{"id":94,"date":"2017-05-04T17:26:23","date_gmt":"2017-05-04T17:26:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=94"},"modified":"2017-05-04T17:39:16","modified_gmt":"2017-05-04T17:39:16","slug":"general-mechanics","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/chapter\/general-mechanics\/","title":{"raw":"General Mechanics","rendered":"General Mechanics"},"content":{"raw":"<h1 id=\"section_32\">5.6: General Mechanics<\/h1>\n<h2 id=\"concept_147\">5.6.1: Common Spelling Errors<\/h2>\n&lt;!--\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/1342\n--&gt;\n<div class=\"brief\"><p>It is important to be familiar with common spelling errors to avoid them in your own writing.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Recognize common spelling errors<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>It is important to be familiar with spelling errors that writers frequently make so you can avoid them in your own writing.<\/li>\n  <li>Knowing why these mistakes occur will help you write with better awareness.<\/li>\n  <li>Word-processing programs usually have a spell-checker, but you should still  carefully check for correct changes in your words. This is because automatic spell-checkers may not always understand the context of a word.<\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt>phonetics<\/dt>\n<dd><p>The study of the physical sounds of human speech (phones) and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception, and neurophysiological perception, as well as their representation by written symbols.<\/p><\/dd>\n<dt>typo<\/dt>\n<dd><p>A spelling  error.<\/p><\/dd>\n<dt>homophone<\/dt>\n<dd><p>A word which is pronounced the same as another word but differs in spelling or meaning or origin, for example: carat, caret, carrot, and karat.<\/p><\/dd>\n<\/dl><p>\n<\/p><h1>The Importance of Spelling<\/h1><p>Misspelling a word might seem like a minor mistake, but it can reflect very poorly on a writer. It\nsuggests one of two things: either the writer does not care enough about his\nwork to proofread it, or he does not know his topic well enough to properly spell words\nrelated to it. Either way, spelling errors will make a reader less\nlikely to trust a writer's authority.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>The\nbest way to ensure that a paper has no spelling errors is to look for them\nduring the proofreading stage of the writing process. Being familiar with the\nmost common errors will help you find (and fix) them during the writing\nand proofreading stage.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Sometimes,\na writer just doesn't know how to spell the word she wants to use. This\nmay be because the word is technical jargon or comes from a language other than\nher own. Other times, it may be a proper name that she has not\nencountered before. Anytime you want to use a word but are unsure of how to\nspell it, do not guess. Instead, check a dictionary or other reference work\nto find its proper spelling.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Common Spelling Errors<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><h2>Phonetic Errors<\/h2><p>Phonetics is a field that studies the sounds of a language. However, English phonetics can be tricky:\u00a0In English, the pronunciation of a word does not always relate to the way it is spelled. This can make spelling a challenge. Here are some common phonetic irregularities:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>A word can sound\nlike it could be spelled multiple ways. For example: \"concede\" and\n\"conceed\" are the same phonetically, but only \"concede\" is\nthe proper spelling.\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>A word has silent\nletters that the writer may forget to include. You cannot hear the\n\"a\" in \"realize,\" but you need it to spell the word\ncorrectly.\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>A word has double\nletters that the writer may forget to include. \"Accommodate,\" for\nexample, is frequently misspelled as \"acommodate\" or\n\"accomodate.\"\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>The writer may\nuse double letters when they are not needed. The word \"amend\" has\nonly one \"m,\" but it is commonly misspelled with two.<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Sometimes,\nwords just aren't spelled the way they sound. \"Right,\" for example,\ndoes not resemble its phonetic spelling whatsoever. Try to become familiar with\nwords that have unusual or non-phonetic spellings so you can be on the lookout\nfor them in your writing. But again, the best way to avoid these misspellings\nis to consult a dictionary whenever you're unsure of the correct spelling.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h2>\n  Homophones\n<\/h2><p>\"Bread\"\nand \"bred\" sound the same, but they are spelled differently, and they mean\ncompletely different things. Two words with different meanings but the same\npronunciation are homophones. If you don't know which homophone is the right\none to use, look both up in the dictionary to see which meaning (and spelling)\nyou want. Common homophones include:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>right, rite,\nwright, and write\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>read (most tenses\nof the verb) and reed\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>read (past, past\nparticiple) and red\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>rose (flower) and\nrose (past tense of rise)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>carat, caret, and\ncarrot\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>to, two, and too\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>there, their, and\nthey're<\/li>\n  <li>its and it's<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h2>Typographical Errors<\/h2><p>Some spelling errors are caused by the writer accidentally typing the wrong thing.\nCommon typos include:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Omitting letters\nfrom a word (typing \"brthday\" instead of \"birthday,\" for\nexample)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Adding extra\nletters (typing \"birthdayy\")\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Transposing two\nletters in a word (typing \"brithday\")\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Spacing words\nimproperly (such as \"myb irthday\" instead of \"my birthday\")<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Being aware of these\ncommon mistakes when writing will help you avoid spelling errors.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"concept_148\">5.6.2: Capital Letters<\/h2>\n&lt;!--\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/3239\n--&gt;\n<div class=\"brief\"><p>Capital letters are used to make certain words stand out.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify words that must be capitalized<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>\nThree situations in which a capital letter should always be used are at the start of sentences, proper nouns,\u00a0and for the pronoun \"I<em>.\"<\/em>\n<\/li>\n  <li>Names and nicknames, languages, geographical names,  religions, days of the week, months, holidays, and some organizations are considered proper nouns.\n\n\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>\nIn titled works (such as books, articles, or artwork) the majority of the words are capitalized. \n\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt>capitalization<\/dt>\n<dd><p> Writing a word with its first letter as a capital letter (upper-case letter) and the remaining letters in lower case.<\/p><\/dd>\n<dt>proper noun<\/dt>\n<dd><p>A word denoting a particular person, place, organization, ship, animal, event, idea, or other individual entity.<\/p><\/dd>\n<\/dl><p>\n<\/p><p>Capital letters identify\nproper names, people and their languages, geographical names, and certain government\nagencies. Different style manuals have different rules for capitalization, so it's important to have a style guide on hand while you write in case you have a question about capitalization. There are manuals for MLA, APA, Chicago\/Turabian,  and other styles.\u00a0<\/p><p>However, there are general rules for capitalization which apply to all writing.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Starting a Sentence<\/h1><p>Always capitalize the very first word of a sentence, no matter what it is.<\/p><ul><li>Experienced cooks usually\nenjoy experimenting with food. \n\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><h1>The Pronoun \"I\"<\/h1><p>Always capitalize the first-person singular pronoun \"I.\"<\/p><ul><li>Sometimes, I wish I could\ncook with them. \n\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><h1>Quoting Others<\/h1><p>Directly quoted speech is capitalized if it is a full sentence.<\/p><ul><li>The head chef said to me, \u201cAnyone\ncan become a good cook if they are willing to learn.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Proper Nouns<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Names or nicknames,\npeople, languages, geographical names,  religions, days of the\nweek, months, holidays, and some organizations are considered proper nouns.\nProper nouns should always be capitalized.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h2>Names and Nicknames<\/h2><h2>\n\n<\/h2><p>A name or nickname should\nalways be capitalized. This includes brand names.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>John Paul II<\/li>\n  <li>Cindy Parker\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Buffalo Bill\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Pepsi\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Nike\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Scotch tape\n\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><h2>People and Languages<\/h2><h2>\n\n<\/h2><p>Names referring to a\nperson\u2019s culture should be capitalized. Languages are also capitalized.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>African Americans\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Caucasian\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Eskimos\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>French\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>English\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Japanese<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h2>Geographical Names<\/h2><h2>\n\n<\/h2><p>The names of cities,\nstates, countries, continents, and other specific geographic locations are capitalized.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Arctic Circle\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>China\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>New York\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Europe<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h2>Organizations<\/h2><h2>\n\n<\/h2><p>Government agencies,\ninstitutions, and companies capitalize their names.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Ford Motor Company\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>International Red Cross\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Internal Revenue Service\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>University of South\nCarolina\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><h2>\nDays, Months, and Holidays<\/h2><p>Days of the week, months,\nand holidays are always capitalized. However, seasons (fall, spring, summer,\nand winter) are not capitalized.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Tuesday\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>October\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Independence Day<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h2>Religions<\/h2><p>Religions and their\nadherents, holy books, holy days, and words referencing religious figures are\ncapitalized.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Christianity and Christian\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Hinduism and Hindu\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Islam and Muslim\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Judaism and Jew\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Bible, Koran, Talmud, Book\nof Mormon\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Easter, Ramadan, Yom\nKippur\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>God, Allah, Buddha<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Titled Work\u00a0<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>In titled works (such as\nbooks, articles, or artwork) the majority of the words are capitalized. A few\nexceptions are <em>a<\/em>, <em>an<\/em>, <em>the<\/em>, <em>and<\/em>, <em>but<\/em>, <em>or<\/em>, <em>nor<\/em>, <em>for<\/em>, <em>so<\/em>, and <em>yet<\/em>. These words are\nonly capitalized if they come at the beginning of the title. This can vary\nbased on style, so be sure to check your manual for specifics.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>\n<em>The Scarlet Letter<\/em>\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>\n<em>From Here to Eternity<\/em> \n\n<\/li>\n  <li>\n<em>Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets<\/em>\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>\n    <em>Girl with a Pearl Earring<\/em>\n  <\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"concept_149\">5.6.3: Abbreviations and Acronyms<\/h2>\n&lt;!--\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/3237\n--&gt;\n<div class=\"brief\"><p>An abbreviation is the shortened form of a word or phrase.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Use abbreviations appropriately in an academic context<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>There are rules that explain how a writer may shorten a long word or phrase into an abbreviation or acronym.<\/li>\n  <li>Following abbreviation and acronym rules ensures that the reader always understands what these abbreviations mean.<\/li>\n  <li>Phrases like \"lol\" or \"brb\" are considered inappropriate for formal papers.<\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt>acronym<\/dt>\n<dd><p> Abbreviations formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan).<\/p><\/dd>\n<dt>abbreviation<\/dt>\n<dd><p>A shortened form of a word or phrase, used to represent the whole.\u00a0<\/p><\/dd>\n<\/dl><h1>Abbreviations\u00a0<\/h1><p>\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>An abbreviation is the\nshortened form of a word or phrase. Most abbreviations are formed from a letter\nor group of letters taken from the original word. In an academic paper, abbreviations are rarely used to stand in for major concepts or terms.  Instead, they are\nusually shortened forms of commonly used but relatively minor words, such as\n\"km\" for \"kilometer\" or \"Dr.\" for \"doctor.\"\nMost are common enough that a writer does not need to provide the reader with\nan expanded definition. If an abbreviation is not particularly well-known,\nconsider whether you should use it or use the longer (but easier to understand)\nword.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Style Conventions for Abbreviations<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Style guides may differ\nsomewhat on how to punctuate abbreviations. Listed below are the most common\nguidelines, which cover most of the scenarios for using abbreviations. However,\nthis is not a completely comprehensive list. If told to use a specific style\nmanual, such as MLA or Turabian, be sure to check what it says about specific\nusage rules. And whatever style you decide to use, remember to be consistent\nwith how you use and punctuate abbreviations.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Abbreviations should be\ncapitalized just like their expanded forms would be. If the original word or\nphrase is capitalized, then you should capitalize the abbreviation. If the\noriginal is lower case, then the abbreviation should be too. Abbreviations\nusually end with a period, particularly if they were formed by dropping the end\nof a word (the major exception being the use of acronyms). When a sentence ends\nwith an abbreviation, use only one period for both the abbreviation and the\nsentence.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>She lives in N.Y.\n(New York is abbreviated as \"N.Y.\" In this example, it comes at the end of the\nsentence but there is only one period.)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>He got a ticket for going 70 mph when the speed limit was 55. (Miles\nper hour is abbreviated \"mph.\" Note that it is not capitalized.)\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>The CIA is depicted in many action movies as highly secretive. (CIA\nis always capitalized because Central Intelligence Agency is always\ncapitalized.)<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Acronyms<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Acronyms are abbreviations\nthat  form another word. Laser is so frequently used as a word that\nfew people know it is an acronym. <em>Laser<\/em> stands for \"light amplification by stimulated\nemission of radiation.\" <em>Scuba<\/em> is also an acronym standing for \"self-contained\u00a0underwater\u00a0breathing\u00a0apparatus.\" Although\nthis was the foundation for acronyms, they do not always form another word.\nMore often than not, acronyms are formed from the initial components of a\nseries of words. These components are usually individual letters, but some may\nuse the first syllables of words. The main purpose of acronyms is to act as\nshorthand for longer terms, particularly those a writer wants to reference\nfrequently. In the right circumstances, acronyms can make these terms more\nmanageable for the writer to use and for the reader to understand.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Using Acronyms in Academic Writing<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>While acronyms can be very\nuseful, only some of them are considered appropriate for use in scholarly\nwriting. In general, acronyms can be used to stand in for job titles (such as\nCEO), statistical categories (such as RBI) or the names of companies and\norganizations (such as FBI). Other instances may arise depending on the type of\npaper you are writing\u2014a scientific essay, for example, might have acronyms\nfor the names of chemical compounds or scientific terms. In most cases, you\nwill be able to judge whether or not an acronym is appropriate based on the\ncontext of what you are writing. The only category of acronym that you should\nnever use is slang, especially terms derived from texting. Phrases like\n\"lol\" and \"brb\" may be fine in casual conversation, but\nwould make a writer seem unprofessional in a serious paper. For all acronyms\nyou choose to use, making sure that the reader knows what they mean is\nessential. The first time you use any acronym, make sure to use its expanded\nform first. For example:<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Johnathan\nrecently joined the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). \n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is known\nfor fighting for the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. \n\n<\/li>\n  <li>The Family Research Council (FRC) was founded\nin 1981. \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>Once the abbreviation has been identified, as\nshown in these examples, you can use the abbreviated version in the rest of your\ndocument. \u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Style Conventions for Acronyms<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Most acronyms are written\nin all-uppercase with no punctuation between letters. This differs from\nabbreviations, which are normally written with periods in order to note the\ndeleted parts of words. A small number of acronyms use slashes to show an ellipsis, as in \"w\/o\" for \"without.\" Spaces are not used\nbetween the different letters of acronyms. Apostrophes are generally not used\nto pluralize abbreviations. They are, however, used to form possessives.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p>\n\n<h2 id=\"concept_150\">5.6.4: Numbers<\/h2>\n&lt;!--\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/948\n--&gt;\n<div class=\"brief\"><p>Sometimes it is appropriate to write numbers as numerals; other times they should be spelled out.<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>List the rules for using numbers in different kinds of writing<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>In academic writing, numbers that can be expressed in one or two words should be spelled out.<\/li>\n  <li>Numbers that are more than two words long should be written as numerals.<\/li>\n  <li>The proper usage of numbers in technical writing varies considerably.<\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>Key Term<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt>numeral<\/dt>\n<dd><p>A symbol that is not a word and represents a number, such as the Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3 and the Roman numerals I, V, X, L.<\/p><\/dd>\n<\/dl><h2>\n<\/h2><p>Style rules for inserting numbers into text vary considerably. Whether numbers should be written out (e.g. two, two hundred)\u00a0or written as numerals (e.g. 2, 200) depends on what kind of writing is being done.<\/p><h1>Numbers as Words<\/h1><p>In strictly academic writing, numbers of one or two words should be spelled out with letters. For example:\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>Anthony was able to bike five miles in less than an hour.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>Notice that 5 is written out as \"five\" because it is one word.\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>Maria bought five bananas, two bunches of grapes, and six oranges for her fruit salad. She needed twenty-one servings for the luncheon.<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>Notice that each number is written out, including 21, because all of them are one  or two words.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Numbers as Numerals<\/h1><p>Numbers that are more than two words long should be written as numerals. For example: \"Our vacation to North Carolina ended up being 728 miles, as a round trip.\" Or, in the case of years: \"Tony was born in the fall of 1966.\"<\/p><p>Also, the following numbers are written as numerals:<\/p><ul><li>Dates: December 7, 1941, 32 BC, AD 1066<\/li>\n  <li>Addresses: 119 Lakewood Lane, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue<\/li>\n  <li>Percentages: 45 percent or 45%<\/li>\n  <li>Fractions and decimals: 1\/3 and 0.25<\/li>\n  <li>Scores: 20 to 13 or 15\u201318<\/li>\n  <li>Statistics: average age 25<\/li>\n  <li>Surveys: 2 out of 5<\/li>\n  <li>Exact amounts of money: $861.34 or $0.67<\/li>\n  <li>Divisions of books: volume 6 or chapter 5<\/li>\n  <li>Divisions of plays: act 2, scene 4<\/li>\n  <li>Time of day: 12:00 AM or 4:35 PM<\/li>\n<\/ul><h1>Technical Writing<\/h1><p>In technical writing (i.e.,  research writing or other writing that includes measurements or statistics), the\u00a0proper usage of numbers\u00a0varies substantially. Typical rules to follow in technical writing include:<\/p><ul><li>Technical quantities of any amount are expressed in numerals (3 feet, 12 grams, et cetera).<\/li>\n  <li>Nontechnical quantities of fewer than 10 are expressed in words (three people, six whales).<\/li>\n  <li>Nontechnical quantities of 10 or more are expressed in numerals (300 people, 12 whales).<\/li>\n  <li>Approximations are written out as letters (approximately ten thousand people).<\/li>\n  <li>Decimals are expressed in numerals (3.14).<\/li>\n  <li>Decimals of less than one are usually preceded by zero (0.146); however, this may vary depending on the style you are asked to write in.<\/li>\n  <li>Fractions are written out, unless they are linked to technical units (two-thirds of the members, 3 1\/2 hp).<\/li>\n  <li>Page numbers and the titles of figures and tables are expressed in numerals.<\/li>\n  <li>Back-to-back numbers are written using both words and numerals (six 3-inch screws).<\/li>\n<\/ul><h1>Special Cases<\/h1><p>There are many special cases for writing numbers. A number at the beginning of a sentence should be spelled out as words. Within a sentence, the same unit of measurement should be expressed consistently in either numerals or words. In general, months should not be expressed in terms of numbers.<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n  <div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n    <img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1859\/2017\/05\/04162541\/media_6962_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Numbers in the news\"\/><div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n      <h2>Numbers in the news<\/h2>\n      <p>When numbers are used in text, many basic formatting rules apply.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"concept_151\">5.6.5: Italics<\/h2>\n&lt;!--\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/1343\n--&gt;\n<div class=\"brief\"><p>Writers use italics to emphasise certain words such as titles, scientific words, and foreign words.\u00a0<\/p><\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify situations in which italics should be used<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul><li>Italics are a typeface feature designed to make words stand out. There are general rules to using italics properly.\u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>Titles of textbooks, fiction or nonfiction books, newspapers, magazines, academic journals, films, epic poems, plays, operas, musical albums, television shows, movies, works of art, and the names of legal cases should all be italicized.<\/li>\n  <li>Italics can also be used to emphasize certain words.<\/li>\n  <li>Italics should always be used with scientific terms, algebraic equations, and foreign-language words.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><h3>Key Term<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\"><dt>italics<\/dt>\n<dd><p>A typeface style that is used to add emphasis to words.\u00a0<\/p><\/dd>\n<\/dl><p>\n\nItalics are  letters that slant slightly to the right. When using a word processor (like Microsoft Word) italicized words generally look like this:\u00a0<\/p><p><em>This sentence is in italics.<\/em>\u00a0<\/p><p>Italics should be used consistently in your writing. In general, italics are used to identify the title of a major publication (such as a book, newspaper, or magazine), for emphasis, for scientific or technical words, and for foreign words.\u00a0<\/p><h1>Titles<\/h1><p>The titles of major literary works should be italicized. This includes textbooks, fiction or nonfiction books, newspapers, magazines, academic journals, films, epic poems, plays, operas, musical albums, television shows, movies, works of art, and the names of legal cases.\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>My favorite book is <em>July's <\/em>People by Nadine Gordimer.\u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>I read <em>The New York Times <\/em>to keep up with the political debates.\u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>I have every Taylor Swift album except <em>Today Was a Fairytale<\/em>.\u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>The 1976 version of the movie <em>Carrie <\/em>was much scarier than the newer version.\u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>Homer's <em>The Iliad<\/em> and <em>The Odyssey<\/em> are my two favorite epic poems.\u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>\n<em>The Scream<\/em> by Edvard Munch is a well-known painting.<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>Keep in mind that smaller published works, such as an individual article from a newspaper\/magazine\/journal, or a single poem, should be set in quotation marks. For example:\u00a0<\/p><ul><li>The magazine <em>Southern Living<\/em> published an interesting article on traveling in the U.S. called \"The South's Best Roadside Attractions\" in the November, 2015 edition.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><h1>Emphasis<\/h1><h1>\n<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>When you need to emphasize\na word you can use italics to make it stand out. Sometimes, emphasizing certain words gives the sentence a sarcastic tone. It\ncan also emphasize a fact as true. Let's review some examples.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>She\n<em>only <\/em>wants to make 100% on <em>every<\/em> test.\u00a0<\/li>\n  <li>\n\nIf\nthey are offended, then that\u2019s <em>their\n<\/em>problem. \n\n<\/li>\n  <li>These\n<em>are <\/em>the files we need.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Scientific or Technical Terms<\/h1><h1>\n<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Italics are often used in\nscientific and mathematical writing. Algebraic equations are usually\nitalicized. The scientific (Latin) names of species are also italicized. Here are\nsome examples.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>Slope\nis found by calculating <em>y=mx+b<\/em>.\n\n<\/li>\n  <li>Several\nmore <em>Homo sapiens<\/em> fossils were discovered\nrecently. \n\n<\/li>\n  <li>The\nscientific name for the house sparrow is <em>Passer\ndomesticus<\/em>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><h1>Foreign Languages<\/h1><h1>\n<\/h1><h1>\n\n<\/h1><p>Words in foreign languages should also be italicized. Here are a couple of\nexamples.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><ul><li>In an interview, Julia Alvarez once said, \u201cWhat I can\u2019t push\nas successfully out of sight are my own immigrant childhood fears of having a\n<em>gringa <\/em>stepmother with foreign tastes in our house.\"<\/li>\n  <li>I was at the coffee shop when a man approached me and said, \u201c<em>Como\nesta<\/em>?\u201d like he knew me, but I don't speak Spanish.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul><p>\n\n<\/p><p>The only exceptions are words that have been integrated into English\n like clich\u00e9, <em>patio<\/em>, and <em>karate<\/em>. Otherwise, foreign words\nshould be italicized.\u00a0<\/p><p>\n\n<\/p><p>\n\n\n\n<\/p><div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n  <div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n    <img class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1859\/2017\/05\/04162542\/media_6963_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Bubo scandiacus\"\/><div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n      <h2>\n        <em>Bubo scandiacus<\/em>\n      <\/h2>\n      <p>The species name is italicized because species names are in Latin.\u00a0<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul><li>\nCommon Spelling Errors\n<ul><li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Boundless.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Homophone.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homophone\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homophone<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Commonly misspelled words.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonly_misspelled_words\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonly_misspelled_words<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"typo.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/typo\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/typo<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"phonetics.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/phonetics\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/phonetics<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"homophone.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/homophone\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/homophone<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li>\nCapital Letters\n<ul><li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Boundless.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"proper noun.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/proper_noun\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/proper_noun<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li>\nAbbreviations and Acronyms\n<ul><li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Boundless.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Abbreviation.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abbreviation\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abbreviation<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"acronym.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/acronym\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/acronym<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Acronym and initialism.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acronym_and_initialism\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acronym_and_initialism<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"abbreviation.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/abbreviation\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/abbreviation<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li>\nNumbers\n<ul><li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Boundless.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"numeral.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/numeral\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/numeral<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Numbers.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/grammartips.wikispaces.com\/Numbers\">http:\/\/grammartips.wikispaces.com\/Numbers<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">grammartips Wikispace<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">\nProject Gutenberg. \n<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/14979\/14979-h\/14979-h.htm\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/14979\/14979-h\/14979-h.htm<\/a>. \n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Crunching Numbers | Flickr - Photo Sharing!.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/psd\/74176687\/\">http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/psd\/74176687\/<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Flickr<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/us\/\">CC BY<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<li>\nItalics\n<ul><li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Boundless.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"The Onion Spirit: Typography: Italics - When You Should Use Them.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/onionspirit.blogspot.com\/2009\/06\/typography-italics-when-you-should-use.html\">http:\/\/onionspirit.blogspot.com\/2009\/06\/typography-italics-when-you-should-use.html<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Blogspot<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"Italic type.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italic_type%23When_to_use\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italic_type%23When_to_use<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"emphasis.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/emphasis\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/emphasis<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n\"italics.\" \n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/italics\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/italics<\/a>. \n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li><div class=\"attribution\">\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">\nProject Gutenberg. \n<\/span>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/30666\/30666-h\/30666-h.htm%23Page_210\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/30666\/30666-h\/30666-h.htm%23Page_210<\/a>. \n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>. \n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/li>\n<\/ul>","rendered":"<h1 id=\"section_32\">5.6: General Mechanics<\/h1>\n<h2 id=\"concept_147\">5.6.1: Common Spelling Errors<\/h2>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211;<br \/>\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/1342<br \/>\n&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>It is important to be familiar with common spelling errors to avoid them in your own writing.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Recognize common spelling errors<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>It is important to be familiar with spelling errors that writers frequently make so you can avoid them in your own writing.<\/li>\n<li>Knowing why these mistakes occur will help you write with better awareness.<\/li>\n<li>Word-processing programs usually have a spell-checker, but you should still  carefully check for correct changes in your words. This is because automatic spell-checkers may not always understand the context of a word.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt>phonetics<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>The study of the physical sounds of human speech (phones) and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception, and neurophysiological perception, as well as their representation by written symbols.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt>typo<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>A spelling  error.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt>homophone<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>A word which is pronounced the same as another word but differs in spelling or meaning or origin, for example: carat, caret, carrot, and karat.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<h1>The Importance of Spelling<\/h1>\n<p>Misspelling a word might seem like a minor mistake, but it can reflect very poorly on a writer. It<br \/>\nsuggests one of two things: either the writer does not care enough about his<br \/>\nwork to proofread it, or he does not know his topic well enough to properly spell words<br \/>\nrelated to it. Either way, spelling errors will make a reader less<br \/>\nlikely to trust a writer&#8217;s authority.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>The<br \/>\nbest way to ensure that a paper has no spelling errors is to look for them<br \/>\nduring the proofreading stage of the writing process. Being familiar with the<br \/>\nmost common errors will help you find (and fix) them during the writing<br \/>\nand proofreading stage.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes,<br \/>\na writer just doesn&#8217;t know how to spell the word she wants to use. This<br \/>\nmay be because the word is technical jargon or comes from a language other than<br \/>\nher own. Other times, it may be a proper name that she has not<br \/>\nencountered before. Anytime you want to use a word but are unsure of how to<br \/>\nspell it, do not guess. Instead, check a dictionary or other reference work<br \/>\nto find its proper spelling.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Common Spelling Errors<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<h2>Phonetic Errors<\/h2>\n<p>Phonetics is a field that studies the sounds of a language. However, English phonetics can be tricky:\u00a0In English, the pronunciation of a word does not always relate to the way it is spelled. This can make spelling a challenge. Here are some common phonetic irregularities:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A word can sound<br \/>\nlike it could be spelled multiple ways. For example: &#8220;concede&#8221; and<br \/>\n&#8220;conceed&#8221; are the same phonetically, but only &#8220;concede&#8221; is<br \/>\nthe proper spelling.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>A word has silent<br \/>\nletters that the writer may forget to include. You cannot hear the<br \/>\n&#8220;a&#8221; in &#8220;realize,&#8221; but you need it to spell the word<br \/>\ncorrectly.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>A word has double<br \/>\nletters that the writer may forget to include. &#8220;Accommodate,&#8221; for<br \/>\nexample, is frequently misspelled as &#8220;acommodate&#8221; or<br \/>\n&#8220;accomodate.&#8221;<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>The writer may<br \/>\nuse double letters when they are not needed. The word &#8220;amend&#8221; has<br \/>\nonly one &#8220;m,&#8221; but it is commonly misspelled with two.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Sometimes,<br \/>\nwords just aren&#8217;t spelled the way they sound. &#8220;Right,&#8221; for example,<br \/>\ndoes not resemble its phonetic spelling whatsoever. Try to become familiar with<br \/>\nwords that have unusual or non-phonetic spellings so you can be on the lookout<br \/>\nfor them in your writing. But again, the best way to avoid these misspellings<br \/>\nis to consult a dictionary whenever you&#8217;re unsure of the correct spelling.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2>\n  Homophones<br \/>\n<\/h2>\n<p>&#8220;Bread&#8221;<br \/>\nand &#8220;bred&#8221; sound the same, but they are spelled differently, and they mean<br \/>\ncompletely different things. Two words with different meanings but the same<br \/>\npronunciation are homophones. If you don&#8217;t know which homophone is the right<br \/>\none to use, look both up in the dictionary to see which meaning (and spelling)<br \/>\nyou want. Common homophones include:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>right, rite,<br \/>\nwright, and write<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>read (most tenses<br \/>\nof the verb) and reed<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>read (past, past<br \/>\nparticiple) and red<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>rose (flower) and<br \/>\nrose (past tense of rise)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>carat, caret, and<br \/>\ncarrot<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>to, two, and too\n<\/li>\n<li>there, their, and<br \/>\nthey&#8217;re<\/li>\n<li>its and it&#8217;s<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Typographical Errors<\/h2>\n<p>Some spelling errors are caused by the writer accidentally typing the wrong thing.<br \/>\nCommon typos include:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Omitting letters<br \/>\nfrom a word (typing &#8220;brthday&#8221; instead of &#8220;birthday,&#8221; for<br \/>\nexample)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Adding extra<br \/>\nletters (typing &#8220;birthdayy&#8221;)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Transposing two<br \/>\nletters in a word (typing &#8220;brithday&#8221;)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Spacing words<br \/>\nimproperly (such as &#8220;myb irthday&#8221; instead of &#8220;my birthday&#8221;)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Being aware of these<br \/>\ncommon mistakes when writing will help you avoid spelling errors.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"concept_148\">5.6.2: Capital Letters<\/h2>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211;<br \/>\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/3239<br \/>\n&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>Capital letters are used to make certain words stand out.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify words that must be capitalized<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\nThree situations in which a capital letter should always be used are at the start of sentences, proper nouns,\u00a0and for the pronoun &#8220;I<em>.&#8221;<\/em>\n<\/li>\n<li>Names and nicknames, languages, geographical names,  religions, days of the week, months, holidays, and some organizations are considered proper nouns.\n<\/li>\n<li>\nIn titled works (such as books, articles, or artwork) the majority of the words are capitalized. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt>capitalization<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p> Writing a word with its first letter as a capital letter (upper-case letter) and the remaining letters in lower case.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt>proper noun<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>A word denoting a particular person, place, organization, ship, animal, event, idea, or other individual entity.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>Capital letters identify<br \/>\nproper names, people and their languages, geographical names, and certain government<br \/>\nagencies. Different style manuals have different rules for capitalization, so it&#8217;s important to have a style guide on hand while you write in case you have a question about capitalization. There are manuals for MLA, APA, Chicago\/Turabian,  and other styles.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>However, there are general rules for capitalization which apply to all writing.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Starting a Sentence<\/h1>\n<p>Always capitalize the very first word of a sentence, no matter what it is.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Experienced cooks usually<br \/>\nenjoy experimenting with food. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>The Pronoun &#8220;I&#8221;<\/h1>\n<p>Always capitalize the first-person singular pronoun &#8220;I.&#8221;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sometimes, I wish I could<br \/>\ncook with them. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Quoting Others<\/h1>\n<p>Directly quoted speech is capitalized if it is a full sentence.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The head chef said to me, \u201cAnyone<br \/>\ncan become a good cook if they are willing to learn.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Proper Nouns<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Names or nicknames,<br \/>\npeople, languages, geographical names,  religions, days of the<br \/>\nweek, months, holidays, and some organizations are considered proper nouns.<br \/>\nProper nouns should always be capitalized.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Names and Nicknames<\/h2>\n<h2>\n<\/h2>\n<p>A name or nickname should<br \/>\nalways be capitalized. This includes brand names.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>John Paul II<\/li>\n<li>Cindy Parker\n<\/li>\n<li>Buffalo Bill\n<\/li>\n<li>Pepsi\n<\/li>\n<li>Nike\n<\/li>\n<li>Scotch tape\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>People and Languages<\/h2>\n<h2>\n<\/h2>\n<p>Names referring to a<br \/>\nperson\u2019s culture should be capitalized. Languages are also capitalized.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>African Americans\n<\/li>\n<li>Caucasian\n<\/li>\n<li>Eskimos\n<\/li>\n<li>French\n<\/li>\n<li>English\n<\/li>\n<li>Japanese<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<h2>Geographical Names<\/h2>\n<h2>\n<\/h2>\n<p>The names of cities,<br \/>\nstates, countries, continents, and other specific geographic locations are capitalized.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Arctic Circle\n<\/li>\n<li>China\n<\/li>\n<li>New York\n<\/li>\n<li>Europe<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Organizations<\/h2>\n<h2>\n<\/h2>\n<p>Government agencies,<br \/>\ninstitutions, and companies capitalize their names.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ford Motor Company\n<\/li>\n<li>International Red Cross\n<\/li>\n<li>Internal Revenue Service\n<\/li>\n<li>University of South<br \/>\nCarolina\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\nDays, Months, and Holidays<\/h2>\n<p>Days of the week, months,<br \/>\nand holidays are always capitalized. However, seasons (fall, spring, summer,<br \/>\nand winter) are not capitalized.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tuesday\n<\/li>\n<li>October\n<\/li>\n<li>Independence Day<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Religions<\/h2>\n<p>Religions and their<br \/>\nadherents, holy books, holy days, and words referencing religious figures are<br \/>\ncapitalized.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Christianity and Christian\n<\/li>\n<li>Hinduism and Hindu\n<\/li>\n<li>Islam and Muslim\n<\/li>\n<li>Judaism and Jew\n<\/li>\n<li>Bible, Koran, Talmud, Book<br \/>\nof Mormon<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Easter, Ramadan, Yom<br \/>\nKippur<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>God, Allah, Buddha<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Titled Work\u00a0<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>In titled works (such as<br \/>\nbooks, articles, or artwork) the majority of the words are capitalized. A few<br \/>\nexceptions are <em>a<\/em>, <em>an<\/em>, <em>the<\/em>, <em>and<\/em>, <em>but<\/em>, <em>or<\/em>, <em>nor<\/em>, <em>for<\/em>, <em>so<\/em>, and <em>yet<\/em>. These words are<br \/>\nonly capitalized if they come at the beginning of the title. This can vary<br \/>\nbased on style, so be sure to check your manual for specifics.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<em>The Scarlet Letter<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<em>From Here to Eternity<\/em> <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<em>Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n    <em>Girl with a Pearl Earring<\/em>\n  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"concept_149\">5.6.3: Abbreviations and Acronyms<\/h2>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211;<br \/>\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/3237<br \/>\n&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>An abbreviation is the shortened form of a word or phrase.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Use abbreviations appropriately in an academic context<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>There are rules that explain how a writer may shorten a long word or phrase into an abbreviation or acronym.<\/li>\n<li>Following abbreviation and acronym rules ensures that the reader always understands what these abbreviations mean.<\/li>\n<li>Phrases like &#8220;lol&#8221; or &#8220;brb&#8221; are considered inappropriate for formal papers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key Terms<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt>acronym<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p> Abbreviations formed from the initial components in a phrase or a word. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux and Ameslan).<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<dt>abbreviation<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>A shortened form of a word or phrase, used to represent the whole.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<h1>Abbreviations\u00a0<\/h1>\n<\/p>\n<p>An abbreviation is the<br \/>\nshortened form of a word or phrase. Most abbreviations are formed from a letter<br \/>\nor group of letters taken from the original word. In an academic paper, abbreviations are rarely used to stand in for major concepts or terms.  Instead, they are<br \/>\nusually shortened forms of commonly used but relatively minor words, such as<br \/>\n&#8220;km&#8221; for &#8220;kilometer&#8221; or &#8220;Dr.&#8221; for &#8220;doctor.&#8221;<br \/>\nMost are common enough that a writer does not need to provide the reader with<br \/>\nan expanded definition. If an abbreviation is not particularly well-known,<br \/>\nconsider whether you should use it or use the longer (but easier to understand)<br \/>\nword.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Style Conventions for Abbreviations<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Style guides may differ<br \/>\nsomewhat on how to punctuate abbreviations. Listed below are the most common<br \/>\nguidelines, which cover most of the scenarios for using abbreviations. However,<br \/>\nthis is not a completely comprehensive list. If told to use a specific style<br \/>\nmanual, such as MLA or Turabian, be sure to check what it says about specific<br \/>\nusage rules. And whatever style you decide to use, remember to be consistent<br \/>\nwith how you use and punctuate abbreviations.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<p>Abbreviations should be<br \/>\ncapitalized just like their expanded forms would be. If the original word or<br \/>\nphrase is capitalized, then you should capitalize the abbreviation. If the<br \/>\noriginal is lower case, then the abbreviation should be too. Abbreviations<br \/>\nusually end with a period, particularly if they were formed by dropping the end<br \/>\nof a word (the major exception being the use of acronyms). When a sentence ends<br \/>\nwith an abbreviation, use only one period for both the abbreviation and the<br \/>\nsentence.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>She lives in N.Y.<br \/>\n(New York is abbreviated as &#8220;N.Y.&#8221; In this example, it comes at the end of the<br \/>\nsentence but there is only one period.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>He got a ticket for going 70 mph when the speed limit was 55. (Miles<br \/>\nper hour is abbreviated &#8220;mph.&#8221; Note that it is not capitalized.)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>The CIA is depicted in many action movies as highly secretive. (CIA<br \/>\nis always capitalized because Central Intelligence Agency is always<br \/>\ncapitalized.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Acronyms<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Acronyms are abbreviations<br \/>\nthat  form another word. Laser is so frequently used as a word that<br \/>\nfew people know it is an acronym. <em>Laser<\/em> stands for &#8220;light amplification by stimulated<br \/>\nemission of radiation.&#8221; <em>Scuba<\/em> is also an acronym standing for &#8220;self-contained\u00a0underwater\u00a0breathing\u00a0apparatus.&#8221; Although<br \/>\nthis was the foundation for acronyms, they do not always form another word.<br \/>\nMore often than not, acronyms are formed from the initial components of a<br \/>\nseries of words. These components are usually individual letters, but some may<br \/>\nuse the first syllables of words. The main purpose of acronyms is to act as<br \/>\nshorthand for longer terms, particularly those a writer wants to reference<br \/>\nfrequently. In the right circumstances, acronyms can make these terms more<br \/>\nmanageable for the writer to use and for the reader to understand.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Using Acronyms in Academic Writing<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>While acronyms can be very<br \/>\nuseful, only some of them are considered appropriate for use in scholarly<br \/>\nwriting. In general, acronyms can be used to stand in for job titles (such as<br \/>\nCEO), statistical categories (such as RBI) or the names of companies and<br \/>\norganizations (such as FBI). Other instances may arise depending on the type of<br \/>\npaper you are writing\u2014a scientific essay, for example, might have acronyms<br \/>\nfor the names of chemical compounds or scientific terms. In most cases, you<br \/>\nwill be able to judge whether or not an acronym is appropriate based on the<br \/>\ncontext of what you are writing. The only category of acronym that you should<br \/>\nnever use is slang, especially terms derived from texting. Phrases like<br \/>\n&#8220;lol&#8221; and &#8220;brb&#8221; may be fine in casual conversation, but<br \/>\nwould make a writer seem unprofessional in a serious paper. For all acronyms<br \/>\nyou choose to use, making sure that the reader knows what they mean is<br \/>\nessential. The first time you use any acronym, make sure to use its expanded<br \/>\nform first. For example:<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Johnathan<br \/>\nrecently joined the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP). <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) is known<br \/>\nfor fighting for the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>The Family Research Council (FRC) was founded<br \/>\nin 1981. \u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/p>\n<p>Once the abbreviation has been identified, as<br \/>\nshown in these examples, you can use the abbreviated version in the rest of your<br \/>\ndocument. \u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Style Conventions for Acronyms<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Most acronyms are written<br \/>\nin all-uppercase with no punctuation between letters. This differs from<br \/>\nabbreviations, which are normally written with periods in order to note the<br \/>\ndeleted parts of words. A small number of acronyms use slashes to show an ellipsis, as in &#8220;w\/o&#8221; for &#8220;without.&#8221; Spaces are not used<br \/>\nbetween the different letters of acronyms. Apostrophes are generally not used<br \/>\nto pluralize abbreviations. They are, however, used to form possessives.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"concept_150\">5.6.4: Numbers<\/h2>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211;<br \/>\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/948<br \/>\n&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>Sometimes it is appropriate to write numbers as numerals; other times they should be spelled out.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>List the rules for using numbers in different kinds of writing<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>In academic writing, numbers that can be expressed in one or two words should be spelled out.<\/li>\n<li>Numbers that are more than two words long should be written as numerals.<\/li>\n<li>The proper usage of numbers in technical writing varies considerably.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key Term<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt>numeral<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>A symbol that is not a word and represents a number, such as the Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3 and the Roman numerals I, V, X, L.<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<h2>\n<\/h2>\n<p>Style rules for inserting numbers into text vary considerably. Whether numbers should be written out (e.g. two, two hundred)\u00a0or written as numerals (e.g. 2, 200) depends on what kind of writing is being done.<\/p>\n<h1>Numbers as Words<\/h1>\n<p>In strictly academic writing, numbers of one or two words should be spelled out with letters. For example:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Anthony was able to bike five miles in less than an hour.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice that 5 is written out as &#8220;five&#8221; because it is one word.\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Maria bought five bananas, two bunches of grapes, and six oranges for her fruit salad. She needed twenty-one servings for the luncheon.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Notice that each number is written out, including 21, because all of them are one  or two words.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<h1>Numbers as Numerals<\/h1>\n<p>Numbers that are more than two words long should be written as numerals. For example: &#8220;Our vacation to North Carolina ended up being 728 miles, as a round trip.&#8221; Or, in the case of years: &#8220;Tony was born in the fall of 1966.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Also, the following numbers are written as numerals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Dates: December 7, 1941, 32 BC, AD 1066<\/li>\n<li>Addresses: 119 Lakewood Lane, 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue<\/li>\n<li>Percentages: 45 percent or 45%<\/li>\n<li>Fractions and decimals: 1\/3 and 0.25<\/li>\n<li>Scores: 20 to 13 or 15\u201318<\/li>\n<li>Statistics: average age 25<\/li>\n<li>Surveys: 2 out of 5<\/li>\n<li>Exact amounts of money: $861.34 or $0.67<\/li>\n<li>Divisions of books: volume 6 or chapter 5<\/li>\n<li>Divisions of plays: act 2, scene 4<\/li>\n<li>Time of day: 12:00 AM or 4:35 PM<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Technical Writing<\/h1>\n<p>In technical writing (i.e.,  research writing or other writing that includes measurements or statistics), the\u00a0proper usage of numbers\u00a0varies substantially. Typical rules to follow in technical writing include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Technical quantities of any amount are expressed in numerals (3 feet, 12 grams, et cetera).<\/li>\n<li>Nontechnical quantities of fewer than 10 are expressed in words (three people, six whales).<\/li>\n<li>Nontechnical quantities of 10 or more are expressed in numerals (300 people, 12 whales).<\/li>\n<li>Approximations are written out as letters (approximately ten thousand people).<\/li>\n<li>Decimals are expressed in numerals (3.14).<\/li>\n<li>Decimals of less than one are usually preceded by zero (0.146); however, this may vary depending on the style you are asked to write in.<\/li>\n<li>Fractions are written out, unless they are linked to technical units (two-thirds of the members, 3 1\/2 hp).<\/li>\n<li>Page numbers and the titles of figures and tables are expressed in numerals.<\/li>\n<li>Back-to-back numbers are written using both words and numerals (six 3-inch screws).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Special Cases<\/h1>\n<p>There are many special cases for writing numbers. A number at the beginning of a sentence should be spelled out as words. Within a sentence, the same unit of measurement should be expressed consistently in either numerals or words. In general, months should not be expressed in terms of numbers.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1859\/2017\/05\/04162541\/media_6962_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Numbers in the news\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n<h2>Numbers in the news<\/h2>\n<p>When numbers are used in text, many basic formatting rules apply.<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"concept_151\">5.6.5: Italics<\/h2>\n<p>&lt;!&#8211;<br \/>\ngid:\/\/boundless\/Atom\/1343<br \/>\n&#8211;&gt;<\/p>\n<div class=\"brief\">\n<p>Writers use italics to emphasise certain words such as titles, scientific words, and foreign words.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Learning Objective<\/h3>\n<p>Identify situations in which italics should be used<\/p>\n<h3>Key Points<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Italics are a typeface feature designed to make words stand out. There are general rules to using italics properly.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Titles of textbooks, fiction or nonfiction books, newspapers, magazines, academic journals, films, epic poems, plays, operas, musical albums, television shows, movies, works of art, and the names of legal cases should all be italicized.<\/li>\n<li>Italics can also be used to emphasize certain words.<\/li>\n<li>Italics should always be used with scientific terms, algebraic equations, and foreign-language words.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Key Term<\/h3>\n<dl class=\"key_terms\">\n<dt>italics<\/dt>\n<dd>\n<p>A typeface style that is used to add emphasis to words.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n<p>Italics are  letters that slant slightly to the right. When using a word processor (like Microsoft Word) italicized words generally look like this:\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em>This sentence is in italics.<\/em>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Italics should be used consistently in your writing. In general, italics are used to identify the title of a major publication (such as a book, newspaper, or magazine), for emphasis, for scientific or technical words, and for foreign words.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h1>Titles<\/h1>\n<p>The titles of major literary works should be italicized. This includes textbooks, fiction or nonfiction books, newspapers, magazines, academic journals, films, epic poems, plays, operas, musical albums, television shows, movies, works of art, and the names of legal cases.\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>My favorite book is <em>July&#8217;s <\/em>People by Nadine Gordimer.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>I read <em>The New York Times <\/em>to keep up with the political debates.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>I have every Taylor Swift album except <em>Today Was a Fairytale<\/em>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>The 1976 version of the movie <em>Carrie <\/em>was much scarier than the newer version.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>Homer&#8217;s <em>The Iliad<\/em> and <em>The Odyssey<\/em> are my two favorite epic poems.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<em>The Scream<\/em> by Edvard Munch is a well-known painting.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Keep in mind that smaller published works, such as an individual article from a newspaper\/magazine\/journal, or a single poem, should be set in quotation marks. For example:\u00a0<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The magazine <em>Southern Living<\/em> published an interesting article on traveling in the U.S. called &#8220;The South&#8217;s Best Roadside Attractions&#8221; in the November, 2015 edition.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Emphasis<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>When you need to emphasize<br \/>\na word you can use italics to make it stand out. Sometimes, emphasizing certain words gives the sentence a sarcastic tone. It<br \/>\ncan also emphasize a fact as true. Let&#8217;s review some examples.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>She<br \/>\n<em>only <\/em>wants to make 100% on <em>every<\/em> test.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>If<br \/>\nthey are offended, then that\u2019s <em>their<br \/>\n<\/em>problem. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>These<br \/>\n<em>are <\/em>the files we need.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Scientific or Technical Terms<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Italics are often used in<br \/>\nscientific and mathematical writing. Algebraic equations are usually<br \/>\nitalicized. The scientific (Latin) names of species are also italicized. Here are<br \/>\nsome examples.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Slope<br \/>\nis found by calculating <em>y=mx+b<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>Several<br \/>\nmore <em>Homo sapiens<\/em> fossils were discovered<br \/>\nrecently. <\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>The<br \/>\nscientific name for the house sparrow is <em>Passer<br \/>\ndomesticus<\/em>.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h1>Foreign Languages<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<h1>\n<\/h1>\n<p>Words in foreign languages should also be italicized. Here are a couple of<br \/>\nexamples.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In an interview, Julia Alvarez once said, \u201cWhat I can\u2019t push<br \/>\nas successfully out of sight are my own immigrant childhood fears of having a<br \/>\n<em>gringa <\/em>stepmother with foreign tastes in our house.&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>I was at the coffee shop when a man approached me and said, \u201c<em>Como<br \/>\nesta<\/em>?\u201d like he knew me, but I don&#8217;t speak Spanish.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The only exceptions are words that have been integrated into English<br \/>\n like clich\u00e9, <em>patio<\/em>, and <em>karate<\/em>. Otherwise, foreign words<br \/>\nshould be italicized.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure\">\n<div class=\"atom__components__figure__cont\">\n    <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"atom__components__figure__image\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1859\/2017\/05\/04162542\/media_6963_medium.jpeg\" alt=\"Bubo scandiacus\" \/><\/p>\n<div class=\"atom__components__document\">\n<h2>\n        <em>Bubo scandiacus<\/em><br \/>\n      <\/h2>\n<p>The species name is italicized because species names are in Latin.\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Attributions<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\nCommon Spelling Errors<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Boundless.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Homophone.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homophone\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Homophone<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Commonly misspelled words.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonly_misspelled_words\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonly_misspelled_words<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;typo.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/typo\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/typo<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;phonetics.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/phonetics\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/phonetics<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;homophone.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/homophone\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/homophone<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\nCapital Letters<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Boundless.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;proper noun.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/proper_noun\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/proper_noun<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\nAbbreviations and Acronyms<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Boundless.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Abbreviation.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abbreviation\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abbreviation<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;acronym.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/acronym\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/acronym<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Acronym and initialism.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acronym_and_initialism\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acronym_and_initialism<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;abbreviation.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/abbreviation\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/abbreviation<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\nNumbers<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Boundless.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;numeral.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/numeral\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/numeral<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Numbers.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/grammartips.wikispaces.com\/Numbers\">http:\/\/grammartips.wikispaces.com\/Numbers<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">grammartips Wikispace<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n<span class=\"attribution-name\"><br \/>\nProject Gutenberg.<br \/>\n<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/14979\/14979-h\/14979-h.htm\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/14979\/14979-h\/14979-h.htm<\/a>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Crunching Numbers | Flickr &#8211; Photo Sharing!.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/psd\/74176687\/\">http:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/psd\/74176687\/<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Flickr<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/us\/\">CC BY<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>\nItalics<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Boundless.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/\">http:\/\/www.boundless.com\/<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Boundless Learning<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;The Onion Spirit: Typography: Italics &#8211; When You Should Use Them.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/onionspirit.blogspot.com\/2009\/06\/typography-italics-when-you-should-use.html\">http:\/\/onionspirit.blogspot.com\/2009\/06\/typography-italics-when-you-should-use.html<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Blogspot<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;Italic type.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italic_type%23When_to_use\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italic_type%23When_to_use<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wikipedia<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;emphasis.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/emphasis\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/emphasis<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n&#8220;italics.&#8221;<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/italics\">http:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/italics<\/a>.<br \/>\n<span class=\"attribution-name\">Wiktionary<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<div class=\"attribution\">\n<span class=\"attribution-name\"><br \/>\nProject Gutenberg.<br \/>\n<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/30666\/30666-h\/30666-h.htm%23Page_210\">http:\/\/www.gutenberg.org\/files\/30666\/30666-h\/30666-h.htm%23Page_210<\/a>.<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Public_domain\">Public domain<\/a>.\n<\/div>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"author":26,"menu_order":8,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-94","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":229,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/94","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/26"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/94\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":189,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/94\/revisions\/189"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/229"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/94\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=94"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=94"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=94"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/boundlesswriting\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=94"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}