{"id":182,"date":"2015-07-13T18:04:53","date_gmt":"2015-07-13T18:04:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/biolabsxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=182"},"modified":"2017-11-01T15:38:51","modified_gmt":"2017-11-01T15:38:51","slug":"human-inheritance","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/chapter\/human-inheritance\/","title":{"raw":"Human Inheritance","rendered":"Human Inheritance"},"content":{"raw":"<h2><strong>Part 1: Human Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics<\/strong><\/h2>\r\nBreaking news! <a href=\"http:\/\/udel.edu\/~mcdonald\/mythintro.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">These are all myths!<\/a>\u00a0Only ear wax is inherited in Mendelian ratios!\r\n<h3>Materials<\/h3>\r\nSmall piece of PTC paper\r\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong><strong>Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:\r\n<\/strong><\/strong>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Trait<\/th>\r\n<th>\u00a0 Your Phenotype<\/th>\r\n<th>\u00a0 Your Genotype<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Tongue roller (R\/r)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDominant allele allows you to roll\u00a0your tongue<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Free ear lobes (E\/e)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDominant allele leads to free ear\u00a0lobes<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Mid-digital hair (M\/m)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDominant allele results in hair\u00a0on middle joint of finger<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Widows peak (W\/w)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDominant allele results in widows\u00a0peak<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Hitch-hikers thumb (H\/h)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nRecessive allele results in\u00a0ability to bend thumb more than 50\u00b0<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Bent little finger (B\/b)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDominant allele causes first joint\u00a0to point inwards<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Dimples (D\/d)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDominant allele results in dimples<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Taste PTC (T\/t)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDominant allele allows you to taste\u00a0PTC<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Polydactyly (P\/p)<\/strong>\r\n\r\nDominant allele results in more than\u00a0five fingers<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Two people who are heterozygous for tasting the chemical PTC marry. List the genotypes\u00a0possible for their children regarding the tasting of PTC. Show your work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Alfred is heterozygous for tongue rolling and has five fingers. Alfreda, his wife, cannot roll her\u00a0tongue and is heterozygous for polydactyly.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What is Alfred's genotype?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is Alfreda's genotype?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are Alfred's possible sperm with regard to these two traits?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What are Alfreda's possible eggs with regard to these two traits?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the probability that their first child will not roll its tongue and will have the normal\u00a0number of fingers?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2><strong>Part 2: Human Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics <\/strong><\/h2>\r\nThere are many exceptions to Mendel's Rules. For example, blood types in humans exhibit two exceptions:\u00a0codominance and multiple alleles.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Codominance:<\/strong>\u00a0both alleles are expressed simultaneously (A and B alleles)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Multiple Alleles:<\/strong> more than two alleles exist in a population (ABO)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Background Information<\/h3>\r\nMonoclonal antibodies are used to detect the blood surface markers governed by the ABO and rh factor blood\u00a0determinants. A sample of blood is combined with each specific antibody: anti-A, anti-B, anti-O or anti-rh+\u00a0antibodies. A positive reaction, usually indicated by blood coagulation, indicates the presence of that particular\u00a0blood surface marker. Antigens are molecules that trigger an immune response, causing the production of\u00a0antibodies specific to that antigen.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter wp-image-187 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014050\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-11.25.05-AM.png\" alt=\"Blood types A, B, AB, and O. Students are meant to indicate the antibodies an antigens for each blood type.\" width=\"663\" height=\"267\" \/>\r\n<h3>Materials<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Synthetic blood<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Synthetic antibodies<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Blood typing tray<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Toothpicks<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Record your unknown blood type.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Place one drop of the unknown blood into each of the three wells on the plastic plate.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Apply one drop of anti-A antibody to one of the three wells and mix with a toothpick. If clumping\u00a0occurs, the red blood cells have the A antigen embedded in their surface.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Repeat the procedure using anti-B antibody in the second well.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Finally repeat the procedure for the third well using anti-Rh factor antibody.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Results<\/h3>\r\nWhat is your unknown blood type?\r\n\r\nIs it Rh+ or Rh-?\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n<h3>Think about It<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Can two people with type A blood have a baby with type O blood? Explain your answer using\u00a0a Punnett Square.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A mother is Rh negative and her husband is Rh positive. If she becomes pregnant, what are the\u00a0implications from an immunological standpoint for both fetus and mother, as well as subsequent\u00a0fetuses?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><strong>Part 3: Human Genetics Problems <\/strong><\/h2>\r\nGenetic counselors are trained to detect inheritance patterns of genetic diseases based on information they\u00a0obtain from the family. Imagine that you are a genetic counselor and you must solve the following cases based\u00a0on the information provided. Use the following steps to solve each problem:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Create a legend that\u00a0indicates the gene pairs (alleles) involved. Use a capital letter to denote the\u00a0dominant allele and lowercase letter to denote the recessive allele.\r\nExample: D= dimples d= no dimples<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write the genotype and phenotype of the parents. Example: DD \u2192 dimples<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Use a Punnet Square to cross the potential gametes of the parents.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the probability based on the Punnet Square.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Problems<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><strong>Autosomal Recessive Inheritance (trait only expressed if homozygous recessive)\r\n<\/strong>An albino man (nn) marries a normally pigmented woman (N_) who has an albino mother. What is the\u00a0chance that their children will be albino?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Autosomal Dominant Inheritance (trait expressed as long as one dominant allele is present)\r\n<\/strong>A daughter wants to know what the chances are that she will develop Huntington's disease, a degenerative\u00a0disorder of the nervous system that\u00a0appears during the ages of 30s to 40s. Her mother has Huntington's\u00a0while her father does not have the disease. Try to determine the possibilities from the information you have\u00a0at hand. What further information do you need in order to more accurately determine the probability?<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>X-Linked or Sex-Linked Recessive Inheritance (males more likely to express trait than females)\r\n<\/strong>Hemophilia is a blood disorder that\u00a0is sex-linked. A woman carrier has children with a normal man.\u00a0Determine the chances for girls and boys with hemophilia. [Remember that females have the XX genotype\u00a0and males<sub>n<\/sub>\u00a0have the XY genotype. Do not place an allele on the Y chromosome. Example: X<sub>N<\/sub>X<sub>n<\/sub> for\u00a0female; XY for male]<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Multiple Alleles (more than two alleles in the gene pool of the population)\r\n<\/strong>In the population as a whole there are three alleles (A, B and O) determining blood type, although any one\u00a0individual can have at most only two of the three alleles. A woman and her son are both blood type O.\u00a0The woman claims that a man with blood type A is the father of the boy. Is this possible? Explain your\u00a0answer.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Sex Determination (female genotype XX and male genotype XY)<\/strong>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What fraction of human offspring receive an X chromosome from the mother?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What fraction receive a Y chromosome from the father?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mr. and Mrs. Jackson have seven boys and one girl. What is the probability that their next child will be\u00a0a girl?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h2><strong>Part 4: Pedigree Analysis <\/strong><\/h2>\r\nWe will trace the inheritance pattern of the autosomal recessive trait albinism through four generations. The\u00a0legend is as follows:\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014052\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-11.30.50-AM.png\"><img class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-188\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014052\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-11.30.50-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-07-13 at 11.30.50 AM\" width=\"609\" height=\"128\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\nIn the pedigree chart below determine the genotypes of each individual. Use a Punnet Square analysis to help\u00a0you. Remember that the genotype of affected individuals is nn. If you cannot determine both gene pairs of a\u00a0normal individual, indicate the genotype as N_. Put the genotype next to each symbol.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-189 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014053\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-11.31.00-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-07-13 at 11.31.00 AM\" width=\"529\" height=\"312\" \/>\r\n<h2><strong>Part 5: Practice Problems <\/strong><\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>A certain disease is linked to the Y chromosome. What is the chance that a female could get this\u00a0disease?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Polydactyly is an autosomal dominant condition. Assuming two non-polydactyl individuals\u00a0make a baby, what is the chance of them having a polydactyl child?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>If one of the parents described in question 2 is heterozygous for polydactyly, what is the chance\u00a0of polydactyl offspring?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Two plants, which are heterozygous for a gene that describes plant height, are crossed. What\u00a0percentage of their offspring will have the same phenotype as the parents if the trait is inherited\u00a0via complete dominance? Incomplete dominance?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In dogs, wire hair (S) is dominant to smooth (s). In a cross of a homozygous wire-haired dog with\u00a0a smooth-haired dog, what will be the phenotype of the F<sub>1<\/sub>\u00a0generation? Genotypes?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A new disease was found to be sex-linked recessive. A man and a woman, wishing to have\u00a0children together would like to know which percentage of their offspring could possibly have\u00a0the disease. Neither parent has this disease. What is the highest possible percentage of their\u00a0offspring that will have this disease? What proportion of their female offspring could get it?\u00a0Males?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A boy, whose parents and grandparents have normal vision, is color-blind. Color-blindness\u00a0is an X-linked recessive condition. What are the genotypes for his mother and his maternal\u00a0grandparents?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which of the following genotypes is not possible for the offspring of the following cross?\u00a0AABb x aaBB\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>AaBB<\/li>\r\n \t<li>AaBb<\/li>\r\n \t<li>AABB<\/li>\r\n \t<li>AABb<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In a recent case in Spokane, Washington, a woman claimed a man was the father of her child.\u00a0The man denied it. The man's lawyer demanded that blood types be taken to prove the\u00a0innocence of his client. The following results were obtained: Alleged father, Type O. Mother, Type A. Child, Type AB.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>What are the possible genotypes for these three people?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Do you agree with the court's decision? Why or why not?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>It was suspected that two babies had been exchanged in a hospital. Mr. and Mrs. Jones\u00a0received baby #1 and Mr. and Mrs. Simon received baby #2. Blood typing tests on the parents\u00a0and the babies showed the following:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Mr. Jones: Type A<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mrs. Jones: Type O<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Baby #1: Type A<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Mr. Simon: Type AB<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mrs. Simons: Type O<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Baby #2 Type O<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nWere the babies switched? Do you know this for sure?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<h2><strong>Part 1: Human Traits Governed by Mendelian Genetics<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Breaking news! <a href=\"http:\/\/udel.edu\/~mcdonald\/mythintro.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">These are all myths!<\/a>\u00a0Only ear wax is inherited in Mendelian ratios!<\/p>\n<h3>Materials<\/h3>\n<p>Small piece of PTC paper<\/p>\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><strong>Record your phenotype and genotype for the following Mendelian traits:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Trait<\/th>\n<th>\u00a0 Your Phenotype<\/th>\n<th>\u00a0 Your Genotype<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Tongue roller (R\/r)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dominant allele allows you to roll\u00a0your tongue<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Free ear lobes (E\/e)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dominant allele leads to free ear\u00a0lobes<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Mid-digital hair (M\/m)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dominant allele results in hair\u00a0on middle joint of finger<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Widows peak (W\/w)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dominant allele results in widows\u00a0peak<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Hitch-hikers thumb (H\/h)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recessive allele results in\u00a0ability to bend thumb more than 50\u00b0<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Bent little finger (B\/b)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dominant allele causes first joint\u00a0to point inwards<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Dimples (D\/d)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dominant allele results in dimples<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Taste PTC (T\/t)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dominant allele allows you to taste\u00a0PTC<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Polydactyly (P\/p)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dominant allele results in more than\u00a0five fingers<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/li>\n<li>Two people who are heterozygous for tasting the chemical PTC marry. List the genotypes\u00a0possible for their children regarding the tasting of PTC. Show your work.<\/li>\n<li>Alfred is heterozygous for tongue rolling and has five fingers. Alfreda, his wife, cannot roll her\u00a0tongue and is heterozygous for polydactyly.\n<ol>\n<li>What is Alfred&#8217;s genotype?<\/li>\n<li>What is Alfreda&#8217;s genotype?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>What are Alfred&#8217;s possible sperm with regard to these two traits?<\/li>\n<li>What are Alfreda&#8217;s possible eggs with regard to these two traits?<\/li>\n<li>What is the probability that their first child will not roll its tongue and will have the normal\u00a0number of fingers?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><strong>Part 2: Human Traits not Governed by Mendelian Genetics <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>There are many exceptions to Mendel&#8217;s Rules. For example, blood types in humans exhibit two exceptions:\u00a0codominance and multiple alleles.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Codominance:<\/strong>\u00a0both alleles are expressed simultaneously (A and B alleles)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Multiple Alleles:<\/strong> more than two alleles exist in a population (ABO)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Background Information<\/h3>\n<p>Monoclonal antibodies are used to detect the blood surface markers governed by the ABO and rh factor blood\u00a0determinants. A sample of blood is combined with each specific antibody: anti-A, anti-B, anti-O or anti-rh+\u00a0antibodies. A positive reaction, usually indicated by blood coagulation, indicates the presence of that particular\u00a0blood surface marker. Antigens are molecules that trigger an immune response, causing the production of\u00a0antibodies specific to that antigen.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-187 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014050\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-11.25.05-AM.png\" alt=\"Blood types A, B, AB, and O. Students are meant to indicate the antibodies an antigens for each blood type.\" width=\"663\" height=\"267\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Materials<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Synthetic blood<\/li>\n<li>Synthetic antibodies<\/li>\n<li>Blood typing tray<\/li>\n<li>Toothpicks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Record your unknown blood type.<\/li>\n<li>Place one drop of the unknown blood into each of the three wells on the plastic plate.<\/li>\n<li>Apply one drop of anti-A antibody to one of the three wells and mix with a toothpick. If clumping\u00a0occurs, the red blood cells have the A antigen embedded in their surface.<\/li>\n<li>Repeat the procedure using anti-B antibody in the second well.<\/li>\n<li>Finally repeat the procedure for the third well using anti-Rh factor antibody.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Results<\/h3>\n<p>What is your unknown blood type?<\/p>\n<p>Is it Rh+ or Rh-?<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<h3>Think about It<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Can two people with type A blood have a baby with type O blood? Explain your answer using\u00a0a Punnett Square.<\/li>\n<li>A mother is Rh negative and her husband is Rh positive. If she becomes pregnant, what are the\u00a0implications from an immunological standpoint for both fetus and mother, as well as subsequent\u00a0fetuses?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<h2><strong>Part 3: Human Genetics Problems <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>Genetic counselors are trained to detect inheritance patterns of genetic diseases based on information they\u00a0obtain from the family. Imagine that you are a genetic counselor and you must solve the following cases based\u00a0on the information provided. Use the following steps to solve each problem:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Create a legend that\u00a0indicates the gene pairs (alleles) involved. Use a capital letter to denote the\u00a0dominant allele and lowercase letter to denote the recessive allele.<br \/>\nExample: D= dimples d= no dimples<\/li>\n<li>Write the genotype and phenotype of the parents. Example: DD \u2192 dimples<\/li>\n<li>Use a Punnet Square to cross the potential gametes of the parents.<\/li>\n<li>Determine the probability based on the Punnet Square.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Problems<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Autosomal Recessive Inheritance (trait only expressed if homozygous recessive)<br \/>\n<\/strong>An albino man (nn) marries a normally pigmented woman (N_) who has an albino mother. What is the\u00a0chance that their children will be albino?<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autosomal Dominant Inheritance (trait expressed as long as one dominant allele is present)<br \/>\n<\/strong>A daughter wants to know what the chances are that she will develop Huntington&#8217;s disease, a degenerative\u00a0disorder of the nervous system that\u00a0appears during the ages of 30s to 40s. Her mother has Huntington&#8217;s\u00a0while her father does not have the disease. Try to determine the possibilities from the information you have\u00a0at hand. What further information do you need in order to more accurately determine the probability?<\/li>\n<li><strong>X-Linked or Sex-Linked Recessive Inheritance (males more likely to express trait than females)<br \/>\n<\/strong>Hemophilia is a blood disorder that\u00a0is sex-linked. A woman carrier has children with a normal man.\u00a0Determine the chances for girls and boys with hemophilia. [Remember that females have the XX genotype\u00a0and males<sub>n<\/sub>\u00a0have the XY genotype. Do not place an allele on the Y chromosome. Example: X<sub>N<\/sub>X<sub>n<\/sub> for\u00a0female; XY for male]<\/li>\n<li><strong>Multiple Alleles (more than two alleles in the gene pool of the population)<br \/>\n<\/strong>In the population as a whole there are three alleles (A, B and O) determining blood type, although any one\u00a0individual can have at most only two of the three alleles. A woman and her son are both blood type O.\u00a0The woman claims that a man with blood type A is the father of the boy. Is this possible? Explain your\u00a0answer.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sex Determination (female genotype XX and male genotype XY)<\/strong>\n<ol>\n<li>What fraction of human offspring receive an X chromosome from the mother?<\/li>\n<li>What fraction receive a Y chromosome from the father?<\/li>\n<li>Mr. and Mrs. Jackson have seven boys and one girl. What is the probability that their next child will be\u00a0a girl?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><strong>Part 4: Pedigree Analysis <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>We will trace the inheritance pattern of the autosomal recessive trait albinism through four generations. The\u00a0legend is as follows:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014052\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-11.30.50-AM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-188\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014052\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-11.30.50-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-07-13 at 11.30.50 AM\" width=\"609\" height=\"128\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In the pedigree chart below determine the genotypes of each individual. Use a Punnet Square analysis to help\u00a0you. Remember that the genotype of affected individuals is nn. If you cannot determine both gene pairs of a\u00a0normal individual, indicate the genotype as N_. Put the genotype next to each symbol.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-189 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014053\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-11.31.00-AM.png\" alt=\"Screen Shot 2015-07-13 at 11.31.00 AM\" width=\"529\" height=\"312\" \/><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Part 5: Practice Problems <\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>A certain disease is linked to the Y chromosome. What is the chance that a female could get this\u00a0disease?<\/li>\n<li>Polydactyly is an autosomal dominant condition. Assuming two non-polydactyl individuals\u00a0make a baby, what is the chance of them having a polydactyl child?<\/li>\n<li>If one of the parents described in question 2 is heterozygous for polydactyly, what is the chance\u00a0of polydactyl offspring?<\/li>\n<li>Two plants, which are heterozygous for a gene that describes plant height, are crossed. What\u00a0percentage of their offspring will have the same phenotype as the parents if the trait is inherited\u00a0via complete dominance? Incomplete dominance?<\/li>\n<li>In dogs, wire hair (S) is dominant to smooth (s). In a cross of a homozygous wire-haired dog with\u00a0a smooth-haired dog, what will be the phenotype of the F<sub>1<\/sub>\u00a0generation? Genotypes?<\/li>\n<li>A new disease was found to be sex-linked recessive. A man and a woman, wishing to have\u00a0children together would like to know which percentage of their offspring could possibly have\u00a0the disease. Neither parent has this disease. What is the highest possible percentage of their\u00a0offspring that will have this disease? What proportion of their female offspring could get it?\u00a0Males?<\/li>\n<li>A boy, whose parents and grandparents have normal vision, is color-blind. Color-blindness\u00a0is an X-linked recessive condition. What are the genotypes for his mother and his maternal\u00a0grandparents?<\/li>\n<li>Which of the following genotypes is not possible for the offspring of the following cross?\u00a0AABb x aaBB\n<ol>\n<li>AaBB<\/li>\n<li>AaBb<\/li>\n<li>AABB<\/li>\n<li>AABb<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>In a recent case in Spokane, Washington, a woman claimed a man was the father of her child.\u00a0The man denied it. The man&#8217;s lawyer demanded that blood types be taken to prove the\u00a0innocence of his client. The following results were obtained: Alleged father, Type O. Mother, Type A. Child, Type AB.\n<ol>\n<li>What are the possible genotypes for these three people?<\/li>\n<li>Do you agree with the court&#8217;s decision? Why or why not?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>It was suspected that two babies had been exchanged in a hospital. Mr. and Mrs. Jones\u00a0received baby #1 and Mr. and Mrs. Simon received baby #2. Blood typing tests on the parents\u00a0and the babies showed the following:\n<ol>\n<li>Mr. Jones: Type A<\/li>\n<li>Mrs. Jones: Type O<\/li>\n<li>Baby #1: Type A<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ol>\n<li>Mr. Simon: Type AB<\/li>\n<li>Mrs. Simons: Type O<\/li>\n<li>Baby #2 Type O<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Were the babies switched? Do you know this for sure?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-182\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology Labs . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Wendy Riggs . <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: College of the Redwoods . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.redwoods.edu\">http:\/\/www.redwoods.edu<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Derivative of ABO blood type. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: InvictaHOG. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia Commons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ABO_blood_type.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ABO_blood_type.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":78,"menu_order":19,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Biology Labs \",\"author\":\"Wendy Riggs \",\"organization\":\"College of the Redwoods \",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.redwoods.edu\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Derivative of ABO blood type\",\"author\":\"InvictaHOG\",\"organization\":\"Wikimedia Commons\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:ABO_blood_type.svg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-182","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":444,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/182","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/78"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/182\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":457,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/182\/revisions\/457"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/444"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/182\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=182"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=182"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=182"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}