It\u2019s easy to take symbols for granted. Few people challenge or even think about stick figure signs on the doors of public bathrooms. But those figures are more than just symbols that tell men and women which bathrooms to use. They also uphold the value, in the United States, that public restrooms should be gender exclusive. Even though stalls are relatively private, most places don\u2019t offer unisex bathrooms.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_947\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"536\"]![\"The](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/05\/08025712\/Screen-Shot-2016-05-07-at-10.56.46-PM.png\")
Some road signs are universal. But how would you interpret the signage on the right? (Photo (a) courtesy of Andrew Bain\/flickr; Photo (b) courtesy of HonzaSoukup\/flickr)[\/caption]\r\n
Symbols often get noticed when they are out of context. Used unconventionally, they convey strong messages. A stop sign on the door of a corporation makes a political statement, as does a camouflage military jacket worn in an antiwar protest. Together, the semaphore signals for \u201cN\u201d and \u201cD\u201d represent nuclear disarmament\u2014and form the well-known peace sign (Westcott 2008). Today, some college students have taken to wearing pajamas and bedroom slippers to class, clothing that was formerly associated only with privacy and bedtime. Though students might deny it, the outfit defies traditional cultural norms and makes a statement.<\/p>\r\n
Even the destruction of symbols is symbolic. Effigies representing public figures are burned to demonstrate anger at certain leaders. In 1989, crowds tore down the Berlin Wall, a decades-old symbol of the division between East and West Germany, communism, and capitalism.<\/p>\r\n
While different cultures have varying systems of symbols, one symbol is common to all: language. Language<\/span><\/strong> is a symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. Some languages contain a system of symbols used for written communication, while others rely on only spoken communication and nonverbal actions.<\/p>\r\n Societies often share a single language, and many languages contain the same basic elements. An alphabet is a written system made of symbolic shapes that refer to spoken sound. Taken together, these symbols convey specific meanings. The English alphabet uses a combination of twenty-six letters to create words; these twenty-six letters make up over 600,000 recognized English words (OED Online 2011).<\/p>\r\n Rules for speaking and writing vary even within cultures, most notably by region. Do you refer to a can of carbonated liquid as \u201csoda,\u201d pop,\u201d or \u201cCoke\u201d? Is a household entertainment room a \u201cfamily room,\u201d \u201crec room,\u201d or \u201cden\u201d? When leaving a restaurant, do you ask your server for a \u201ccheck,\u201d the \u201cticket,\u201d or your \u201cbill\u201d?<\/p>\r\n Language is constantly evolving as societies create new ideas. In this age of technology, people have adapted almost instantly to new nouns such as \u201ce-mail\u201d and \u201cInternet,\u201d and verbs such as \u201cdownloading,\u201d \u201ctexting,\u201d and \u201cblogging.\u201d Twenty years ago, the general public would have considered these nonsense words.<\/p>\r\nEven while it constantly evolves, language continues to shape our reality. This insight was established in the 1920s by two linguists, Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf. They believed that reality is culturally determined, and that any interpretation of reality is based on a society\u2019s language. To prove this point, the sociologists argued that every language has words or expressions specific to that language. In the United States, for example, the number thirteen is associated with bad luck. In Japan, however, the number four is considered unlucky, since it is pronounced similarly to the Japanese word for \u201cdeath.\u201d\r\n The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis<\/span><\/strong> is based on the idea that people experience their world through their language, and that they therefore understand their world through the culture embedded in their language. The hypothesis, which has also been called linguistic relativity, states that language shapes thought (Swoyer 2003). Studies have shown, for instance, that unless people have access to the word \u201cambivalent,\u201d they don\u2019t recognize an experience of uncertainty from having conflicting positive and negative feelings about one issue. Essentially, the hypothesis argues, if a person can\u2019t describe the experience, the person is not having the experience.<\/p>\r\n\r\n The science-fiction novel, Babel-17<\/em>, by Samuel R. Delaney was based upon the principles of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Read an excerpt from the novel here.<\/a><\/p>\r\nWatch this RSA Animate <\/a>\u00a0from psychologist Stephen Pinker\u00a0to see examples of how language influences our relationships.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n In addition to using language, people communicate without words. Nonverbal communication is symbolic, and, as in the case of language, much of it is learned through one\u2019s culture. Some gestures are nearly universal: smiles often represent joy, and crying often represents sadness. Other nonverbal symbols vary across cultural contexts in their meaning. A thumbs-up, for example, indicates positive reinforcement in the United States, whereas in Russia and Australia, it is an offensive curse (Passero 2002). Other gestures vary in meaning depending on the situation and the person. A wave of the hand can mean many things, depending on how it\u2019s done and for whom. It may mean \u201chello,\u201d \u201cgoodbye,\u201d \u201cno thank you,\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m royalty.\u201d Winks convey a variety of messages, including \u201cWe have a secret,\u201d \u201cI\u2019m only kidding,\u201d or \u201cI\u2019m attracted to you.\u201d From a distance, a person can understand the emotional gist of two people in conversation just by watching their body language and facial expressions. Furrowed brows and folded arms indicate a serious topic, possibly an argument. Smiles, with heads lifted and arms open, suggest a lighthearted, friendly chat.<\/p>\r\n\r\n In 1991, when she was six years old, Lucy Alvarez attended a school that allowed for the use of both English and Spanish. Lucy\u2019s teacher was bilingual, the librarian offered bilingual books, and many of the school staff spoke both Spanish and English. Lucy and many of her classmates who spoke only Spanish at home were lucky. According to the U.S. Census, 13.8 percent of U.S. residents speak a non-English language at home. That\u2019s a significant figure, but not enough to ensure that Lucy would be encouraged to use her native language in school (Mount 2010).<\/p>\r\n Lucy\u2019s parents, who moved to Texas from Mexico, struggled under the pressure to speak English. Lucy might easily have gotten lost and left behind if she\u2019d felt the same pressure in school. In 2008, researchers from Johns Hopkins University conducted a series of studies on the effects of bilingual education (Slavin et al. 2008). They found that students taught in both their native tongue and English make better progress than those taught only in English.<\/p>\r\n Technically, the United States has no official language. But many believe English to be the rightful language of the United States, and over thirty states have passed laws specifying English as the official tongue. Proponents of English-only laws suggest that a national ruling will save money on translation, printing, and human resource costs, including funding for bilingual teachers. They argue that setting English as the official language will encourage non-English speakers to learn English faster and adapt to the culture of the United States more easily (Mount 2010).<\/p>\r\nGroups such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) oppose making English the official language and claim that it violates the rights of non-English speakers. English-only laws, they believe, deny the reality of our nation\u2019s diversity and unfairly target Latinos and Asians. They point to the fact that much of the debate on this topic has risen since 1970, a time when the United States experienced new waves of immigration from Asia and Mexico.\r\n Today, a lot of product information gets written in multiple languages. Enter a store like Home Depot and you\u2019ll find signs in both English and Spanish. Buy a children\u2019s product, and the safety warnings could be presented in multiple languages. While marketers are financially motivated to reach the largest number of consumers possible, this trend also may help people acclimate to a culture of bilingualism.<\/p>\r\nStudies show that most U.S. immigrants eventually abandon their native tongues and become fluent in English. Bilingual education helps with that transition. Today, Lucy Alvarez is an ambitious and high-achieving college student. Fluent in both English and Spanish, Lucy is studying law enforcement\u2014a field that seeks bilingual employees. The same bilingualism that contributed to her success in grade school will help her thrive professionally as a law officer serving her community.\r\n<\/span><\/span>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"304\"] 2. The notion that people cannot feel or experience something that they do not have a word for can be explained by:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n [reveal-answer q=\"848705\"]Show Glossary[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"848705\"]<\/p>\r\n\r\n [\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n\r\n Humans, consciously and subconsciously, are always striving to make sense of their surrounding world. Symbols<\/span><\/strong>\u2014such as gestures, signs, objects, signals, and words\u2014help people understand that world. They provide clues to understanding experiences by conveying recognizable meanings that are shared by societies.<\/p>\n The world is filled with symbols. Sports uniforms, company logos, and traffic signs are symbols. In some cultures, a gold ring is a symbol of marriage. Some symbols are highly functional; stop signs, for instance, provide useful instruction. As physical objects, they belong to material culture, but because they function as symbols, they also convey nonmaterial cultural meanings. Some symbols are valuable only in what they represent. Trophies, blue ribbons, or gold medals, for example, serve no other purpose than to represent accomplishments. But many objects have both material and nonmaterial symbolic value.<\/p>\n A police officer\u2019s badge and uniform are symbols of authority and law enforcement. The sight of an officer in uniform or a squad car triggers reassurance in some citizens, and annoyance, fear, or anger in others.<\/p>\n It\u2019s easy to take symbols for granted. Few people challenge or even think about stick figure signs on the doors of public bathrooms. But those figures are more than just symbols that tell men and women which bathrooms to use. They also uphold the value, in the United States, that public restrooms should be gender exclusive. Even though stalls are relatively private, most places don\u2019t offer unisex bathrooms.<\/p>\n Some road signs are universal. But how would you interpret the signage on the right? (Photo (a) courtesy of Andrew Bain\/flickr; Photo (b) courtesy of HonzaSoukup\/flickr)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n Symbols often get noticed when they are out of context. Used unconventionally, they convey strong messages. A stop sign on the door of a corporation makes a political statement, as does a camouflage military jacket worn in an antiwar protest. Together, the semaphore signals for \u201cN\u201d and \u201cD\u201d represent nuclear disarmament\u2014and form the well-known peace sign (Westcott 2008). Today, some college students have taken to wearing pajamas and bedroom slippers to class, clothing that was formerly associated only with privacy and bedtime. Though students might deny it, the outfit defies traditional cultural norms and makes a statement.<\/p>\n Even the destruction of symbols is symbolic. Effigies representing public figures are burned to demonstrate anger at certain leaders. In 1989, crowds tore down the Berlin Wall, a decades-old symbol of the division between East and West Germany, communism, and capitalism.<\/p>\n While different cultures have varying systems of symbols, one symbol is common to all: language. Language<\/span><\/strong> is a symbolic system through which people communicate and through which culture is transmitted. Some languages contain a system of symbols used for written communication, while others rely on only spoken communication and nonverbal actions.<\/p>\n Societies often share a single language, and many languages contain the same basic elements. An alphabet is a written system made of symbolic shapes that refer to spoken sound. Taken together, these symbols convey specific meanings. The English alphabet uses a combination of twenty-six letters to create words; these twenty-six letters make up over 600,000 recognized English words (OED Online 2011).<\/p>\n Rules for speaking and writing vary even within cultures, most notably by region. Do you refer to a can of carbonated liquid as \u201csoda,\u201d pop,\u201d or \u201cCoke\u201d? Is a household entertainment room a \u201cfamily room,\u201d \u201crec room,\u201d or \u201cden\u201d? When leaving a restaurant, do you ask your server for a \u201ccheck,\u201d the \u201cticket,\u201d or your \u201cbill\u201d?<\/p>\n Language is constantly evolving as societies create new ideas. In this age of technology, people have adapted almost instantly to new nouns such as \u201ce-mail\u201d and \u201cInternet,\u201d and verbs such as \u201cdownloading,\u201d \u201ctexting,\u201d and \u201cblogging.\u201d Twenty years ago, the general public would have considered these nonsense words.<\/p>\n Even while it constantly evolves, language continues to shape our reality. This insight was established in the 1920s by two linguists, Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf. They believed that reality is culturally determined, and that any interpretation of reality is based on a society\u2019s language. To prove this point, the sociologists argued that every language has words or expressions specific to that language. In the United States, for example, the number thirteen is associated with bad luck. In Japan, however, the number four is considered unlucky, since it is pronounced similarly to the Japanese word for \u201cdeath.\u201d<\/p>\n The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis<\/span><\/strong> is based on the idea that people experience their world through their language, and that they therefore understand their world through the culture embedded in their language. The hypothesis, which has also been called linguistic relativity, states that language shapes thought (Swoyer 2003). Studies have shown, for instance, that unless people have access to the word \u201cambivalent,\u201d they don\u2019t recognize an experience of uncertainty from having conflicting positive and negative feelings about one issue. Essentially, the hypothesis argues, if a person can\u2019t describe the experience, the person is not having the experience.<\/p>\n The science-fiction novel, Babel-17<\/em>, by Samuel R. Delaney was based upon the principles of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Read an excerpt from the novel here.<\/a><\/p>\nFurther Research<\/h3>\r\n
Is the United States Bilingual?<\/h3>\r\n
![\"A](\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/120\/2016\/04\/15204156\/Figure_03_02_03a.jpg\")
Nowadays, many signs\u2014on streets and in stores\u2014include both English and Spanish. What effect does this have on members of society? What effect does it have on our culture? (Photo courtesy of istolethetv\/flickr)[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\nThink It Over<\/h3>\r\nWhat do you think of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Do you agree or disagree with it? Cite examples or research to support your point of view.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n
Practice<\/h3>\r\n
\r\n \t
\r\n \t
\r\n \t
\r\n \t
\r\n \t
\r\n \t
Self-Check: Elements of Culture<\/h2>\r\nYou\u2019ll have more success on the Self-Check, if you\u2019ve completed the three Readings in this section.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/997\r\n\r\n<\/section>","rendered":"
Symbols and Language<\/h2>\n
<\/p>\nFurther Research<\/h3>\n