{"id":89,"date":"2017-05-04T17:26:24","date_gmt":"2017-05-04T17:26:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=89"},"modified":"2017-05-04T17:39:02","modified_gmt":"2017-05-04T17:39:02","slug":"hyphens-and-dashes","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/chapter\/hyphens-and-dashes\/","title":{"raw":"Hyphens and Dashes","rendered":"Hyphens and Dashes"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 id=\"section_282\">5.4: Hyphens and Dashes<\/h1>\n<h2 id=\"concept_146\">5.4.1: Hyphens<\/h2>\n&lt;!--\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/9265\n--&gt;\n<div class=\"brief\"><p>Hyphens are often used to connect two words into a single term.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify situations which require a hyphen<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>Hyphens connect two words to make a single word.\u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>Hyphens are also used to attach a prefix to a word. \u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>In some situations, hyphens connect adverbs and adjectives to describe a noun. This can be avoided by rewording the sentence.\u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>\nThe placement of a hyphen can greatly change the meaning of a word and thus the entire sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt>hyphen<\/dt>\n<dd><p>The symbol \"-\", typically used to join two or more words to form a new word.<\/p><\/dd>\n<dt>homograph<\/dt>\n<dd><p>A word that is spelled the same as another but has a different meaning and usually sounds different.<\/p><\/dd>\n<\/dl><p>\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\nHyphens (\"-\") connect two words to  make a single\nword. Though they look similar to dashes (\"\u2013\" and \"\u2014\"), they  serve a different purpose. The dash is\na form of punctuation that comes in between words whereas hyphens combine words.\nLike most components of English punctuation, hyphens have general rules\nregarding how they should be used. Hyphens are often used to connect adverbs and adjectives\nwhen describing a noun. Let\u2019s explore these concepts in greater detail.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Linking Prefixes<\/h1><p>Hyphens can be used to link prefixes such as non-, sub-, and\nsuper- to their main words. While it is possible (especially in American\nEnglish) to attach these prefixes without hyphens, it is generally helpful to\nhyphenate when the letters brought into contact are the same. It's also helpful\nwhen the letters are vowels, when a word is uncommon, or when the word could\neasily be misread. For example:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Non-negotiable\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Sub-basement\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Pre-industrial<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Units<\/h1><p>In general, values and\nunits are hyphenated when the unit is given as a whole word:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>30-year-old man\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>One half-dose<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>\n  Homographs\n<\/h1><p>Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but mean different\nthings and may be pronounced differently. To prevent confusion, hyphens can be\nused to distinguish between homographs. For example:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Re-dress (to\ndress again)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Redress (to\nremedy or set right)<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Combining Adverbs and Adjectives\u00a0<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Hyphens\u00a0can be used to combine an adverb and adjective to describe\na noun. In this situation, the adverb is describing the adjective, and the\nadjective is describing the noun. However, when the adverb ends with\u00a0-ly, a hyphen should not be used.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Disease-causing\nnutrition \n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Beautiful-looking\nflowers\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>A well-meaning\ngesture<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>It is not always necessary to use a hyphenated\u00a0word. Sentences can be rearranged to avoid the need for a hyphen. If the adverb\nand adjective come after the noun being described, a hyphen is not needed. For\nexample:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>A light-blue\nhandbag sat on the bench.\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>The handbag was\nlight blue.<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\u00a0<\/p><p>\nRemember that using hyphens to combine adverbs and adjectives in\nthis way creates a new word. The placement of hyphens can greatly change the\nmeaning of a word, thus changing the entire sentence. Let\u2019s look at some\nexamples of how removing a hyphen changes the meaning.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Disease-causing poor nutrition. (Poor nutrition that causes disease.)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Disease causing poor nutrition. (A\ndisease that causes poor nutrition.)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Little-celebrated paintings (Paintings that are underappreciated.)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Little celebrated paintings (Small,\nappreciated paintings.)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Government-monitoring program (A\nprogram that monitors the government.)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Government monitoring program (A\nprogram the government monitors.)<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Using hyphens correctly is important\nto clarifying these phrases.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"concept_144\">5.4.2: Em Dashes and En Dashes<\/h2>\n&lt;!--\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/10367\n--&gt;\n<div class=\"brief\"><p>Dashes are often used to mark interruptions within sentences and show relationships between words.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Use em dashes and en dashes correctly in your writing<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>\nDashes are commonly used to indicate an unexpected or emphatic pause, but they serve other specific functions as well.\n\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Dashes are often used to mark interruptions within sentences,  illustrate relationships between words, and demarcate value ranges.<\/li>\n  <li>\nThere are two kinds of dashes: em dashes (\u2014) and shorter en dashes (\u2013).<\/li>\n  <li>Dashes should not be confused with hyphens (-).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n<\/p><p>\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Dashes<\/h1><p>There are two\nkinds of dashes: em dashes (\u2014) and shorter en dashes\n(\u2013).\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>The Em Dash<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Em dashes are often used to mark interruptions within sentences. They can be used with or without spacing.\u00a0<\/p><p>For example:<\/p><p>Three unlikely companions\u2014a canary, an eagle, and a parrot\u2014flew by my window in an odd flock. (Chicago Style)<\/p><p>Three unlikely companions \u2014 a canary, an eagle and a parrot \u2014 flew by my window in an odd flock. (AP Style)<\/p><p>Em dashes are also used to\nindicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been\ninterrupted. Similarly, they can be used in place of an ellipsis to illustrate an\ninstance where a sentence is stopped short because the speaker is too emotional\nto continue.\u00a0<\/p><p>For example:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>\"Hey,\" said Paul,\n\"where do you think\u2014\"<\/li>\n  <li>\"I never understood why you\u2014\" Cesar trailed off.<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Em dashes are sometimes\nused to summarize or define prior information in a sentence.\u00a0<\/p><p>For example:<\/p><ul><li>\n\nWhen he saw his brother\u2014his\nlong-lost brother who disappeared six years prior\u2014he broke down in tears. (Chicago Style)<\/li>\n  <li>\n\nToday is St. Patrick's Day \u2014 a day\nfor family. (AP Style)<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>The En Dash<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>En dashes are used\nto demonstrate definite ranges of values. In these cases, there should not be\nany spaces around the en dash.\u00a0<\/p><p>For example:<\/p><ul><li>\n\nJune\u2013July 1967<\/li>\n  <li>\n\n1:00\u20132:00 p.m.<\/li>\n  <li>\n\nFor ages 3\u20135<\/li>\n  <li>\n\npp. 38\u201355<\/li>\n  <li>\n\nPresident Jimmy Carter (1977\u20131981)<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>The en dash can also be\nused to contrast values, or illustrate a relationship between two things. There are no spaces around the en dashes in these instances. \u00a0<\/p><p>For\nexample:<\/p><ul><li>\n\nRadical\u2013Unionist coalition<\/li>\n  <li>\n\nNew York\u2013London flight<\/li>\n  <li>\n\nMother\u2013daughter relationship<\/li>\n  <li>\n\nThe Supreme Court voted 5\u20134 to\nuphold the decision<\/li>\n  <li>\n\nThe McCain\u2013Feingold bill<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>An exception to the use of\nen dashes is made, however, when combined with an already hyphenated compound.\nIn these cases, using an en dash is distracting. Use a hyphen instead.\u00a0<\/p><p>For\nexample:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Non-English-speaking air traffic controllers\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Semi-labor-intensive industries<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n  <div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n    <img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1859\/2017\/05\/04162537\/media_7872_medium.jpeg\" aria-describedby=\"image_7872_text_equivalent\" alt=\"When he saw his brother&#x2014;his long-lost brother who disappeared six years prior&#x2014;he broke down in tears.\"\/><div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n      <h2>When he saw his brother\u2014his long-lost brother who disappeared six years prior\u2014he broke down in tears.<\/h2>\n      <p>The title contains an example of em dash usage, which, in this case, shows a break in the sentence.\u00a0<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div id=\"image_7872_text_equivalent\" class=\"atom__components__figure__text_equivalent\"\/>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul><li>\nHyphens\n<ul><li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Wikipedia:Manual of Style.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style%23Hyphens\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style%23Hyphens<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Hyphen.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphen\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphen<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"homograph.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/homograph\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/homograph<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"hyphen.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/hyphen\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/hyphen<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"compound.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/compound\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/compound<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li>\nEm Dashes and En Dashes\n<ul><li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Boundless.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Parantheses.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parantheses\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parantheses<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Parentheses.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parentheses%23Parentheses_.28_.29\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parentheses%23Parentheses_.28_.29<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Dash.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Rhetoric and Composition\/Hyphens and Dashes.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric_and_Composition\/Hyphens_and_Dashes\">http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric_and_Composition\/Hyphens_and_Dashes<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikibooks<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"dash.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/dash\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/dash<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"English in Use\/Punctuation.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/English_in_Use\/Punctuation%23Dash\">http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/English_in_Use\/Punctuation%23Dash<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikibooks<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Rhetoric and Composition\/Parentheses.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric_and_Composition\/Parentheses\">http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric_and_Composition\/Parentheses<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikibooks<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">\nProject Gutenberg. \n<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/19642\/19642-h\/19642-h.htm\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/19642\/19642-h\/19642-h.htm<\/a>. \n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h1 id=\"section_282\">5.4: Hyphens and Dashes<\/h1>\n<h2 id=\"concept_146\">5.4.1: Hyphens<\/h2>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211;<br \/>\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/9265<br \/>\n&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>Hyphens are often used to connect two words into a single term.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify situations which require a hyphen<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Hyphens connect two words to make a single word.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Hyphens are also used to attach a prefix to a word. \u00a0<\/li>\n<li>In some situations, hyphens connect adverbs and adjectives to describe a noun. This can be avoided by rewording the sentence.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\nThe placement of a hyphen can greatly change the meaning of a word and thus the entire sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt>hyphen<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>The symbol &#8220;-&#8220;, typically used to join two or more words to form a new word.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt>homograph<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>A word that is spelled the same as another but has a different meaning and usually sounds different.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<\/p>\n<p>\nHyphens (&#8220;-&#8220;) connect two words to  make a single<br \/>\nword. Though they look similar to dashes (&#8220;\u2013&#8221; and &#8220;\u2014&#8221;), they  serve a different purpose. The dash is<br \/>\na form of punctuation that comes in between words whereas hyphens combine words.<br \/>\nLike most components of English punctuation, hyphens have general rules<br \/>\nregarding how they should be used. Hyphens are often used to connect adverbs and adjectives<br \/>\nwhen describing a noun. Let\u2019s explore these concepts in greater detail.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Linking Prefixes<\/h1>\n<p>Hyphens can be used to link prefixes such as non-, sub-, and<br \/>\nsuper- to their main words. While it is possible (especially in American<br \/>\nEnglish) to attach these prefixes without hyphens, it is generally helpful to<br \/>\nhyphenate when the letters brought into contact are the same. It&#8217;s also helpful<br \/>\nwhen the letters are vowels, when a word is uncommon, or when the word could<br \/>\neasily be misread. For example:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Non-negotiable\n<\/li>\n<li>Sub-basement\n<\/li>\n<li>Pre-industrial<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Units<\/h1>\n<p>In general, values and<br \/>\nunits are hyphenated when the unit is given as a whole word:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>30-year-old man\n<\/li>\n<li>One half-dose<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>\n  Homographs<br \/>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but mean different<br \/>\nthings and may be pronounced differently. To prevent confusion, hyphens can be<br \/>\nused to distinguish between homographs. For example:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Re-dress (to<br \/>\ndress again)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Redress (to<br \/>\nremedy or set right)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Combining Adverbs and Adjectives\u00a0<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Hyphens\u00a0can be used to combine an adverb and adjective to describe<br \/>\na noun. In this situation, the adverb is describing the adjective, and the<br \/>\nadjective is describing the noun. However, when the adverb ends with\u00a0-ly, a hyphen should not be used.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Disease-causing<br \/>\nnutrition <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Beautiful-looking<br \/>\nflowers<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>A well-meaning<br \/>\ngesture<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is not always necessary to use a hyphenated\u00a0word. Sentences can be rearranged to avoid the need for a hyphen. If the adverb<br \/>\nand adjective come after the noun being described, a hyphen is not needed. For<br \/>\nexample:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A light-blue<br \/>\nhandbag sat on the bench.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>The handbag was<br \/>\nlight blue.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\nRemember that using hyphens to combine adverbs and adjectives in<br \/>\nthis way creates a new word. The placement of hyphens can greatly change the<br \/>\nmeaning of a word, thus changing the entire sentence. Let\u2019s look at some<br \/>\nexamples of how removing a hyphen changes the meaning.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Disease-causing poor nutrition. (Poor nutrition that causes disease.)\n<\/li>\n<li>Disease causing poor nutrition. (A<br \/>\ndisease that causes poor nutrition.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Little-celebrated paintings (Paintings that are underappreciated.)\n<\/li>\n<li>Little celebrated paintings (Small,<br \/>\nappreciated paintings.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Government-monitoring program (A<br \/>\nprogram that monitors the government.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Government monitoring program (A<br \/>\nprogram the government monitors.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Using hyphens correctly is important<br \/>\nto clarifying these phrases.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"concept_144\">5.4.2: Em Dashes and En Dashes<\/h2>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211;<br \/>\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/10367<br \/>\n&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>Dashes are often used to mark interruptions within sentences and show relationships between words.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Use em dashes and en dashes correctly in your writing<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\nDashes are commonly used to indicate an unexpected or emphatic pause, but they serve other specific functions as well.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Dashes are often used to mark interruptions within sentences,  illustrate relationships between words, and demarcate value ranges.<\/li>\n<li>\nThere are two kinds of dashes: em dashes (\u2014) and shorter en dashes (\u2013).<\/li>\n<li>Dashes should not be confused with hyphens (-).\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Dashes<\/h1>\n<p>There are two<br \/>\nkinds of dashes: em dashes (\u2014) and shorter en dashes<br \/>\n(\u2013).\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>The Em Dash<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Em dashes are often used to mark interruptions within sentences. They can be used with or without spacing.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<p>Three unlikely companions\u2014a canary, an eagle, and a parrot\u2014flew by my window in an odd flock. (Chicago Style)<\/p>\n<p>Three unlikely companions \u2014 a canary, an eagle and a parrot \u2014 flew by my window in an odd flock. (AP Style)<\/p>\n<p>Em dashes are also used to<br \/>\nindicate that a sentence is unfinished because the speaker has been<br \/>\ninterrupted. Similarly, they can be used in place of an ellipsis to illustrate an<br \/>\ninstance where a sentence is stopped short because the speaker is too emotional<br \/>\nto continue.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Hey,&#8221; said Paul,<br \/>\n&#8220;where do you think\u2014&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;I never understood why you\u2014&#8221; Cesar trailed off.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Em dashes are sometimes<br \/>\nused to summarize or define prior information in a sentence.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>When he saw his brother\u2014his<br \/>\nlong-lost brother who disappeared six years prior\u2014he broke down in tears. (Chicago Style)<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Today is St. Patrick&#8217;s Day \u2014 a day<br \/>\nfor family. (AP Style)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<h1>The En Dash<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>En dashes are used<br \/>\nto demonstrate definite ranges of values. In these cases, there should not be<br \/>\nany spaces around the en dash.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>For example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>June\u2013July 1967<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>1:00\u20132:00 p.m.<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>For ages 3\u20135<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>pp. 38\u201355<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>President Jimmy Carter (1977\u20131981)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The en dash can also be<br \/>\nused to contrast values, or illustrate a relationship between two things. There are no spaces around the en dashes in these instances. \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>For<br \/>\nexample:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Radical\u2013Unionist coalition<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>New York\u2013London flight<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Mother\u2013daughter relationship<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The Supreme Court voted 5\u20134 to<br \/>\nuphold the decision<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>The McCain\u2013Feingold bill<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<p>An exception to the use of<br \/>\nen dashes is made, however, when combined with an already hyphenated compound.<br \/>\nIn these cases, using an en dash is distracting. Use a hyphen instead.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>For<br \/>\nexample:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Non-English-speaking air traffic controllers\n<\/li>\n<li>Semi-labor-intensive industries<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1859\/2017\/05\/04162537\/media_7872_medium.jpeg\" aria-describedby=\"image_7872_text_equivalent\" alt=\"When he saw his brother&#x2014;his long-lost brother who disappeared six years prior&#x2014;he broke down in tears.\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n<h2>When he saw his brother\u2014his long-lost brother who disappeared six years prior\u2014he broke down in tears.<\/h2>\n<p>The title contains an example of em dash usage, which, in this case, shows a break in the sentence.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"image_7872_text_equivalent\" class=\"atom__components__figure__text_equivalent\">\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\nHyphens<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Wikipedia:Manual of Style.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style%23Hyphens\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style%23Hyphens<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Hyphen.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphen\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyphen<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;homograph.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/homograph\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/homograph<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;hyphen.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/hyphen\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/hyphen<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;compound.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/compound\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/compound<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\nEm Dashes and En Dashes<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Boundless.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Parantheses.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parantheses\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parantheses<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Parentheses.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parentheses%23Parentheses_.28_.29\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parentheses%23Parentheses_.28_.29<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Dash.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dash<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Rhetoric and Composition\/Hyphens and Dashes.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric_and_Composition\/Hyphens_and_Dashes\">http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric_and_Composition\/Hyphens_and_Dashes<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikibooks<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;dash.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/dash\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/dash<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;English in Use\/Punctuation.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/English_in_Use\/Punctuation%23Dash\">http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/English_in_Use\/Punctuation%23Dash<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikibooks<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Rhetoric and Composition\/Parentheses.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric_and_Composition\/Parentheses\">http:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Rhetoric_and_Composition\/Parentheses<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikibooks<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n<span class=\"attribution-name\"><br \/>\nProject Gutenberg.<br \/>\n<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/19642\/19642-h\/19642-h.htm\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/19642\/19642-h\/19642-h.htm<\/a>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-89","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":229,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/89","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/89\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":193,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/89\/revisions\/193"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/229"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/89\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=89"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=89"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=89"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=89"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}