/figure><h1>Pottery and Textiles<\/h1>\nThough their textiles were multicolored, their pottery and metalwork are known for being monochromatic. The pottery is often in the shape of a creature, or has a human figure sitting or standing on a cuboid bottle. The shiny black finish of most Chim\u00fa pottery was achieved by firing the pottery at high temperatures in a closed kiln, which prevented oxygen from reacting with the clay.\n<h1>Deities<\/h1>\nThe Chim\u00fa worshipped the Moon (<em>Si<\/em>) and considered it the greatest and most powerful of the deities. It was believed to be more powerful than the Sun, as it appeared by night and day, and was deeply linked with patterns in weather, fertility, and the growth of crops. Sacrifices of spondylus shells and other precious items were made to the Moon. Devotees sacrificed their own children on piles of colored cotton with offerings of fruit and chicha. They believed the sacrificed children, normally around the age of five, would become deified.\n<figure>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"619\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1745\/2017\/04\/18185641\/619px-Spondylus.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"619\" height=\"480\" \/> Spondylus shells were used as a currency and as offerings to the deities.[\/caption]<\/figure>\nAnimals and birds were also sacrificed to the Moon in order to appease this powerful entity. Two of the stars of Orion's Belt were considered to be the emissaries of the Moon. The constellation Fur (the Pleiades) was also used to calculate the year and was believed to watch over the crops.\n\nThe Sun was associated with stones called <em>alaec-pong<\/em> (cacique stone). These stones were believed to be ancestors of the people in the areas they were found. They were also considered to be sons of the Sun deity. Along with the Sun, the Sea (<em>Ni<\/em>) was also a very important deity, and sacrifices of white maize flour, red ochre, and other precious items were made to it. Prayers for fish and protection against drowning were also offered. Shrines (called <em>huacas<\/em>) developed in each district across Chimor, dedicated to an associated legend, deity, or cult of belief, depending on the region.\n<h1>The Fall of the Chim\u00fa<\/h1>\nThe end of the Chim\u00fa was brought about in the 1470s. They were conquered by the Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui, who led a fierce and well organized army northward. The Chim\u00fa were considered the last substantial rival culture standing in the way of the Inca conquest of the region.\n<h4 class=\"bcp-concept--collapsible-header collapsed\"><i class=\"icon-caret-down\" \/>Sources<\/h4>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Discuss distinguishing aspects of Chim\u00fa religion, craftsmanship, and agriculture<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Chim\u00fa expanded to cover a vast area and include many different ethnic groups along the northern coast of modern-day Peru.<\/li>\n<li>Chim\u00fa artisans made notable multi-colored textiles and monochromatic pottery and metalwork.<\/li>\n<li>In 1470, the Chim\u00fa were conquered by the Inca.<\/li>\n<li>The Chim\u00fa worshipped the Moon as the essential deity of fertility, good weather, and bountiful crops.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Terms<\/h3>\n<h4>Chan Chan<\/h4>\n<p>The capital of the Chim\u00fa culture. It is in modern-day Peru.<\/p>\n<h4>Chimor<\/h4>\n<p>The long swath of land along the northern coast of Peru that was ruled by the Chim\u00fa elite.<\/p>\n<h4>ciudadela<\/h4>\n<p>Any one of a number of walled cities in the Chim\u00fa capital of Chan Chan where elites consolidated power and artisans lived in organized groups to make prestige goods.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The Chim\u00fa were a culture that lasted from approximately 900 CE until 1470 CE along the northern coast of modern-day Peru, centered in the city of Chan Chan. This is not to be confused with the Early Chim\u00fa, a related group also known as the Moche that lived in the region until about 800 CE.<\/p>\n<p>The Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui led a campaign that conquered the Chim\u00fa around 1470 CE. This was just fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region. Consequently, Spanish chroniclers were able to record accounts of Chim\u00fa culture from individuals who had lived before the Inca conquest. Similarly, archaeological evidence suggests Chimor, the large coastal swath of land inhabited by Chim\u00fa culture, grew out of the remnants of Moche culture. Early Chim\u00fa ceramics in a high-sheen black, along with detailed and intricate precious metalworking, shared many of the same aspects as Moche craftsmanship.<\/p>\n<p>The mature Chim\u00fa culture developed in roughly the same territory where the Moche had existed centuries before, which made the Chim\u00fa another coastal culture. It was developed in the Moche Valley south of present-day Lima, northeast of Huarmey, and grew to include central present-day Trujillo, where the bureaucratic and artisanal capital of Chan Chan developed.<\/p>\n<p>The Chim\u00fa expansion also incorporated many different ethnic groups, including the Sic\u00e1n culture, which lasted independently until 1375. At its peak, the Chim\u00fa advanced to the limits of the desert coast, to the Jequetepeque Valley in the north, and Carabayallo in the south. Their expansion southward was stopped by the military power of the great valley of Lima.<\/p>\n<h1>Agriculture and Bureaucracy<\/h1>\n<p>The Chim\u00fa expanded and gained power over their 500-year growth through intensive farming techniques and hydraulic works, which joined valleys to form complexes. A few of these landmark agricultural\u00a0techniques included the following:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Huachaques<\/em>: These sunken farms included the removal of the top layer of earth and allowed farmers to work the moist, sandy soil underneath.<\/li>\n<li>Walk-in wells, similar to those of the Nazca, were developed to draw water.<\/li>\n<li>Large reservoirs were developed to retain water from river systems in this arid climate where water was an essential resource.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These systematic changes increased the productivity of the land, which multiplied Chim\u00fa wealth and likely contributed to the formation of a bureaucratic, hierarchical system.<\/p>\n<p>The Chim\u00fa cultivated beans, sweet potatoes, papayas, and cotton with their reservoir and irrigation systems. This focus on large-scale irrigation persisted until the Late Intermediate period. At this point, there was a shift to a more specialized system that focused on importing and redistributing resources from satellite communities. There appears to have been a complex network of sites that provided goods and services for Chim\u00fa subsistence.<\/p>\n<p>Many of these satellite areas produced commodities that the Chim\u00fa population based in the capital of Chan Chan could not. Some sites relied on marine resources, such as fish and precious shells. However, after the advent of agriculture, more sites developed further inland, where marine resources were harder to attain. These inland communities began raising llamas as a supplemental source of meat, but by the Late Intermediate period and Late Horizon, inland sites started to rely on llamas as an essential transportation and food resource.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/chimu-mantle.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"560\" height=\"560\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chim\u00fa mantle. The Chim\u00fa are known for their artisanal works, such as this mantle spun of multiple colored fibers sometime from 1000 to 1476 CE.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h1>Artisans<\/h1>\n<p>The capital of Chan Chan likely developed a complex bureaucracy due to the elite&#8217;s controlled access to information. This bureaucratic center imported raw materials from across Chimor, which were then processed into prestige goods by highly skilled artisans. The majority of the citizens in each <em>ciudadela<\/em> (walled cities in the capital of Chan Chan) were artisans. In the late Chim\u00fa, about 12,000 artisans lived and worked in Chan Chan alone. Artisans played an essential role in Chim\u00fa culture:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>They engaged in fishing, agriculture, craft work, and trade.<\/li>\n<li>Artisans were forbidden to change their profession, and were grouped in the <em>ciudadela<\/em> according to their area of specialization.<\/li>\n<li>Archeologists have noted a dramatic increase in Chim\u00fa craft production over time, and they believe that artisans may have been brought to Chan Chan from other areas taken as a result of Chim\u00fa conquest.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 478px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/chimu-cc-81.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"468\" height=\"480\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chim\u00fa pottery is distinctly monochromatic and bears a striking resemblance to Moche pottery.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h1>Pottery and Textiles<\/h1>\n<p>Though their textiles were multicolored, their pottery and metalwork are known for being monochromatic. The pottery is often in the shape of a creature, or has a human figure sitting or standing on a cuboid bottle. The shiny black finish of most Chim\u00fa pottery was achieved by firing the pottery at high temperatures in a closed kiln, which prevented oxygen from reacting with the clay.<\/p>\n<h1>Deities<\/h1>\n<p>The Chim\u00fa worshipped the Moon (<em>Si<\/em>) and considered it the greatest and most powerful of the deities. It was believed to be more powerful than the Sun, as it appeared by night and day, and was deeply linked with patterns in weather, fertility, and the growth of crops. Sacrifices of spondylus shells and other precious items were made to the Moon. Devotees sacrificed their own children on piles of colored cotton with offerings of fruit and chicha. They believed the sacrificed children, normally around the age of five, would become deified.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 629px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1745\/2017\/04\/18185641\/619px-Spondylus.jpg\" alt=\"image\" width=\"619\" height=\"480\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Spondylus shells were used as a currency and as offerings to the deities.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Animals and birds were also sacrificed to the Moon in order to appease this powerful entity. Two of the stars of Orion&#8217;s Belt were considered to be the emissaries of the Moon. The constellation Fur (the Pleiades) was also used to calculate the year and was believed to watch over the crops.<\/p>\n<p>The Sun was associated with stones called <em>alaec-pong<\/em> (cacique stone). These stones were believed to be ancestors of the people in the areas they were found. They were also considered to be sons of the Sun deity. Along with the Sun, the Sea (<em>Ni<\/em>) was also a very important deity, and sacrifices of white maize flour, red ochre, and other precious items were made to it. Prayers for fish and protection against drowning were also offered. Shrines (called <em>huacas<\/em>) developed in each district across Chimor, dedicated to an associated legend, deity, or cult of belief, depending on the region.<\/p>\n<h1>The Fall of the Chim\u00fa<\/h1>\n<p>The end of the Chim\u00fa was brought about in the 1470s. They were conquered by the Inca ruler Tupac Inca Yupanqui, who led a fierce and well organized army northward. The Chim\u00fa were considered the last substantial rival culture standing in the way of the Inca conquest of the region.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"bcp-concept--collapsible-header collapsed\"><i class=\"icon-caret-down\">Sources<\/i><\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-253\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Boundless World History. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/world-history\/textbooks\/boundless-world-history-textbook\/\">https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/world-history\/textbooks\/boundless-world-history-textbook\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":622,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Boundless World History\",\"author\":\"Boundless\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/world-history\/textbooks\/boundless-world-history-textbook\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-253","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":243,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/622"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/253\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/243"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/253\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=253"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=253"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=253"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}