{"id":322,"date":"2015-07-15T16:34:34","date_gmt":"2015-07-15T16:34:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/biolabsxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=322"},"modified":"2019-07-24T19:51:45","modified_gmt":"2019-07-24T19:51:45","slug":"making-proteins","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/chapter\/making-proteins\/","title":{"raw":"Making Proteins","rendered":"Making Proteins"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Lab Objectives<\/h3>\r\nAt the conclusion of the lab, the student should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>explain the role of DNA, mRNA, ribosomes, amino acids and tRNA have in protein synthesis<\/li>\r\n\t<li>list the name of the enzyme that carries out mRNA transcription<\/li>\r\n\t<li>identify the correct bases to insert in a molecule of mRNA being transcribed from a template DNA<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Slideshow<\/h2>\r\n[insert slideshare link]\r\n\r\nIn this lab you will learn how living cells produce proteins. Protein synthesis requires two distinct processes, transcription and translation. You will have an opportunity to review both procedures as you \u201cmake a protein.\u201d You will use your textbook and the information in this lab as a reference.\r\n<h2>Part 1: Transcription and Translation Review[footnote]Part A of this lab was derived from M. Gatton at the Professional Performing Arts School in New York, NW. It was modified by Carey Schroyer for South Seattle Community College. [\/footnote]<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\r\nAs you know, DNA is a very long, thin molecule made of proteins and nucleotides. The DNA in one chromosome has 10s of millions of base pairs and hundreds or thousands of genes that code for a variety of different proteins. However an individual cell will only use a small portion of those genes in its lifetime. Imagine a mechanic who spends a lifetime fixing nothing but cars, but he or she is required nonetheless to carry around an entire library of repair manuals for everything from kitchen sinks to washing machines to light fixtures to computers and so on!\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014102\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\"><img class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-196\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014102\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\" alt=\"An overview of the (basic) central dogma of molecular biochemistry with all enzymes labeled.\" width=\"318\" height=\"389\" \/><\/a>Now consider the location of Eukaryotic DNA. Eukaryotic organisms protect their DNA by storing it inside the nucleus. However, the protein making factories (ribosomes) are located in the cytoplasm outside of the nucleus. How does the cell solve this problem? It must send a \u201cmessenger\u201d that carries a copy of the genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.\r\n\r\nProtein synthesis is a two-step process that involves two main events called transcription and translation.\r\n\r\nIn transcription, the DNA code is transcribed (copied) into mRNA. Once the mRNA is produced it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it links up with ribosomes (protein making organelles) and begins churning out proteins. Before looking at translations let\u2019s take a closer look at transcription.\r\n\r\nRecall that DNA consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone with a nitrogenous base. There are 4 different bases in DNA abbreviated with the letters A,T,C, &amp; G. The code contained in DNA derives from these 4 bases. We can think of them as letters in an alphabet that will spell different words.\r\n\r\nIn DNA code, a \u201cword\u201d is always 3 letters long and it specifies one of 20 amino acids. However, DNA is not directly involved in the translation process, instead mRNA is transcribed into a sequence of amino acids. When reading the mRNA, it is \u201cread\u201d in a series of three adjacent nucleotides.\r\n\r\nIn transcription, the DNA code is transcribed (copied) into RNA code, following rules similar to DNA replication we saw earlier <strong>except<\/strong>\u00a0that Thymine (T) is <strong>replaced<\/strong>\u00a0by Uracil (U).\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>DNA<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><strong>RNA<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>Matches<\/td>\r\n<td>with<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<td>U<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>T<\/td>\r\n<td>A<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>C<\/td>\r\n<td>G<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>G<\/td>\r\n<td>C<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h3>Lab Questions<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Transcribe\u00a0the\u00a0following\u00a0DNA\u00a0sequence\u00a0into\u00a0mRNA.\r\nA\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u2026(DNA\u00a0strand). U\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0U\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0U\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0U\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(mRNA\u00a0strand)<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Transcribe\u00a0the\u00a0following\u00a0DNA\u00a0sequence\u00a0into\u00a0mRNA.\u00a0Draw\u00a0a\u00a0line\u00a0separating\u00a0 each\u00a0codon\u00a0(See\u00a0the\u00a0example\u00a0above): T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u2026. _________________________________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nTranscription results in the formation of an mRNA molecule that carries the instructions for the specific protein to the ribosome where the information is \u201ctranslated\u201d into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nNow let's look at the process of translation. Translation requires the instructions required to make the protein (mRNA), the required amino acids, and the ribosome (rRNA). Each mRNA codon corresponds to an amino acid that is transported to the RNA\/ribosome complex by another special nucleic acid called tRNA. \u201cT\u201d stands for transfer. The ribosome essentially \u201creads\u201d the RNA code and facilitates the linking of appropriate amino acids to make proteins.\r\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\r\n<img class=\"alignnone wp-image-324 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014133\/0328_Transcription-translation_Summary.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows a schematic of a cell where transcription from DNA to mRNA takes place inside the nucleus and translation from mRNA to protein takes place in the cytoplasm.\" width=\"548\" height=\"525\" \/>\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>DNA (in nucleus) transcribed to mRNA<\/li>\r\n\t<li>mRNA leaves nucleus<\/li>\r\n\t<li>mRNA enters cytoplasm<\/li>\r\n\t<li>mRNA hooks up with ribosomes<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Ribosomes scroll through mRNA<\/li>\r\n\t<li>tRNA delivers amino acids to mRNA\/ribosome complex<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Enzymes link amino acids together to form a protein<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<h3>Activity<\/h3>\r\nThere are only 4 letters in the mRNA code: U-A-C-G. How many possible combinations are there? In other words, how many \u201cwords\u201d can you make with those 4 letters if any combination of letters is possible but all \u201cwords\u201d are only 3 letters long? There are 64 possible combinations yet, there are only 20 amino acids (see the corresponding Genetic Code table in your Lab 6 homework. What does this mean about the how each amino acid is \u201cspelled\u201d? You will need to look this up.\r\n<h2>Part 2: Transcription and Translation in Action<\/h2>\r\nNow that you have read about transcription and translation, let\u2019s see if you can translate and transcribe a gene. Please go to the University of Utah Genetics website and complete the activity entitled <a href=\"http:\/\/learn.genetics.utah.edu\/content\/begin\/dna\/transcribe\/\" target=\"_blank\">Transcribing and Translating a Gene<\/a>.\r\n<h3>Lab Questions<\/h3>\r\nYou will need to paste a screen shot of the completed activity in your homework.\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>Define transcription. Where does this process take place in the cell? Briefly explain why it is important for protein production.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Define translation. Where does this process take place in the cell? Briefly explain why it is important for protein production.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Identify the function of the following different types of RNA molecules:\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>mRNA<\/li>\r\n\t<li>tRNA<\/li>\r\n\t<li>rRNA<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Define a codon. Explain why it is important in protein production.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>There are _____\u00a0\u00a0 possible codons using 4 letters with 3 letters per codon in any order. However, there are only 20 amino acids, and each codon \u201ccodes\u201d for one amino acid. What does this mean (hint: look at table 1 below)?\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_198\" align=\"alignnone\" width=\"400\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014103\/06_chart_pu3.png\"><img class=\"size-full wp-image-198\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014103\/06_chart_pu3.png\" alt=\"Table 1. Universal Genetic Code\" width=\"400\" height=\"350\" \/><\/a> Table 1. Universal Genetic Code[\/caption]<\/li>\r\n\t<li>The table below shows which amino acid corresponds with which codon sequence. Use the table provided to determine the specific amino acids for each of the codon sequences listed below the table.\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>UAC: _________<\/li>\r\n\t<li>CAG: _________<\/li>\r\n\t<li>AGG: _________<\/li>\r\n\t<li>GAU: _________<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n\t<li>List ALL of the codons for Valine:<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Identify the Stop codon(s):<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Methionine is the \u201cStart\u201d signal. Write its codon in the space provided.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Globin is a red blood cell protein that is responsible for oxygen transport. The amino acid sequence for a portion of the globin protein is Proline, Glutamic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Lysine. Write the mRNA sequence of the amino acids for these amino acids in the space below (note, you don\u2019t have to write all possible mRNA combinations for each amino acid, simply choose one correct codon each amino acid specified above).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>How many nucleotides would it take to code for the four amino acids in the above question. Explain your answer.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n&nbsp;","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Lab Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>At the conclusion of the lab, the student should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>explain the role of DNA, mRNA, ribosomes, amino acids and tRNA have in protein synthesis<\/li>\n<li>list the name of the enzyme that carries out mRNA transcription<\/li>\n<li>identify the correct bases to insert in a molecule of mRNA being transcribed from a template DNA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Slideshow<\/h2>\n<p>[insert slideshare link]<\/p>\n<p>In this lab you will learn how living cells produce proteins. Protein synthesis requires two distinct processes, transcription and translation. You will have an opportunity to review both procedures as you \u201cmake a protein.\u201d You will use your textbook and the information in this lab as a reference.<\/p>\n<h2>Part 1: Transcription and Translation Review<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Part A of this lab was derived from M. Gatton at the Professional Performing Arts School in New York, NW. It was modified by Carey Schroyer for South Seattle Community College.\" id=\"return-footnote-322-1\" href=\"#footnote-322-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/h2>\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\n<p>As you know, DNA is a very long, thin molecule made of proteins and nucleotides. The DNA in one chromosome has 10s of millions of base pairs and hundreds or thousands of genes that code for a variety of different proteins. However an individual cell will only use a small portion of those genes in its lifetime. Imagine a mechanic who spends a lifetime fixing nothing but cars, but he or she is required nonetheless to carry around an entire library of repair manuals for everything from kitchen sinks to washing machines to light fixtures to computers and so on!<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014102\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-196\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014102\/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\" alt=\"An overview of the (basic) central dogma of molecular biochemistry with all enzymes labeled.\" width=\"318\" height=\"389\" \/><\/a>Now consider the location of Eukaryotic DNA. Eukaryotic organisms protect their DNA by storing it inside the nucleus. However, the protein making factories (ribosomes) are located in the cytoplasm outside of the nucleus. How does the cell solve this problem? It must send a \u201cmessenger\u201d that carries a copy of the genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.<\/p>\n<p>Protein synthesis is a two-step process that involves two main events called transcription and translation.<\/p>\n<p>In transcription, the DNA code is transcribed (copied) into mRNA. Once the mRNA is produced it moves out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm where it links up with ribosomes (protein making organelles) and begins churning out proteins. Before looking at translations let\u2019s take a closer look at transcription.<\/p>\n<p>Recall that DNA consists of a sugar-phosphate backbone with a nitrogenous base. There are 4 different bases in DNA abbreviated with the letters A,T,C, &amp; G. The code contained in DNA derives from these 4 bases. We can think of them as letters in an alphabet that will spell different words.<\/p>\n<p>In DNA code, a \u201cword\u201d is always 3 letters long and it specifies one of 20 amino acids. However, DNA is not directly involved in the translation process, instead mRNA is transcribed into a sequence of amino acids. When reading the mRNA, it is \u201cread\u201d in a series of three adjacent nucleotides.<\/p>\n<p>In transcription, the DNA code is transcribed (copied) into RNA code, following rules similar to DNA replication we saw earlier <strong>except<\/strong>\u00a0that Thymine (T) is <strong>replaced<\/strong>\u00a0by Uracil (U).<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>DNA<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><strong>RNA<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Matches<\/td>\n<td>with<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<td>U<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T<\/td>\n<td>A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>C<\/td>\n<td>G<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>G<\/td>\n<td>C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3>Lab Questions<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Transcribe\u00a0the\u00a0following\u00a0DNA\u00a0sequence\u00a0into\u00a0mRNA.<br \/>\nA\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u2026(DNA\u00a0strand). U\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0U\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0U\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0U\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0(mRNA\u00a0strand)<\/li>\n<li>Transcribe\u00a0the\u00a0following\u00a0DNA\u00a0sequence\u00a0into\u00a0mRNA.\u00a0Draw\u00a0a\u00a0line\u00a0separating\u00a0 each\u00a0codon\u00a0(See\u00a0the\u00a0example\u00a0above): T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0C\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0G\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0T\u00a0\u2026. _________________________________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Transcription results in the formation of an mRNA molecule that carries the instructions for the specific protein to the ribosome where the information is \u201ctranslated\u201d into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Now let&#8217;s look at the process of translation. Translation requires the instructions required to make the protein (mRNA), the required amino acids, and the ribosome (rRNA). Each mRNA codon corresponds to an amino acid that is transported to the RNA\/ribosome complex by another special nucleic acid called tRNA. \u201cT\u201d stands for transfer. The ribosome essentially \u201creads\u201d the RNA code and facilitates the linking of appropriate amino acids to make proteins.<\/p>\n<h3>Summary<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-324 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014133\/0328_Transcription-translation_Summary.jpg\" alt=\"This figure shows a schematic of a cell where transcription from DNA to mRNA takes place inside the nucleus and translation from mRNA to protein takes place in the cytoplasm.\" width=\"548\" height=\"525\" \/><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>DNA (in nucleus) transcribed to mRNA<\/li>\n<li>mRNA leaves nucleus<\/li>\n<li>mRNA enters cytoplasm<\/li>\n<li>mRNA hooks up with ribosomes<\/li>\n<li>Ribosomes scroll through mRNA<\/li>\n<li>tRNA delivers amino acids to mRNA\/ribosome complex<\/li>\n<li>Enzymes link amino acids together to form a protein<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Activity<\/h3>\n<p>There are only 4 letters in the mRNA code: U-A-C-G. How many possible combinations are there? In other words, how many \u201cwords\u201d can you make with those 4 letters if any combination of letters is possible but all \u201cwords\u201d are only 3 letters long? There are 64 possible combinations yet, there are only 20 amino acids (see the corresponding Genetic Code table in your Lab 6 homework. What does this mean about the how each amino acid is \u201cspelled\u201d? You will need to look this up.<\/p>\n<h2>Part 2: Transcription and Translation in Action<\/h2>\n<p>Now that you have read about transcription and translation, let\u2019s see if you can translate and transcribe a gene. Please go to the University of Utah Genetics website and complete the activity entitled <a href=\"http:\/\/learn.genetics.utah.edu\/content\/begin\/dna\/transcribe\/\" target=\"_blank\">Transcribing and Translating a Gene<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>Lab Questions<\/h3>\n<p>You will need to paste a screen shot of the completed activity in your homework.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Define transcription. Where does this process take place in the cell? Briefly explain why it is important for protein production.<\/li>\n<li>Define translation. Where does this process take place in the cell? Briefly explain why it is important for protein production.<\/li>\n<li>Identify the function of the following different types of RNA molecules:\n<ol>\n<li>mRNA<\/li>\n<li>tRNA<\/li>\n<li>rRNA<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Define a codon. Explain why it is important in protein production.<\/li>\n<li>There are _____\u00a0\u00a0 possible codons using 4 letters with 3 letters per codon in any order. However, there are only 20 amino acids, and each codon \u201ccodes\u201d for one amino acid. What does this mean (hint: look at table 1 below)?\n<div id=\"attachment_198\" style=\"width: 410px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014103\/06_chart_pu3.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-198\" class=\"size-full wp-image-198\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/690\/2015\/07\/23014103\/06_chart_pu3.png\" alt=\"Table 1. Universal Genetic Code\" width=\"400\" height=\"350\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-198\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Table 1. Universal Genetic Code<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>The table below shows which amino acid corresponds with which codon sequence. Use the table provided to determine the specific amino acids for each of the codon sequences listed below the table.\n<ol>\n<li>UAC: _________<\/li>\n<li>CAG: _________<\/li>\n<li>AGG: _________<\/li>\n<li>GAU: _________<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>List ALL of the codons for Valine:<\/li>\n<li>Identify the Stop codon(s):<\/li>\n<li>Methionine is the \u201cStart\u201d signal. Write its codon in the space provided.<\/li>\n<li>Globin is a red blood cell protein that is responsible for oxygen transport. The amino acid sequence for a portion of the globin protein is Proline, Glutamic Acid, Glutamic Acid, Lysine. Write the mRNA sequence of the amino acids for these amino acids in the space below (note, you don\u2019t have to write all possible mRNA combinations for each amino acid, simply choose one correct codon each amino acid specified above).<\/li>\n<li>How many nucleotides would it take to code for the four amino acids in the above question. Explain your answer.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-322\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Biology 101 Labs. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Lynette Hauser. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Tidewater Community College. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/\">http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Central Dogma of Molecular Biochemistry with Enzymes. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>:  Dhorspool. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Transcription Translation Summary. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/1.6\/\">http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/1.6\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>The completed chart of the genetic code. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: National Institutes of Health. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/history.nih.gov\/exhibits\/nirenberg\/HS5_cracked.htm\">http:\/\/history.nih.gov\/exhibits\/nirenberg\/HS5_cracked.htm<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-322-1\">Part A of this lab was derived from M. Gatton at the Professional Performing Arts School in New York, NW. It was modified by Carey Schroyer for South Seattle Community College.  <a href=\"#return-footnote-322-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":78,"menu_order":10,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Biology 101 Labs\",\"author\":\"Lynette Hauser\",\"organization\":\"Tidewater Community College\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/www.tcc.edu\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Central Dogma of Molecular Biochemistry with Enzymes\",\"author\":\" Dhorspool\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biochemistry_with_Enzymes.jpg\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Transcription Translation Summary\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/cnx.org\/content\/col11496\/1.6\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"The completed chart of the genetic code\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"National Institutes of Health\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/history.nih.gov\/exhibits\/nirenberg\/HS5_cracked.htm\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-322","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":270,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/322","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/78"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/322\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":325,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/322\/revisions\/325"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/270"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/322\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=322"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=322"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=322"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/biolabs1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=322"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}