{"id":47,"date":"2017-04-18T18:53:27","date_gmt":"2017-04-18T18:53:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-hccc-worldcivilization\/chapter\/the-chavin-civilization\/"},"modified":"2017-04-18T18:53:27","modified_gmt":"2017-04-18T18:53:27","slug":"the-chavin-civilization","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/chapter\/the-chavin-civilization\/","title":{"raw":"The Chav\u00edn Civilization","rendered":"The Chav\u00edn Civilization"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<ul><li>Describe the significance of the Chav\u00edn civilization<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>The Chav\u00edn civilization developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru between 900-250 BCE.<\/li>\n \t<li>\u00a0There were three stages of development: Urabarriu (900-500 BCE), Chakinani (500-400 BCE), and Jarabarriu (400-250 BCE).<\/li>\n \t<li>Chav\u00edn had a small, powerful elite that was legitimized through a claim to divine authority.<\/li>\n \t<li>The chief example of Chav\u00edn architecture is the Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar temple, the design of which displays a complex and innovative adaptation to the highland environment of Peru.<\/li>\n \t<li>The Chav\u00edn people showed advanced knowledge of acoustics, metallurgy, soldering, and temperature control. One of their main economic resources was ch'arki, or llama jerky.<\/li>\n \t<li>Chav\u00edn art represents the first widespread, recognizable artistic style in the Andes, and can be divided into two phases: the first phase corresponds to the construction of the \"Old Temple\" at Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar (c. 900-500 BCE); the second phase corresponds to the construction of Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar's \"New Temple\" (c. 500-200 BCE).<\/li>\n \t<li>Significant pieces of art include the Lanz\u00f3n, Tello Obelisk, and tenon heads.<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Terms<\/h3>\n<h4>camelids<\/h4>\nA mammal of the camel family (Camelidae).\n<h4>Lanz\u00f3n<\/h4>\nA stone stela found in the Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar temple.\n<h4>Tello Obelisk<\/h4>\nA huge sculpted shaft depicting a Chav\u00edn creation myth.\n<h4>ch'arki<\/h4>\nLlama jerky.\n<h4>Chav\u00edn civilization<\/h4>\nA civilization in the northern Andean highlands of Peru from 900-250 BCE, known for their construction of temples and their advancements in engineering and metallurgy.\n<h4>axis mundi<\/h4>\nA pivot point linking heaven, earth and the underworld.\n<h4>psychotropic drugs<\/h4>\nA chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, or consciousness.\n<h4>Urabarriu<\/h4>\nA stage of development in the Chav\u00edn civilization from 900-500 BCE.\n<h4>Chakinani<\/h4>\nA stage of development in the Chav\u00edn civilization from 500-400 BCE.\n<h4>Jarabarriu<\/h4>\nA stage of development in the Chav\u00edn civilization from 400-250 BCE.\n\n<\/div>\nThe Chav\u00edn civilization developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru between 900-250 BCE. Their influence extended to other civilizations along the coast. The Chav\u00edn civilization was located in the Mosna Valley, where the Mosna and Huachecsa rivers merge. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage site.\n<figure>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"250\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1745\/2017\/04\/18185327\/bda30mbdthk8vz8w4jhe.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"250\" height=\"271\" \/> Map Showing Location of the Chav\u00edn. This map shows the location of the Chav\u00edn culture, as well as the areas the Chav\u00edn influenced.[\/caption]<\/figure><h1>Stages of Development<\/h1>\nUrabarriu lasted from 900-500 BCE, and just a few hundred people lived at Chav\u00edn de Huantar. Ceramics were influenced by other cultures, and the people grew some maize and potatoes. Chakinani, from 500-400 BCE, was a transitional time, when residents migrated to the ceremonial center. From 400-250 BCE, Jarabarriu saw a dramatic increase in population, with an urban\/suburban pattern of settlement.\n<h1>Society<\/h1>\nChav\u00edn had a small, powerful elite that was legitimized through a claim to divine authority. These shamans were able to control and influence local citizens (probably partially\u00a0through the use of psychotropic drugs), and were able to plan and carry out construction of temples and stone-walled galleries.\n<h1>Architecture<\/h1>\nThe chief example of Chav\u00edn architecture is the Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar temple. The temple's design shows complex innovation to adapt to the highland environment of Peru. To avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season, the Chav\u00edn people created a successful drainage system with canals under the temple structure; the rushing water during the rainy season sounds like one of the Chav\u00edn's sacred animals, the jaguar.\n<h1>Economic Activity<\/h1>\nThe Chav\u00edn people showed advanced knowledge of acoustics, metallurgy, soldering, and temperature control to accommodate the rainy season. The Chav\u00edn were also skilled in developing refined goldwork, and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering.\n\nThe Chav\u00edn people domesticated camelids, such as llamas, which were used as pack animals, and for fiber and meat. The Chavin produced ch'arki, or llama jerky, which was commonly traded by camelid herders and was the main economic resource for the Chav\u00edn people. They also successfully cultivated several crops, including potatoes, quinoa, and maize. They developed an irrigation system to assist the growth of these crops.\n<h1>Art<\/h1>\nChav\u00edn art represents the first widespread, recognizable artistic style in the Andes, and can be divided into two phases: the first phase corresponds to the construction of the \"Old Temple\" at Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar (c. 900-500 BCE); the second phase corresponds to the construction of Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar's \"New Temple\" (c. 500-200 BCE). The Old Temple featured the Lanz\u00f3n, which was housed in a central cruciform chamber in a labyrinth of underground passages. The Lanz\u00f3n functions as axis mundi, or a pivot point linking the heavens, earth, and underworld.\n<figure>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/np16bjwytluzqoxpzyfg.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"640\" height=\"479\" \/> The Lanz\u00f3n at Chav\u00edn. Shown here is the most important stela statue of the central deity of the Chav\u00edn, called the Lanz\u00f3n.[\/caption]<\/figure>\nChav\u00edn art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings, sculptures and pottery. Artists depicted exotic creatures found in other regions, such as jaguars and eagles, rather than local plants and animals. The feline figure is one of the most important motifs seen in Chav\u00edn art. It has an important religious meaning and is repeated on many carvings and sculptures. Eagles are also commonly seen throughout Chav\u00edn art. It was intentionally difficult to interpret and understand, as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone.\n<figure>\n\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"640\"]<img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/0hzp4rihqa8b3yhkbxqn.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" \/> Incised Strombus-Shell Trumpet. This shell trumpet was likely used in ceremonies. The incised designs show a person of high rank playing a shell trumpet, surrounded by snakes.[\/caption]<\/figure>\nThe Tello Obelisk is a huge sculpted shaft decorated with images of plants, animals, including caymans and birds, and humans, which may be portraying a creation myth. Tenon heads are massive stone carvings of fanged jaguar heads, found at the tops of interior walls in Chav\u00edn de Huantar.\n<h1>Influence<\/h1>\nChav\u00edn had wide-ranging influence, with its art and architecture styles spreading for miles around. There is little evidence of warfare in Chav\u00edn relics; instead, local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions.\n<h4 class=\"bcp-concept--collapsible-header collapsed\">Sources<\/h4>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the significance of the Chav\u00edn civilization<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>The Chav\u00edn civilization developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru between 900-250 BCE.<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0There were three stages of development: Urabarriu (900-500 BCE), Chakinani (500-400 BCE), and Jarabarriu (400-250 BCE).<\/li>\n<li>Chav\u00edn had a small, powerful elite that was legitimized through a claim to divine authority.<\/li>\n<li>The chief example of Chav\u00edn architecture is the Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar temple, the design of which displays a complex and innovative adaptation to the highland environment of Peru.<\/li>\n<li>The Chav\u00edn people showed advanced knowledge of acoustics, metallurgy, soldering, and temperature control. One of their main economic resources was ch&#8217;arki, or llama jerky.<\/li>\n<li>Chav\u00edn art represents the first widespread, recognizable artistic style in the Andes, and can be divided into two phases: the first phase corresponds to the construction of the &#8220;Old Temple&#8221; at Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar (c. 900-500 BCE); the second phase corresponds to the construction of Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar&#8217;s &#8220;New Temple&#8221; (c. 500-200 BCE).<\/li>\n<li>Significant pieces of art include the Lanz\u00f3n, Tello Obelisk, and tenon heads.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Terms<\/h3>\n<h4>camelids<\/h4>\n<p>A mammal of the camel family (Camelidae).<\/p>\n<h4>Lanz\u00f3n<\/h4>\n<p>A stone stela found in the Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar temple.<\/p>\n<h4>Tello Obelisk<\/h4>\n<p>A huge sculpted shaft depicting a Chav\u00edn creation myth.<\/p>\n<h4>ch&#8217;arki<\/h4>\n<p>Llama jerky.<\/p>\n<h4>Chav\u00edn civilization<\/h4>\n<p>A civilization in the northern Andean highlands of Peru from 900-250 BCE, known for their construction of temples and their advancements in engineering and metallurgy.<\/p>\n<h4>axis mundi<\/h4>\n<p>A pivot point linking heaven, earth and the underworld.<\/p>\n<h4>psychotropic drugs<\/h4>\n<p>A chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, or consciousness.<\/p>\n<h4>Urabarriu<\/h4>\n<p>A stage of development in the Chav\u00edn civilization from 900-500 BCE.<\/p>\n<h4>Chakinani<\/h4>\n<p>A stage of development in the Chav\u00edn civilization from 500-400 BCE.<\/p>\n<h4>Jarabarriu<\/h4>\n<p>A stage of development in the Chav\u00edn civilization from 400-250 BCE.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The Chav\u00edn civilization developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru between 900-250 BCE. Their influence extended to other civilizations along the coast. The Chav\u00edn civilization was located in the Mosna Valley, where the Mosna and Huachecsa rivers merge. It is now a UNESCO World Heritage site.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 260px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1745\/2017\/04\/18185327\/bda30mbdthk8vz8w4jhe.png\" alt=\"image\" width=\"250\" height=\"271\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Map Showing Location of the Chav\u00edn. This map shows the location of the Chav\u00edn culture, as well as the areas the Chav\u00edn influenced.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<h1>Stages of Development<\/h1>\n<p>Urabarriu lasted from 900-500 BCE, and just a few hundred people lived at Chav\u00edn de Huantar. Ceramics were influenced by other cultures, and the people grew some maize and potatoes. Chakinani, from 500-400 BCE, was a transitional time, when residents migrated to the ceremonial center. From 400-250 BCE, Jarabarriu saw a dramatic increase in population, with an urban\/suburban pattern of settlement.<\/p>\n<h1>Society<\/h1>\n<p>Chav\u00edn had a small, powerful elite that was legitimized through a claim to divine authority. These shamans were able to control and influence local citizens (probably partially\u00a0through the use of psychotropic drugs), and were able to plan and carry out construction of temples and stone-walled galleries.<\/p>\n<h1>Architecture<\/h1>\n<p>The chief example of Chav\u00edn architecture is the Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar temple. The temple&#8217;s design shows complex innovation to adapt to the highland environment of Peru. To avoid flooding and the destruction of the temple during the rainy season, the Chav\u00edn people created a successful drainage system with canals under the temple structure; the rushing water during the rainy season sounds like one of the Chav\u00edn&#8217;s sacred animals, the jaguar.<\/p>\n<h1>Economic Activity<\/h1>\n<p>The Chav\u00edn people showed advanced knowledge of acoustics, metallurgy, soldering, and temperature control to accommodate the rainy season. The Chav\u00edn were also skilled in developing refined goldwork, and used early techniques of melting metal and soldering.<\/p>\n<p>The Chav\u00edn people domesticated camelids, such as llamas, which were used as pack animals, and for fiber and meat. The Chavin produced ch&#8217;arki, or llama jerky, which was commonly traded by camelid herders and was the main economic resource for the Chav\u00edn people. They also successfully cultivated several crops, including potatoes, quinoa, and maize. They developed an irrigation system to assist the growth of these crops.<\/p>\n<h1>Art<\/h1>\n<p>Chav\u00edn art represents the first widespread, recognizable artistic style in the Andes, and can be divided into two phases: the first phase corresponds to the construction of the &#8220;Old Temple&#8221; at Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar (c. 900-500 BCE); the second phase corresponds to the construction of Chav\u00edn de Hu\u00e1ntar&#8217;s &#8220;New Temple&#8221; (c. 500-200 BCE). The Old Temple featured the Lanz\u00f3n, which was housed in a central cruciform chamber in a labyrinth of underground passages. The Lanz\u00f3n functions as axis mundi, or a pivot point linking the heavens, earth, and underworld.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/np16bjwytluzqoxpzyfg.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"640\" height=\"479\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">The Lanz\u00f3n at Chav\u00edn. Shown here is the most important stela statue of the central deity of the Chav\u00edn, called the Lanz\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>Chav\u00edn art decorated the walls of the temple and includes carvings, sculptures and pottery. Artists depicted exotic creatures found in other regions, such as jaguars and eagles, rather than local plants and animals. The feline figure is one of the most important motifs seen in Chav\u00edn art. It has an important religious meaning and is repeated on many carvings and sculptures. Eagles are also commonly seen throughout Chav\u00edn art. It was intentionally difficult to interpret and understand, as it was meant to be read by the high priests alone.<\/p>\n<figure>\n<div style=\"width: 650px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/BLworldhist\/0hzp4rihqa8b3yhkbxqn.jpe#fixme#fixme#fixme\" alt=\"image\" width=\"640\" height=\"448\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Incised Strombus-Shell Trumpet. This shell trumpet was likely used in ceremonies. The incised designs show a person of high rank playing a shell trumpet, surrounded by snakes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/figure>\n<p>The Tello Obelisk is a huge sculpted shaft decorated with images of plants, animals, including caymans and birds, and humans, which may be portraying a creation myth. Tenon heads are massive stone carvings of fanged jaguar heads, found at the tops of interior walls in Chav\u00edn de Huantar.<\/p>\n<h1>Influence<\/h1>\n<p>Chav\u00edn had wide-ranging influence, with its art and architecture styles spreading for miles around. There is little evidence of warfare in Chav\u00edn relics; instead, local citizens were likely controlled by a combination of religious pressure and environmental conditions.<\/p>\n<h4 class=\"bcp-concept--collapsible-header collapsed\">Sources<\/h4>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-47\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Boundless World History. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/world-history\/textbooks\/boundless-world-history-textbook\/\">https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/world-history\/textbooks\/boundless-world-history-textbook\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":622,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Boundless World History\",\"author\":\"Boundless\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/world-history\/textbooks\/boundless-world-history-textbook\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-47","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":40,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/47","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/622"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/47\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/40"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/47\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=47"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=47"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-herkimer-worldcivilization\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=47"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}