Key Concepts

• To find the domain of a logarithmic function, set up an inequality showing the argument greater than zero, and solve for x.
• The graph of the parent function [latex]f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\\[/latex] has an x-intercept at [latex]\left(1,0\right)\\[/latex], domain [latex]\left(0,\infty \right)\\[/latex], range [latex]\left(-\infty ,\infty \right)\\[/latex], vertical asymptote x = 0, and
  • if b > 1, the function is increasing.
  • if 0 < b < 1, the function is decreasing.
• The equation [latex]f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x+c\right)\\[/latex] shifts the parent function [latex]y={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\\[/latex] horizontally
  • left c units if c > 0.
  • right c units if c < 0.
• The equation [latex]f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)+d\\[/latex] shifts the parent function [latex]y={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\\[/latex] vertically
  • up d units if d > 0.
  • down d units if d < 0.
• For any constant a > 0, the equation [latex]f\left(x\right)=a{\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\\[/latex]
  • stretches the parent function [latex]y={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\\[/latex] vertically by a factor of a if |a| > 1.
  • compresses the parent function [latex]y={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\\[/latex] vertically by a factor of a if |a| < 1.
• When the parent function [latex]y={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\\[/latex] is multiplied by –1, the result is a reflection about the x-axis. When the input is multiplied by –1, the result is a reflection about the y-axis.
  • The equation [latex]f\left(x\right)=-{\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x\right)\\[/latex] represents a reflection of the parent function about the x-axis.
  • The equation [latex]f\left(x\right)={\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(-x\right)\\[/latex] represents a reflection of the parent function about the y-axis.
  • A graphing calculator may be used to approximate solutions to some logarithmic equations.
• All translations of the logarithmic function can be summarized by the general equation [latex]f\left(x\right)=a{\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x+c\right)+d\\[/latex].
• Given an equation with the general form [latex]f\left(x\right)=a{\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x+c\right)+d\\[/latex], we can identify the vertical asymptote x = –c for the transformation.
• Using the general equation [latex]f\left(x\right)=a{\mathrm{log}}_{b}\left(x+c\right)+d\\[/latex], we can write the equation of a logarithmic function given its graph.