{"id":228,"date":"2015-07-13T22:48:13","date_gmt":"2015-07-13T22:48:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/biolabsxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=228"},"modified":"2017-11-01T15:39:23","modified_gmt":"2017-11-01T15:39:23","slug":"viruses-bacteria-and-epidemiology","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/chapter\/viruses-bacteria-and-epidemiology\/","title":{"raw":"Viruses, Bacteria, and Epidemiology","rendered":"Viruses, Bacteria, and Epidemiology"},"content":{"raw":"<div>\r\n<h2>Part 1: Viruses<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Virus Characterization<\/h3>\r\nViruses lack a cell membrane and are obligate parasitic agents that lack the ability to replicate away from their\u00a0host cell. A virus consists of either DNA and\/or RNA encapsulated within a protective protein coat. Many\u00a0animal viruses also contain an envelope surrounding the protein coat consisting of host membrane-derived\u00a0lipids, etc. Viruses vary greatly in size, ranging from a few nanometers to roughly one micrometer. Most\u00a0viruses appear either polyhedral or helical (rod-like in appearance).\r\n<h4>Rod-Shaped<\/h4>\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-231 \" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014108\/500px-Enveloped_helical_virus.svg_.png\" alt=\"Structure of a enveloped helical virus.\" width=\"400\" \/>\r\n<h4>Icosahedral<\/h4>\r\n<img class=\" wp-image-236 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014113\/500px-Non-enveloped_icosahedral_virus.svg_.png\" alt=\"Icosahedral virus. There is a protein coat surrounding the DNA.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" \/>\r\n<h4>Other<\/h4>\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014110\/Phage.png\"><img class=\"alignnone wp-image-232\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014110\/Phage.png\" alt=\"The structure of a typical bacteriophage\" width=\"400\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h3>Pathogenicity<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014111\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-3.40.23-PM.png\"><img class=\"alignright wp-image-234\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014111\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-3.40.23-PM.png\" alt=\"Antigen-Antibody complex.\" width=\"350\" height=\"246\" \/><\/a>A parasite that causes disease is called a pathogen. Since\u00a0viruses are parasites of cells, they have the potential to be\u00a0pathogens. All living things on this planet are hosts to viral\u00a0parasites. Throughout history, humans have been plagued\u00a0with a multitude of diseases caused by viruses, including\u00a0influenza, encephalitis, rabies, polio, mumps, measles, small\u00a0pox, AIDS (caused by HIV) and hemorrhagic fever (caused\u00a0by EBOLA and Marburg virus).\r\n<h3>The Immune System<\/h3>\r\nThe body's main defense against viral and bacterial\u00a0pathogens is the immune system. Proteins and glycoproteins\u00a0(sugar-protein surface markers) on the surface of pathogens\u00a0stimulate the production of antibodies in the host. Any\u00a0substance that stimulates the immune response is called\u00a0an antigen. Each antigen the body is exposed to results in\u00a0the production of a specific antibody that binds to only that\u00a0antigen.\r\n<h3>Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis<\/h3>\r\nBy developing specific antibodies to surface antigens found on a pathogen, a diagnostic procedure known as\u00a0Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) can be used to detect the presence of the pathogen.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2>Part 2: Bacteria and Archaea<\/h2>\r\nBoth bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes. Though this makes them very similar to each other, they also have\u00a0many unique characteristics.\r\n\r\nBacteria have the following characteristics:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No membrane-bound organelles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Single circular strand of DNA with no associated histone proteins<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (carbohydrate matrix linked with\u00a0polypeptide units)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nArchaeans have the following characteristics:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>No membrane-bound organelles<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Single circular strand of DNA with associated histone proteins<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Cell membrane contains isoprene chains<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe earliest fossils discovered on earth are archaeans dating to 3.8 billion years ago.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-237 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014114\/494px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg_.png\" alt=\"A diagram of a typical prokaryotic cell. This diagram, made in Adobe Illustrator, is an improved version of a similar diagram, Image:Prokaryote cell diagram.svg, which was also made by LadyofHats. Besides general appearance changes, this version adds plasmids and pili, and notes that DNA is circular. Latina: Diagramma cellulae naturalis prokaryoticae.\" width=\"494\" height=\"402\" \/>\r\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Obtain a piece of water fern and place on a glass slide with a drop of water. Using a single-edged\u00a0blade, dice the water fern into small pieces and place a cover slip on top.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Search for a symbiotic cyanobacterium called <em>Anabaena<\/em> that lives within the tissue of the water fern\u00a0under scanning (40X), low (100X), and high (400X) power.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Carefully focus, using the fine focus knob only, until you can see the bacterial cells.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Lab Question<\/h3>\r\nDraw several cells connected together in a chain. For comparison of size,\u00a0draw a single water fern cell next to the Anabeana cells. Why are the Anabeana cells so small\u00a0compared with the water fern cells?\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<h2>Part 3: Epidemiology\u2014How does an epidemic spread?<\/h2>\r\nSome people are carriers of disease. A pathogen (disease agent) may not cause its host any immediate\u00a0discomfort, with no or only mild symptoms. At some point the infected individual may become diseased. The\u00a0danger to others is that a carrier may not be recognized as being infected and could inadvertently spread the\u00a0pathogen to others that they come in contact with. Examples include carriers of viruses that cause hepatitis and\u00a0AIDS. These pathogens have the capability of spreading very quickly due to the lack of symptoms in infected\u00a0hosts. The rapid spread of a life threatening disease agent is known as an epidemic. Epidemics that spread\u00a0from continent to continent are referred to as a pandemic, such as AIDS.\r\n\r\nThe study of disease at the population level is known as epidemiology. For some diseases, public health\u00a0officials must identify the original carrier, called the index case. This person is sometimes referred to as the\u00a0\"Typhoid Mary.\" By identifying such a person and finding out who he or she came in contact with, officials\u00a0learn how many individuals have potentially picked up the pathogen and how the disease spreads.\r\n\r\nIn today's lab you will learn how a disease agent can be spread through a group of people, leading to an\u00a0epidemic. Each individual will obtain a solution. Noncarriers will receive an acid stock solution while one\u00a0unknown individual will receive a base stock solution. Let's review acids and bases briefly. Acidic solutions\u00a0have an excess of H<sup>+<\/sup> ions relative to OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ions, with a pH of less than 7. Basic solutions, on the other hand, have\u00a0an excess of OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ions relative to H<sup>+<\/sup> ions, with a pH in excess of 7. The acids and bases we will use in lab today\u00a0are relatively mild and pose little harm. Nevertheless, be sure they do not get in your eyes or mouth.\r\n\r\nPhenol red is a pH indicator. It changes color depending upon whether the solution it is added to is an acid or\u00a0base. If phenol red is added to an acidic solution, the solution will be yellow. If it is added to a basic solution,\u00a0the solution will be magenta\/red.\r\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Each individual should obtain an unknown stock solution, a clean test tube with stopper, and a\u00a0pipette.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Using the pipette, transfer three pipettes full of your unknown solution to the clean test tube.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Remove one pipette full of solution from your test tube and proceed as follows:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Choose someone at random from your class.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Empty your pipette into your contact's test tube as he\/she does the same to you.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Place the stopper in your test tube and shake your test tube gently to mix solutions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the first data table below (Round 1) write down the name of the person with whom you exchanged\u00a0solutions.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Repeat step 3 twice more (Rounds 2 and 3), each time with a different contact. At each addition, mix\u00a0the combined solutions thoroughly.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>When you have exchanged solutions with three different contacts, add one drop of phenol red to your\u00a0test tube to see if you are \"infected.\" Two test results are possible:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Solution turns red\/magenta\u2014you are infected!<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Solution turns yellow\u2014you are not infected (sure dodged a bullet)<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Data<\/h3>\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"4\">Table 1. Personal data gathered while swapping fluids with 3 different people<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Your Name<\/th>\r\n<th>Round 1<\/th>\r\n<th>Round 2<\/th>\r\n<th>Round 3<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nEnter the class data in Table #2 below for those that are infected, using information from others in your class.\r\n\r\nUse an asterisk (*) to indicate which student contacts tested positive in columns labeled 1, 2, and 3.\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"5\">Table 2. Exchange history for all persons in the class who are infected<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th><\/th>\r\n<th>Infected Person<\/th>\r\n<th>Round 1<\/th>\r\n<th>Round 2<\/th>\r\n<th>Round 3<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>1<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>2<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>3<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>4<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>5<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>6<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>7<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>8<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>9<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>10<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>11<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>12<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>13<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>14<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>15<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>16<\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<td><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2>Lab Questions<\/h2>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Who was the index case (first person to have disease)?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Assuming a lab of 20 students, what are the minimum number of rounds that it would it take\u00a0before everyone is infected?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>","rendered":"<div>\n<h2>Part 1: Viruses<\/h2>\n<h3>Virus Characterization<\/h3>\n<p>Viruses lack a cell membrane and are obligate parasitic agents that lack the ability to replicate away from their\u00a0host cell. A virus consists of either DNA and\/or RNA encapsulated within a protective protein coat. Many\u00a0animal viruses also contain an envelope surrounding the protein coat consisting of host membrane-derived\u00a0lipids, etc. Viruses vary greatly in size, ranging from a few nanometers to roughly one micrometer. Most\u00a0viruses appear either polyhedral or helical (rod-like in appearance).<\/p>\n<h4>Rod-Shaped<\/h4>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-231\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014108\/500px-Enveloped_helical_virus.svg_.png\" alt=\"Structure of a enveloped helical virus.\" width=\"400\" \/><\/p>\n<h4>Icosahedral<\/h4>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-236 alignnone\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014113\/500px-Non-enveloped_icosahedral_virus.svg_.png\" alt=\"Icosahedral virus. There is a protein coat surrounding the DNA.\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" \/><\/p>\n<h4>Other<\/h4>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014110\/Phage.png\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-232\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014110\/Phage.png\" alt=\"The structure of a typical bacteriophage\" width=\"400\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h3>Pathogenicity<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014111\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-3.40.23-PM.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-234\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014111\/Screen-Shot-2015-07-13-at-3.40.23-PM.png\" alt=\"Antigen-Antibody complex.\" width=\"350\" height=\"246\" \/><\/a>A parasite that causes disease is called a pathogen. Since\u00a0viruses are parasites of cells, they have the potential to be\u00a0pathogens. All living things on this planet are hosts to viral\u00a0parasites. Throughout history, humans have been plagued\u00a0with a multitude of diseases caused by viruses, including\u00a0influenza, encephalitis, rabies, polio, mumps, measles, small\u00a0pox, AIDS (caused by HIV) and hemorrhagic fever (caused\u00a0by EBOLA and Marburg virus).<\/p>\n<h3>The Immune System<\/h3>\n<p>The body&#8217;s main defense against viral and bacterial\u00a0pathogens is the immune system. Proteins and glycoproteins\u00a0(sugar-protein surface markers) on the surface of pathogens\u00a0stimulate the production of antibodies in the host. Any\u00a0substance that stimulates the immune response is called\u00a0an antigen. Each antigen the body is exposed to results in\u00a0the production of a specific antibody that binds to only that\u00a0antigen.<\/p>\n<h3>Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis<\/h3>\n<p>By developing specific antibodies to surface antigens found on a pathogen, a diagnostic procedure known as\u00a0Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) can be used to detect the presence of the pathogen.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Part 2: Bacteria and Archaea<\/h2>\n<p>Both bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes. Though this makes them very similar to each other, they also have\u00a0many unique characteristics.<\/p>\n<p>Bacteria have the following characteristics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No membrane-bound organelles<\/li>\n<li>Single circular strand of DNA with no associated histone proteins<\/li>\n<li>Most bacteria have a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (carbohydrate matrix linked with\u00a0polypeptide units)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Archaeans have the following characteristics:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No membrane-bound organelles<\/li>\n<li>Single circular strand of DNA with associated histone proteins<\/li>\n<li>Cell membrane contains isoprene chains<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The earliest fossils discovered on earth are archaeans dating to 3.8 billion years ago.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-237 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014114\/494px-Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg_.png\" alt=\"A diagram of a typical prokaryotic cell. This diagram, made in Adobe Illustrator, is an improved version of a similar diagram, Image:Prokaryote cell diagram.svg, which was also made by LadyofHats. Besides general appearance changes, this version adds plasmids and pili, and notes that DNA is circular. Latina: Diagramma cellulae naturalis prokaryoticae.\" width=\"494\" height=\"402\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Obtain a piece of water fern and place on a glass slide with a drop of water. Using a single-edged\u00a0blade, dice the water fern into small pieces and place a cover slip on top.<\/li>\n<li>Search for a symbiotic cyanobacterium called <em>Anabaena<\/em> that lives within the tissue of the water fern\u00a0under scanning (40X), low (100X), and high (400X) power.<\/li>\n<li>Carefully focus, using the fine focus knob only, until you can see the bacterial cells.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Lab Question<\/h3>\n<p>Draw several cells connected together in a chain. For comparison of size,\u00a0draw a single water fern cell next to the Anabeana cells. Why are the Anabeana cells so small\u00a0compared with the water fern cells?<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<h2>Part 3: Epidemiology\u2014How does an epidemic spread?<\/h2>\n<p>Some people are carriers of disease. A pathogen (disease agent) may not cause its host any immediate\u00a0discomfort, with no or only mild symptoms. At some point the infected individual may become diseased. The\u00a0danger to others is that a carrier may not be recognized as being infected and could inadvertently spread the\u00a0pathogen to others that they come in contact with. Examples include carriers of viruses that cause hepatitis and\u00a0AIDS. These pathogens have the capability of spreading very quickly due to the lack of symptoms in infected\u00a0hosts. The rapid spread of a life threatening disease agent is known as an epidemic. Epidemics that spread\u00a0from continent to continent are referred to as a pandemic, such as AIDS.<\/p>\n<p>The study of disease at the population level is known as epidemiology. For some diseases, public health\u00a0officials must identify the original carrier, called the index case. This person is sometimes referred to as the\u00a0&#8220;Typhoid Mary.&#8221; By identifying such a person and finding out who he or she came in contact with, officials\u00a0learn how many individuals have potentially picked up the pathogen and how the disease spreads.<\/p>\n<p>In today&#8217;s lab you will learn how a disease agent can be spread through a group of people, leading to an\u00a0epidemic. Each individual will obtain a solution. Noncarriers will receive an acid stock solution while one\u00a0unknown individual will receive a base stock solution. Let&#8217;s review acids and bases briefly. Acidic solutions\u00a0have an excess of H<sup>+<\/sup> ions relative to OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ions, with a pH of less than 7. Basic solutions, on the other hand, have\u00a0an excess of OH<sup>\u2013<\/sup> ions relative to H<sup>+<\/sup> ions, with a pH in excess of 7. The acids and bases we will use in lab today\u00a0are relatively mild and pose little harm. Nevertheless, be sure they do not get in your eyes or mouth.<\/p>\n<p>Phenol red is a pH indicator. It changes color depending upon whether the solution it is added to is an acid or\u00a0base. If phenol red is added to an acidic solution, the solution will be yellow. If it is added to a basic solution,\u00a0the solution will be magenta\/red.<\/p>\n<h3>Procedure<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Each individual should obtain an unknown stock solution, a clean test tube with stopper, and a\u00a0pipette.<\/li>\n<li>Using the pipette, transfer three pipettes full of your unknown solution to the clean test tube.<\/li>\n<li>Remove one pipette full of solution from your test tube and proceed as follows:\n<ol>\n<li>Choose someone at random from your class.<\/li>\n<li>Empty your pipette into your contact&#8217;s test tube as he\/she does the same to you.<\/li>\n<li>Place the stopper in your test tube and shake your test tube gently to mix solutions.<\/li>\n<li>In the first data table below (Round 1) write down the name of the person with whom you exchanged\u00a0solutions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Repeat step 3 twice more (Rounds 2 and 3), each time with a different contact. At each addition, mix\u00a0the combined solutions thoroughly.<\/li>\n<li>When you have exchanged solutions with three different contacts, add one drop of phenol red to your\u00a0test tube to see if you are &#8220;infected.&#8221; Two test results are possible:\n<ol>\n<li>Solution turns red\/magenta\u2014you are infected!<\/li>\n<li>Solution turns yellow\u2014you are not infected (sure dodged a bullet)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Data<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"4\">Table 1. Personal data gathered while swapping fluids with 3 different people<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Your Name<\/th>\n<th>Round 1<\/th>\n<th>Round 2<\/th>\n<th>Round 3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Enter the class data in Table #2 below for those that are infected, using information from others in your class.<\/p>\n<p>Use an asterisk (*) to indicate which student contacts tested positive in columns labeled 1, 2, and 3.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"5\">Table 2. Exchange history for all persons in the class who are infected<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th><\/th>\n<th>Infected Person<\/th>\n<th>Round 1<\/th>\n<th>Round 2<\/th>\n<th>Round 3<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>2<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>3<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>4<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>5<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>6<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>7<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>8<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>9<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>10<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>11<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>12<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>13<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>14<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>15<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>16<\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<td><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2>Lab Questions<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>Who was the index case (first person to have disease)?<\/li>\n<li>Assuming a lab of 20 students, what are the minimum number of rounds that it would it take\u00a0before everyone is infected?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-228\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology Labs . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Wendy Riggs . <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: College of the Redwoods . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.redwoods.edu\">http:\/\/www.redwoods.edu<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Enveloped helical virus. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Nossedotti . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Enveloped_helical_virus.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Enveloped_helical_virus.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Non-enveloped icosahedral virus. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Nossedotti. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Non-enveloped_icosahedral_virus.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Non-enveloped_icosahedral_virus.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Phage. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: GrahamColm. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: English Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phage.png\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phage.png<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Epitopos2. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Alejandro Porto. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Epitopos2.png\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Epitopos2.png<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Average prokaryote cell- en. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: LadyofHats. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Average_prokaryote_cell-_en.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":78,"menu_order":27,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Biology Labs \",\"author\":\"Wendy Riggs \",\"organization\":\"College of the Redwoods \",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.redwoods.edu\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Enveloped helical virus\",\"author\":\"Nossedotti \",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Enveloped_helical_virus.svg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Non-enveloped icosahedral virus\",\"author\":\"Nossedotti\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Non-enveloped_icosahedral_virus.svg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Phage\",\"author\":\"GrahamColm\",\"organization\":\"English Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Phage.png\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Epitopos2\",\"author\":\"Alejandro 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