{"id":528,"date":"2016-08-23T23:48:43","date_gmt":"2016-08-23T23:48:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/americangovernment\/?post_type=chapter&p=528"},"modified":"2016-08-23T23:48:43","modified_gmt":"2016-08-23T23:48:43","slug":"glossary-5","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-americangovernment\/chapter\/glossary-5\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"

What Are Civil Rights and How Do We Identify Them?<\/h2>\r\naffirmative action<\/strong> the use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination\r\n\r\nblack codes<\/strong> laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed slaves and other blacks and deprived them of their rights\r\n\r\nequal protection clause<\/strong> a provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law\r\n\r\nintermediate scrutiny<\/strong> the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women\r\n\r\nrational basis test<\/strong> the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens\r\n\r\nstrict scrutiny<\/strong> the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate a compelling governmental interest is at stake and no alternative means are available to accomplish its goals\r\n

The African American Struggle for Equality<\/h2>\r\nBrown v. Board of Education<\/em><\/strong> the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson<\/em> and declared segregation and \"separate but equal\" to be unconstitutional in public education\r\n\r\ncivil disobedience<\/strong> an action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust\r\n\r\nde facto<\/em> segregation<\/strong> segregation that results from the private choices of individuals\r\n\r\nde jure<\/em> segregation<\/strong> segregation that results from government discrimination\r\n\r\ndirect action<\/strong> civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations\r\n\r\ndisenfranchisement<\/strong> the revocation of someone\u2019s right to vote\r\n\r\ngrandfather clause<\/strong> the provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate whites to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified\r\n\r\nJim Crow laws<\/strong> state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction\r\n\r\nliteracy tests<\/strong> tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities\r\n\r\nPlessy v. Ferguson<\/em><\/strong> the 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed \"separate but equal\" racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment\r\n\r\npoll tax<\/strong> annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote\r\n\r\nReconstruction<\/strong> the period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union\r\n\r\nunderstanding tests<\/strong> tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text or to answer questions related to citizenship; often used as a way to disenfranchise black voters\r\n\r\nwhite primary<\/strong> a primary election in which only whites are allowed to vote\r\n

The Fight for Women\u2019s Rights<\/h2>\r\ncomparable worth<\/strong> a doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education, responsibility, training, or working conditions\r\n\r\ncoverture<\/strong> a legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased\r\n\r\nEqual Rights Amendment (ERA)<\/strong> the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex\r\n\r\nglass ceiling<\/strong> an invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization\u2014including corporations, governments, academic institutions, and religious organizations\r\n\r\nTitle IX<\/strong> the section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex\r\n

Civil Rights for Indigenous Groups: Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hawaiians<\/h2>\r\nAmerican Indian Movement (AIM)<\/strong> the Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973\r\n\r\nTrail of Tears<\/strong> the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838\u20131839\r\n

Equal Protection for Other Groups<\/h2>\r\nChicano<\/strong> a term adopted by some Mexican American civil rights activists to describe themselves and those like them\r\n\r\nhate crime<\/strong> harassment, bullying, or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that person\u2019s sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability\r\n\r\nStonewall Inn<\/strong> a bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT community there","rendered":"

What Are Civil Rights and How Do We Identify Them?<\/h2>\n

affirmative action<\/strong> the use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination<\/p>\n

black codes<\/strong> laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed slaves and other blacks and deprived them of their rights<\/p>\n

equal protection clause<\/strong> a provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law<\/p>\n

intermediate scrutiny<\/strong> the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women<\/p>\n

rational basis test<\/strong> the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens<\/p>\n

strict scrutiny<\/strong> the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate a compelling governmental interest is at stake and no alternative means are available to accomplish its goals<\/p>\n

The African American Struggle for Equality<\/h2>\n

Brown v. Board of Education<\/em><\/strong> the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson<\/em> and declared segregation and “separate but equal” to be unconstitutional in public education<\/p>\n

civil disobedience<\/strong> an action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust<\/p>\n

de facto<\/em> segregation<\/strong> segregation that results from the private choices of individuals<\/p>\n

de jure<\/em> segregation<\/strong> segregation that results from government discrimination<\/p>\n

direct action<\/strong> civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations<\/p>\n

disenfranchisement<\/strong> the revocation of someone\u2019s right to vote<\/p>\n

grandfather clause<\/strong> the provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate whites to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified<\/p>\n

Jim Crow laws<\/strong> state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction<\/p>\n

literacy tests<\/strong> tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities<\/p>\n

Plessy v. Ferguson<\/em><\/strong> the 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed “separate but equal” racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment<\/p>\n

poll tax<\/strong> annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote<\/p>\n

Reconstruction<\/strong> the period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union<\/p>\n

understanding tests<\/strong> tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text or to answer questions related to citizenship; often used as a way to disenfranchise black voters<\/p>\n

white primary<\/strong> a primary election in which only whites are allowed to vote<\/p>\n

The Fight for Women\u2019s Rights<\/h2>\n

comparable worth<\/strong> a doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education, responsibility, training, or working conditions<\/p>\n

coverture<\/strong> a legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased<\/p>\n

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)<\/strong> the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex<\/p>\n

glass ceiling<\/strong> an invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization\u2014including corporations, governments, academic institutions, and religious organizations<\/p>\n

Title IX<\/strong> the section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex<\/p>\n

Civil Rights for Indigenous Groups: Native Americans, Alaskans, and Hawaiians<\/h2>\n

American Indian Movement (AIM)<\/strong> the Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973<\/p>\n

Trail of Tears<\/strong> the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838\u20131839<\/p>\n

Equal Protection for Other Groups<\/h2>\n

Chicano<\/strong> a term adopted by some Mexican American civil rights activists to describe themselves and those like them<\/p>\n

hate crime<\/strong> harassment, bullying, or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that person\u2019s sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability<\/p>\n

Stonewall Inn<\/strong> a bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBT community there<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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