Openness in education brings the potential for co-creation and learning through active participation in how knowledge is produced.

Learning Outcomes

• Explain how copyright restricts pedagogy.
• Define OER-enabled pedagogy and describe how open licensing enables it.
• List examples of OER-enabled pedagogy in practice.

Big Question / Why It Matters

Do you remember when smartphones were first released? They were full of infinite possibilities compared to earlier phones. Before smartphones, we could only call and text. After smartphones, we can now take videos and pictures, play movies and music, surf the web and read email, and call and text. It was difficult for long-time users of older phones to take advantage of all the capabilities offered by new phones. They were too accustomed to the limitations of older phones. For months – sometimes years – they only used their smartphones only to call and text (maybe you know someone like this!)

Many educators have the same problem with OER. They’ve spent so long using education materials published under restrictive licenses that they struggle to take advantage of the new pedagogical capabilities offered by OER. “OER-enabled pedagogy” is the name given to teaching and learning practices that are only possible or practical in the context of OER.

Personal Reflection / Why It Matters to You

When you’ve used OER in the past, have you taken advantage of the permissions offered by their open licenses, or did you use OER just like you used your previous, traditionally copyrighted materials? In other words, did you do anything with the OER that was impossible to do with traditionally copyrighted materials? Why or why not?

Acquiring Essential Knowledge

It’s well established that people learn as a result of the things they do. It’s equally well established that copyright restricts people from engaging in a range of activities. When juxtaposed like this, it becomes clear that copyright restricts pedagogy by contracting the universe of things learners and teachers can do with education materials. If there are things students aren’t allowed to do, there are ways students aren’t allowed to learn. If there are things teachers aren’t allowed to do, there are ways teachers aren’t allowed to teach.

You can learn about how this restriction on what teachers and students can do impacts teaching and learning by reading this metaphor / blog post about driving airplanes on roads.

Fly away in a Robinson r22 beta by Archangel12 / CC BY 2.0

OER-enabled pedagogy is the set of teaching and learning practices that are only possible or practical in the context of the 5R permissions that come with OER. “OER-enabled pedagogy” describes all the new ways that Creative Commons licenses allow learners to learn and all the new ways they allow teachers to teach.

Disposable and Renewable Assignments

Do you remember doing homework for school that felt utterly pointless? A “disposable assignment” is an assignment that supports an individual student’s learning but adds no other value to the world – the student spends hours working on it, the teacher spends time grading it, and the student gets it back and then throws it away. Students spend millions of hours doing this kind of work each year. While disposable assignments may promote learning by an individual student, it’s demoralizing for people who desperately want to feel like their work matters to know that its ultimate destiny is a garbage can.

OER-enabled pedagogy can be used to create “renewable assignments” – assignments that both support individual student learning and add value to the broader world. With renewable assignments, students are asked to create and openly license valuable artifacts that, in addition to supporting their own learning, will be useful to other learners both inside and outside the classroom. For example, classic renewable assignments include collaborating with students to write new case studies for textbooks, create “explainer” videos, and modify learning materials to speak more directly to students’ local cultures and needs.

Explore examples of OER-enabled pedagogy in action, including David Wiley and Robin DeRosa’s examples of students adapting existing materials to create new textbooks. In both of these cases, teachers had students create their own textbooks, which then had Creative Commons licenses applied to them. Other examples of OER-enabled pedagogy in action include Murray and Azzam’s assignments that had students significantly improve articles on Wikipedia. When they completed these assignments, students created open artifacts useful to both in supporting their own learning and the learning of other students and educators. These examples of OER-enabled pedagogy have students creating assignments that allow them to interact with the greater community and ensure that the assignments are renewable, not disposable artifacts.

A couple of other interesting examples of renewable assignments are a remixed explainer video that a student made about Blogs and Wikis, and the DS106 assignment bank, which is a hub for student created, CC licensed content.

Final remarks

If you’re just going to use your new smartphone the same way you used your old flip phone, there wasn’t much point in getting a new phone! Likewise, when we use OER to support learning in exactly the same ways we used old all rights reserved materials, we save students money but miss out on the transformative power of open. As you prepare to use OER in your teaching, think about new things that are possible in the context of permission to engage in the 5R activities.