{"id":710,"date":"2016-11-12T21:06:25","date_gmt":"2016-11-12T21:06:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/suny-monroecc-hed110\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=710"},"modified":"2016-11-12T21:11:17","modified_gmt":"2016-11-12T21:11:17","slug":"depression","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/chapter\/depression\/","title":{"raw":"Depression","rendered":"Depression"},"content":{"raw":"<section id=\"part_145398\">Depression (<strong>major depressive disorder<\/strong> or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. To be diagnosed with depression, the <strong>symptoms must be present for at least two weeks<\/strong>. Some forms of depression are slightly different, or they may develop under unique circumstances, such as:\r\n<ul class=\"ul_default\">\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\"><strong>Persistent depressive disorder <\/strong>(also called dysthymia) is a depressed mood that <strong>lasts for at least two years.<\/strong> A person diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder may have episodes of major depression along with periods of less severe symptoms, but symptoms must last for two years to be considered persistent depressive disorder.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\"><strong>Perinatal depression <\/strong>is much more serious than the \u201cbaby blues\u201d (relatively mild depressive and anxiety symptoms that typically clear within two weeks after delivery) that many women experience after giving birth. Women with perinatal depression experience full-blown major depression during pregnancy or after delivery (postpartum depression). The feelings of extreme sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion that accompany perinatal depression may make it difficult for these new mothers to complete daily care activities for themselves and\/or for their babies.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\"><strong>Psychotic depression <\/strong>occurs when a person has severe depression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing false fixed beliefs (delusions) or hearing or seeing upsetting things that others cannot hear or see (hallucinations). The psychotic symptoms typically have a depressive \u201ctheme,\u201d such as delusions of guilt, poverty, or illness.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\"><strong>Seasonal affective disorder <\/strong>is characterized by the onset of depression during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight. This depression generally lifts during spring and summer. Winter depression, typically accompanied by social withdrawal, increased sleep, and weight gain, predictably returns every year in seasonal affective disorder.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/bipolar-disorder\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Bipolar disorder<\/strong><\/a> is different from depression, but it is included in this list is because someone with bipolar disorder experiences episodes of extremely low moods that meet the criteria for major depression (called \u201cbipolar depression\u201d). But a person with bipolar disorder also experiences extreme high \u2013 euphoric or irritable \u2013 moods called \u201cmania\u201d or a less severe form called \u201chypomania.\u201d<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"part_145397\">\r\n<h2>Signs and Symptoms<\/h2>\r\nIf you have been experiencing some of the following signs and symptoms most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks, you may be suffering from depression:\r\n<ul class=\"ul_default\">\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Persistent sad, anxious, or \u201cempty\u201d mood<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Feelings of hopelessness, or pessimism<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Irritability<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Decreased energy or fatigue<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Moving or talking more slowly<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Feeling restless or having trouble sitting still<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Difficulty sleeping, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Appetite and\/or weight changes<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems without a clear physical cause and\/or that do not ease even with treatment<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nNot everyone who is depressed experiences every symptom. Some people experience only a few symptoms while others may experience many. Several persistent symptoms in addition to low mood are required for a diagnosis of major depression, but people with only a few \u2013 but distressing \u2013 symptoms may benefit from treatment of their \u201csubsyndromal\u201d depression. The severity and frequency of symptoms and how long they last will vary depending on the individual and his or her particular illness. Symptoms may also vary depending on the stage of the illness.\r\n\r\n<\/section><section id=\"part_145396\">\r\n<h2>Risk Factors<\/h2>\r\nDepression is one of the most common mental disorders in the U.S. Current research suggests that depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.\r\n\r\nDepression can happen at any age, but often begins in adulthood. Depression is now recognized as occurring in children and adolescents, although it sometimes presents with more prominent irritability than low mood. Many chronic mood and anxiety disorders in adults begin as high levels of anxiety in children.\r\n\r\nDepression, especially in midlife or older adults, can co-occur with other serious medical illnesses, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. These conditions are often worse when depression is present. Sometimes medications taken for these physical illnesses may cause side effects that contribute to depression. A doctor experienced in treating these complicated illnesses can help work out the best treatment strategy.\r\n\r\nRisk factors include:\r\n<ul class=\"ul_default\">\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Personal or family history of depression<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Major life changes, trauma, or stress<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Certain physical illnesses and medications<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section><section id=\"part_145399\">\r\n<h2>Treatment and Therapies<\/h2>\r\nDepression, even the most severe cases, can be treated. The earlier that treatment can begin, the more effective it is. Depression is usually treated with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">medications<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/psychotherapies\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">psychotherapy<\/a>, or a combination of the two. If these treatments do not reduce symptoms, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and other brain stimulation therapies may be options to explore.\r\n<div class=\"setout\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> No two people are affected the same way by depression and there is no \"one-size-fits-all\" for treatment. It may take some trial and error to find the treatment that works best for you.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"setout\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Please Note:<\/strong> In some cases, children, teenagers, and young adults under 25 may experience an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants, especially in the first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. This warning (referred to as a <strong>Black Box warning<\/strong>) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also says that patients of all ages taking antidepressants should be watched closely, especially during the first few weeks of treatment.\r\n<h3>Beyond Treatment: Things You Can Do<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\nHere are other tips that may help you or a loved one during treatment for depression:\r\n<ul class=\"ul_default\">\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Try to be active and exercise.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Set realistic goals for yourself.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Try to spend time with other people and confide in a trusted friend or relative.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Try not to isolate yourself, and let others help you.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Expect your mood to improve gradually, not immediately.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Postpone important decisions, such as getting married or divorced, or changing jobs until you feel better. Discuss decisions with others who know you well and have a more objective view of your situation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li class=\"generic-container\">Continue to educate yourself about depression.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"<section id=\"part_145398\">Depression (<strong>major depressive disorder<\/strong> or clinical depression) is a common but serious mood disorder. It causes severe symptoms that affect how you feel, think, and handle daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or working. To be diagnosed with depression, the <strong>symptoms must be present for at least two weeks<\/strong>. Some forms of depression are slightly different, or they may develop under unique circumstances, such as:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul_default\">\n<li class=\"generic-container\"><strong>Persistent depressive disorder <\/strong>(also called dysthymia) is a depressed mood that <strong>lasts for at least two years.<\/strong> A person diagnosed with persistent depressive disorder may have episodes of major depression along with periods of less severe symptoms, but symptoms must last for two years to be considered persistent depressive disorder.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\"><strong>Perinatal depression <\/strong>is much more serious than the \u201cbaby blues\u201d (relatively mild depressive and anxiety symptoms that typically clear within two weeks after delivery) that many women experience after giving birth. Women with perinatal depression experience full-blown major depression during pregnancy or after delivery (postpartum depression). The feelings of extreme sadness, anxiety, and exhaustion that accompany perinatal depression may make it difficult for these new mothers to complete daily care activities for themselves and\/or for their babies.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\"><strong>Psychotic depression <\/strong>occurs when a person has severe depression plus some form of psychosis, such as having disturbing false fixed beliefs (delusions) or hearing or seeing upsetting things that others cannot hear or see (hallucinations). The psychotic symptoms typically have a depressive \u201ctheme,\u201d such as delusions of guilt, poverty, or illness.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\"><strong>Seasonal affective disorder <\/strong>is characterized by the onset of depression during the winter months, when there is less natural sunlight. This depression generally lifts during spring and summer. Winter depression, typically accompanied by social withdrawal, increased sleep, and weight gain, predictably returns every year in seasonal affective disorder.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/bipolar-disorder\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>Bipolar disorder<\/strong><\/a> is different from depression, but it is included in this list is because someone with bipolar disorder experiences episodes of extremely low moods that meet the criteria for major depression (called \u201cbipolar depression\u201d). But a person with bipolar disorder also experiences extreme high \u2013 euphoric or irritable \u2013 moods called \u201cmania\u201d or a less severe form called \u201chypomania.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"part_145397\">\n<h2>Signs and Symptoms<\/h2>\n<p>If you have been experiencing some of the following signs and symptoms most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks, you may be suffering from depression:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul_default\">\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Persistent sad, anxious, or \u201cempty\u201d mood<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Feelings of hopelessness, or pessimism<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Irritability<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Decreased energy or fatigue<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Moving or talking more slowly<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Feeling restless or having trouble sitting still<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Difficulty sleeping, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Appetite and\/or weight changes<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Aches or pains, headaches, cramps, or digestive problems without a clear physical cause and\/or that do not ease even with treatment<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Not everyone who is depressed experiences every symptom. Some people experience only a few symptoms while others may experience many. Several persistent symptoms in addition to low mood are required for a diagnosis of major depression, but people with only a few \u2013 but distressing \u2013 symptoms may benefit from treatment of their \u201csubsyndromal\u201d depression. The severity and frequency of symptoms and how long they last will vary depending on the individual and his or her particular illness. Symptoms may also vary depending on the stage of the illness.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"part_145396\">\n<h2>Risk Factors<\/h2>\n<p>Depression is one of the most common mental disorders in the U.S. Current research suggests that depression is caused by a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors.<\/p>\n<p>Depression can happen at any age, but often begins in adulthood. Depression is now recognized as occurring in children and adolescents, although it sometimes presents with more prominent irritability than low mood. Many chronic mood and anxiety disorders in adults begin as high levels of anxiety in children.<\/p>\n<p>Depression, especially in midlife or older adults, can co-occur with other serious medical illnesses, such as diabetes, cancer, heart disease, and Parkinson\u2019s disease. These conditions are often worse when depression is present. Sometimes medications taken for these physical illnesses may cause side effects that contribute to depression. A doctor experienced in treating these complicated illnesses can help work out the best treatment strategy.<\/p>\n<p>Risk factors include:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul_default\">\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Personal or family history of depression<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Major life changes, trauma, or stress<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Certain physical illnesses and medications<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"part_145399\">\n<h2>Treatment and Therapies<\/h2>\n<p>Depression, even the most severe cases, can be treated. The earlier that treatment can begin, the more effective it is. Depression is usually treated with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/mental-health-medications\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">medications<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/psychotherapies\/index.shtml\" target=\"_blank\">psychotherapy<\/a>, or a combination of the two. If these treatments do not reduce symptoms, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) and other brain stimulation therapies may be options to explore.<\/p>\n<div class=\"setout\">\n<p><strong>Quick Tip:<\/strong> No two people are affected the same way by depression and there is no &#8220;one-size-fits-all&#8221; for treatment. It may take some trial and error to find the treatment that works best for you.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"setout\">\n<p><strong>Please Note:<\/strong> In some cases, children, teenagers, and young adults under 25 may experience an increase in suicidal thoughts or behavior when taking antidepressants, especially in the first few weeks after starting or when the dose is changed. This warning (referred to as a <strong>Black Box warning<\/strong>) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) also says that patients of all ages taking antidepressants should be watched closely, especially during the first few weeks of treatment.<\/p>\n<h3>Beyond Treatment: Things You Can Do<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<p>Here are other tips that may help you or a loved one during treatment for depression:<\/p>\n<ul class=\"ul_default\">\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Try to be active and exercise.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Set realistic goals for yourself.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Try to spend time with other people and confide in a trusted friend or relative.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Try not to isolate yourself, and let others help you.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Expect your mood to improve gradually, not immediately.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Postpone important decisions, such as getting married or divorced, or changing jobs until you feel better. Discuss decisions with others who know you well and have a more objective view of your situation.<\/li>\n<li class=\"generic-container\">Continue to educate yourself about depression.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-710\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Depression. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: National Institute of Mental Health. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: National Institutes of Health. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression\/index.shtml\">https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression\/index.shtml<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":375,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Depression\",\"author\":\"National Institute of Mental Health\",\"organization\":\"National Institutes of Health\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/depression\/index.shtml\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-710","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":45,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/710","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/375"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/710\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":717,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/710\/revisions\/717"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/45"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/710\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=710"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=710"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=710"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/atd-monroecc-healthed\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=710"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}