{"id":91,"date":"2017-05-04T17:26:24","date_gmt":"2017-05-04T17:26:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=91"},"modified":"2017-05-04T17:39:09","modified_gmt":"2017-05-04T17:39:09","slug":"other-punctuation","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/chapter\/other-punctuation\/","title":{"raw":"Other Punctuation","rendered":"Other Punctuation"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 id=\"section_283\">5.5: Other Punctuation<\/h1>\n<h2 id=\"concept_285\">5.5.1: Parentheses<\/h2>\n&lt;!--\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/16881\n--&gt;\n<div class=\"brief\"><p>Parentheses can be used to interject remarks or other information into a sentence.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>List the uses of parentheses<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>\nParentheses can be used to set off supplementary, interjected, explanatory or illustrative remarks.<\/li>\n  <li>\nThe words placed inside the parentheses are not necessary to understanding or completing the sentence.<\/li>\n  <li>\nSquare brackets are mainly used to enclose explanatory or missing material, which is usually added by someone other than the original author.<\/li>\n  <li>\nParentheses are sometimes used to enclose numbers within a sentence. \n\n\n\n  \n\n \n\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>Key Term<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt>parentheses<\/dt>\n<dd><p>Punctuation marks used in matched pairs to set apart or interject additional text into a sentence. \n\n<\/p><\/dd>\n<\/dl><h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ul><li\/>\n<\/ul><h1>Parentheses<\/h1><p>Parentheses can be used to\nset off supplementary, interjected, explanatory, or illustrative remarks. They are  tall punctuation marks \"()\" used in matched pairs within text, to set apart or interject other text. \u00a0<\/p><p>The words placed inside the parentheses are not necessary to understanding or completing the sentence. The words within the parentheses could be removed and a complete sentence would still exists.<\/p><p>Parentheses may also be nested (usually with one set (such as this) inside another set). This is not common in formal writing (though sometimes other brackets [especially square brackets] will be used for one or more inner set of parentheses [in other words, secondary {or even tertiary} phrases can be found within the main parenthetical sentence]).<\/p><p>There are many ways to use parentheses.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h2>Interrupted Sentence<\/h2><h2>\n\n<\/h2><h2>\n<\/h2><ul><li> Jimmy (who we all know is\nsmart) said we should keep searching.<\/li>\n  <li>Be sure to call me\n(extension 2104) when you get this message.\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Copyright affects how much\nregulation is enforced (Lessig 2004).\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Sen. John McCain (R.,\nArizona) ran for president in 2008.<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Any punctuation inside\nparentheses or other brackets is independent of the rest of the text. When\nseveral sentences of supplemental material are used in parentheses, the ending punctuation is placed within the parentheses. For example:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Mrs. Pennyfarthing (What?\nYes, that was her name!) was my landlady.<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h2>Enumeration\u00a0<\/h2><p>Parentheses are sometimes used to enclose numbers within a sentence. The purpose of using numbers within parentheses is to highlight multiple points in one sentence.\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>All applicants must submit (1) a cover letter, (2) a resume, (3) a list of references, (4) an essay, and (5) letters of recommendation.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>The numbers within parentheses highlight the items applicants need to include. They are intended to add clarity to the sentence.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Square Brackets<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Square\nbrackets are mainly used to enclose explanatory or missing material, which is\nusually added by someone other than the original author. This is especially\nprevalent in quoted text.\u00a0For example:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\"I appreciate it [i.e., the\nhonor], but I must refuse. \"<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\"The future of\npsionics [i.e., mental powers that affect physical matter] is in doubt.\"<\/p><h2>Modifying Quotations<\/h2><h2>\n\n<\/h2><p>Square brackets may also\nbe used to modify quotations. For example, if referring to someone's statement\n\"I hate to do laundry,\" one could write: He \"hate[s] to do\nlaundry.\"<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>The bracketed expression\n\"[sic]\" is used after a quote or reprinted text to indicate the\npassage appears exactly as in the original source; a bracketed ellipsis\n\"[...]\" is often used to indicate deleted material; bracketed\ncomments indicate when original text has been modified for clarity. For\nexample:\n\n<\/p><ul><li>\"I'd like to thank\n[several unimportant people] and my parentals [sic] for their love, tolerance\n[...] <em>and assistance<\/em> [emphasis added].\"<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"concept_145\">5.5.2: Ending Punctuation<\/h2>\n&lt;!--\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/9261\n--&gt;\n<div class=\"brief\"><p>Ending punctuation identifies the end of a sentence, and most commonly includes periods, question marks, and exclamation marks.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the correct punctuation to end a given sentence<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>\nEnding punctuation comprises symbols that indicate the end of a sentence, such as periods, question marks, and exclamation points.\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>\nPeriods are used at the end of declarative or  imperative sentences.<\/li>\n  <li>\nQuestion marks come at the end of sentences that make a request or ask a direct question. Declarative sentences sometimes contain direct questions.<\/li>\n  <li>\nA sentence ending in an exclamation mark may be an exclamation, an imperative, or may indicate astonishment.\n\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt>exclamation mark<\/dt>\n<dd><p>\nA punctuation mark usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume (shouting).<\/p><\/dd>\n<dt>question mark<\/dt>\n<dd><p>\nPunctuation at the end of a sentence that asks a direct question.<\/p><\/dd>\n<dt>period<\/dt>\n<dd><p>\nThe punctuation mark that indicates the end of a sentence.\n\n<\/p><\/dd>\n<\/dl><p>\nEnding punctuation comprises symbols that indicate the end of a sentence. Most commonly, these are periods,\nquestion marks, and exclamation points. Ending punctuation can also be referred to\nas end marks, stops, or terminal punctuation.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>There are three main types\nof ending punctuation: the period, the question mark, and the exclamation mark.\nA period (.) is the punctuation mark that indicates the end of a sentence.\nThe question mark (?)  replaces a period at the end of a sentence that asks\na direct question. The exclamation mark (!) is a punctuation mark usually used\nafter an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume\n(shouting), and often marks the end of a sentence.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Period\u00a0<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Periods are used at the\nend of declarative or  imperative sentences. Recall that declarative sentences\nmake statements and imperative sentences give commands. Periods can also be\nused at the end of an indirect question. Indirect questions are designed to ask\nfor information without actually asking a question. Let\u2019s review some examples.\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>My\ndog is a golden retriever. (declarative sentence)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Go\nget your dog and bring him inside the house. (imperative sentence)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Janet\u2019s\nmom and dad want to know what she is doing. (indirect question)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>\u201cGet\nsome paper towels,\u201d she ordered. (declarative sentence containing an imperative\nstatement)\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Periods are also used in\nabbreviations. For example, \"doctor\" is abbreviated \"Dr.\" and \"junior\" is abbreviated \"Jr.\" Remember that if an abbreviation that uses a period comes at the end of a\nsentence you do not add a period\u2014the period with the abbreviation  \nserves as the ending punctuation as well.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Question Mark\u00a0<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Question marks come at the\nend of sentences that make a request or ask a direct question. Declarative\nsentences sometimes contain direct questions.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>What\nis Janet doing? (direct question) \n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Her\nmother asked, \u201cWhat are you doing, Janet?\u201d (declarative sentence with a direct\nquestion)<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Exclamation Mark\u00a0<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>A sentence ending in an\nexclamation mark may be an exclamation, an imperative, or may indicate\nastonishment. Like question marks, exclamation marks can be included within\ndeclarative sentences. Let\u2019s review some examples.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Wow!\n(exclamation)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Boo!\n(exclamation)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Stop!\n(imperative)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>They\nwere the footprints of a gigantic duck! (astonishment) \n\n<\/li>\n  <li>He\nyelled, \u201cStay off the grass!\u201d (declarative sentence that includes an exclamation)<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Exclamation marks are\noccasionally placed mid-sentence with a function similar to a comma, for\ndramatic effect, although this usage is obsolescent: \"On the walk, oh!\nthere was a frightful noise.\"<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Informally, exclamation\nmarks may be repeated for additional emphasis (\"That's great!!!\"),\nbut this practice is generally considered unacceptable in formal prose. The\nexclamation mark is sometimes used in conjunction with the question mark. This\ncan be in protest or astonishment (\"Out of all places, the squatter-camp?!\");\nagain, this is informal. Overly frequent use of the exclamation mark is\ngenerally considered poor style, for it distracts the reader and devalues the\nmark's significance.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n  <div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n    <img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1859\/2017\/05\/04162539\/media_18408_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Cut out all those exclamation points.\"\/><div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n      <h2>Cut out all those exclamation points.<\/h2>\n      <p>The famous author F. Scott Fitzgerald was not a fan of exclamation points; in his words: \"Cut out all those exclamation points. An exclamation point is like laughing at your own jokes.\"<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul><li>\nParentheses\n<ul><li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"psionics.\" \n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/psionics\">https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/psionics<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li>\nEnding Punctuation\n<ul><li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Boundless.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Punctuation.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Punctuation\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Punctuation<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Terminal punctuation.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terminal_punctuation\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terminal_punctuation<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Question mark.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Question_mark\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Question_mark<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Full Stop.\" \n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Full_stop\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Full_stop<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikpedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Exclamation mark.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exclamation_mark\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exclamation_mark<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"interrogative.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/interrogative\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/interrogative<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Period (punctuation).\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Period_(punctuation)\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Period_(punctuation)<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Period (punctuation).\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Period_(punctuation)\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Period_(punctuation)<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"F Scott Fitzgerald.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:F_Scott_Fitzgerald.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:F_Scott_Fitzgerald.jpg<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">\nProject Gutenberg. \n<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/12415\/12415-h\/12415-h.htm\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/12415\/12415-h\/12415-h.htm<\/a>. \n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h1 id=\"section_283\">5.5: Other Punctuation<\/h1>\n<h2 id=\"concept_285\">5.5.1: Parentheses<\/h2>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211;<br \/>\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/16881<br \/>\n&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>Parentheses can be used to interject remarks or other information into a sentence.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>List the uses of parentheses<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\nParentheses can be used to set off supplementary, interjected, explanatory or illustrative remarks.<\/li>\n<li>\nThe words placed inside the parentheses are not necessary to understanding or completing the sentence.<\/li>\n<li>\nSquare brackets are mainly used to enclose explanatory or missing material, which is usually added by someone other than the original author.<\/li>\n<li>\nParentheses are sometimes used to enclose numbers within a sentence. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key Term<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt>parentheses<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>Punctuation marks used in matched pairs to set apart or interject additional text into a sentence. <\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<h3>Example<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Parentheses<\/h1>\n<p>Parentheses can be used to<br \/>\nset off supplementary, interjected, explanatory, or illustrative remarks. They are  tall punctuation marks &#8220;()&#8221; used in matched pairs within text, to set apart or interject other text. \u00a0<\/p>\n<p>The words placed inside the parentheses are not necessary to understanding or completing the sentence. The words within the parentheses could be removed and a complete sentence would still exists.<\/p>\n<p>Parentheses may also be nested (usually with one set (such as this) inside another set). This is not common in formal writing (though sometimes other brackets [especially square brackets] will be used for one or more inner set of parentheses [in other words, secondary {or even tertiary} phrases can be found within the main parenthetical sentence]).<\/p>\n<p>There are many ways to use parentheses.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Interrupted Sentence<\/h2>\n<h2>\n<\/h2>\n<h2>\n<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li> Jimmy (who we all know is<br \/>\nsmart) said we should keep searching.<\/li>\n<li>Be sure to call me<br \/>\n(extension 2104) when you get this message.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Copyright affects how much<br \/>\nregulation is enforced (Lessig 2004).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Sen. John McCain (R.,<br \/>\nArizona) ran for president in 2008.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Any punctuation inside<br \/>\nparentheses or other brackets is independent of the rest of the text. When<br \/>\nseveral sentences of supplemental material are used in parentheses, the ending punctuation is placed within the parentheses. For example:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Mrs. Pennyfarthing (What?<br \/>\nYes, that was her name!) was my landlady.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Enumeration\u00a0<\/h2>\n<p>Parentheses are sometimes used to enclose numbers within a sentence. The purpose of using numbers within parentheses is to highlight multiple points in one sentence.\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All applicants must submit (1) a cover letter, (2) a resume, (3) a list of references, (4) an essay, and (5) letters of recommendation.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The numbers within parentheses highlight the items applicants need to include. They are intended to add clarity to the sentence.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Square Brackets<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Square<br \/>\nbrackets are mainly used to enclose explanatory or missing material, which is<br \/>\nusually added by someone other than the original author. This is especially<br \/>\nprevalent in quoted text.\u00a0For example:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;I appreciate it [i.e., the<br \/>\nhonor], but I must refuse. &#8220;<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The future of<br \/>\npsionics [i.e., mental powers that affect physical matter] is in doubt.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h2>Modifying Quotations<\/h2>\n<h2>\n<\/h2>\n<p>Square brackets may also<br \/>\nbe used to modify quotations. For example, if referring to someone&#8217;s statement<br \/>\n&#8220;I hate to do laundry,&#8221; one could write: He &#8220;hate[s] to do<br \/>\nlaundry.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>The bracketed expression<br \/>\n&#8220;[sic]&#8221; is used after a quote or reprinted text to indicate the<br \/>\npassage appears exactly as in the original source; a bracketed ellipsis<br \/>\n&#8220;[&#8230;]&#8221; is often used to indicate deleted material; bracketed<br \/>\ncomments indicate when original text has been modified for clarity. For<br \/>\nexample:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;I&#8217;d like to thank<br \/>\n[several unimportant people] and my parentals [sic] for their love, tolerance<br \/>\n[&#8230;] <em>and assistance<\/em> [emphasis added].&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"concept_145\">5.5.2: Ending Punctuation<\/h2>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211;<br \/>\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/9261<br \/>\n&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>Ending punctuation identifies the end of a sentence, and most commonly includes periods, question marks, and exclamation marks.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the correct punctuation to end a given sentence<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\nEnding punctuation comprises symbols that indicate the end of a sentence, such as periods, question marks, and exclamation points.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\nPeriods are used at the end of declarative or  imperative sentences.<\/li>\n<li>\nQuestion marks come at the end of sentences that make a request or ask a direct question. Declarative sentences sometimes contain direct questions.<\/li>\n<li>\nA sentence ending in an exclamation mark may be an exclamation, an imperative, or may indicate astonishment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt>exclamation mark<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>\nA punctuation mark usually used after an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume (shouting).<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt>question mark<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>\nPunctuation at the end of a sentence that asks a direct question.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt>period<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>\nThe punctuation mark that indicates the end of a sentence.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>\nEnding punctuation comprises symbols that indicate the end of a sentence. Most commonly, these are periods,<br \/>\nquestion marks, and exclamation points. Ending punctuation can also be referred to<br \/>\nas end marks, stops, or terminal punctuation.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>There are three main types<br \/>\nof ending punctuation: the period, the question mark, and the exclamation mark.<br \/>\nA period (.) is the punctuation mark that indicates the end of a sentence.<br \/>\nThe question mark (?)  replaces a period at the end of a sentence that asks<br \/>\na direct question. The exclamation mark (!) is a punctuation mark usually used<br \/>\nafter an interjection or exclamation to indicate strong feelings or high volume<br \/>\n(shouting), and often marks the end of a sentence.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Period\u00a0<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Periods are used at the<br \/>\nend of declarative or  imperative sentences. Recall that declarative sentences<br \/>\nmake statements and imperative sentences give commands. Periods can also be<br \/>\nused at the end of an indirect question. Indirect questions are designed to ask<br \/>\nfor information without actually asking a question. Let\u2019s review some examples.\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>My<br \/>\ndog is a golden retriever. (declarative sentence)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Go<br \/>\nget your dog and bring him inside the house. (imperative sentence)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Janet\u2019s<br \/>\nmom and dad want to know what she is doing. (indirect question)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u201cGet<br \/>\nsome paper towels,\u201d she ordered. (declarative sentence containing an imperative<br \/>\nstatement)\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<p>Periods are also used in<br \/>\nabbreviations. For example, &#8220;doctor&#8221; is abbreviated &#8220;Dr.&#8221; and &#8220;junior&#8221; is abbreviated &#8220;Jr.&#8221; Remember that if an abbreviation that uses a period comes at the end of a<br \/>\nsentence you do not add a period\u2014the period with the abbreviation<br \/>\nserves as the ending punctuation as well.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Question Mark\u00a0<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Question marks come at the<br \/>\nend of sentences that make a request or ask a direct question. Declarative<br \/>\nsentences sometimes contain direct questions.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>What<br \/>\nis Janet doing? (direct question) <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Her<br \/>\nmother asked, \u201cWhat are you doing, Janet?\u201d (declarative sentence with a direct<br \/>\nquestion)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Exclamation Mark\u00a0<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>A sentence ending in an<br \/>\nexclamation mark may be an exclamation, an imperative, or may indicate<br \/>\nastonishment. Like question marks, exclamation marks can be included within<br \/>\ndeclarative sentences. Let\u2019s review some examples.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Wow!<br \/>\n(exclamation)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Boo!<br \/>\n(exclamation)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Stop!<br \/>\n(imperative)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>They<br \/>\nwere the footprints of a gigantic duck! (astonishment) <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>He<br \/>\nyelled, \u201cStay off the grass!\u201d (declarative sentence that includes an exclamation)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<p>Exclamation marks are<br \/>\noccasionally placed mid-sentence with a function similar to a comma, for<br \/>\ndramatic effect, although this usage is obsolescent: &#8220;On the walk, oh!<br \/>\nthere was a frightful noise.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>Informally, exclamation<br \/>\nmarks may be repeated for additional emphasis (&#8220;That&#8217;s great!!!&#8221;),<br \/>\nbut this practice is generally considered unacceptable in formal prose. The<br \/>\nexclamation mark is sometimes used in conjunction with the question mark. This<br \/>\ncan be in protest or astonishment (&#8220;Out of all places, the squatter-camp?!&#8221;);<br \/>\nagain, this is informal. Overly frequent use of the exclamation mark is<br \/>\ngenerally considered poor style, for it distracts the reader and devalues the<br \/>\nmark&#8217;s significance.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1859\/2017\/05\/04162539\/media_18408_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Cut out all those exclamation points.\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n<h2>Cut out all those exclamation points.<\/h2>\n<p>The famous author F. Scott Fitzgerald was not a fan of exclamation points; in his words: &#8220;Cut out all those exclamation points. An exclamation point is like laughing at your own jokes.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\nParentheses<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;psionics.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/psionics\">https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/psionics<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\nEnding Punctuation<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Boundless.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Punctuation.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Punctuation\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Punctuation<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Terminal punctuation.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terminal_punctuation\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Terminal_punctuation<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Question mark.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Question_mark\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Question_mark<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Full Stop.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Full_stop\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Full_stop<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikpedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Exclamation mark.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exclamation_mark\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Exclamation_mark<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;interrogative.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/interrogative\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/interrogative<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Period (punctuation).&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Period_(punctuation)\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Period_(punctuation)<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Period (punctuation).&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Period_(punctuation)\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Period_(punctuation)<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;F Scott Fitzgerald.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:F_Scott_Fitzgerald.jpg\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:F_Scott_Fitzgerald.jpg<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikimedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n<span class=\"attribution-name\"><br \/>\nProject Gutenberg.<br \/>\n<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/12415\/12415-h\/12415-h.htm\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/12415\/12415-h\/12415-h.htm<\/a>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-91","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":229,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/91","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/91\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":192,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/91\/revisions\/192"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/229"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/91\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=91"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=91"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=91"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}