{"id":82,"date":"2017-12-20T22:31:30","date_gmt":"2017-12-20T22:31:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=82"},"modified":"2018-02-14T16:01:22","modified_gmt":"2018-02-14T16:01:22","slug":"6-1-open-access","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/chapter\/6-1-open-access\/","title":{"raw":"6.1 Open Access to Scholarship","rendered":"6.1 Open Access to Scholarship"},"content":{"raw":"Open access literature is <a href=\"https:\/\/legacy.earlham.edu\/~peters\/fos\/overview.htm\">digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions<\/a>. Open access stands in contrast to the existing \u201cclosed\u201d system for communicating scientific and scholarly research. This current approach is slow, expensive, and ill-suited for research collaboration and discovery. And even though scholarly research is largely produced as a result of public funding, the results are often hidden behind technical, legal, and financial barriers. Open access publishing is an alternative model \u2014 one that takes full advantage of digital technologies, the web, and open licensing to provide free access to scholarship.\r\n<h2>Learning Outcomes<\/h2>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Define Open Access<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain the benefits of Open Access for your students and for researchers at your institution<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Understand how authors can make their own works Open Access<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>The Big Question \/ Why It Matters<\/h2>\r\nThe purpose of scientific inquiry at the university is the fundamental search for knowledge. Teaching, the open exchange of ideas, and the process of publishing original research are all methods by which academic faculty, students, staff, and others contribute to advancing scholarship.\r\n\r\nHow well do current information access and sharing practices within the university system reflect and support the stated goals of research and scholarship?\r\n\r\nThis unit will explore how the practice of Open Access publishing aligns with the goals of improving access to knowledge, and how librarians can support the university in implementing Open Access practices and policies.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"460\" \/><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Graphic designed by Amy Collier, copyright owned by Creative Commons, licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY<\/a><\/i><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h2>Personal Reflection \/ Why it Matters To You<\/h2>\r\nHow does your institution support (or not) the open publication of research? How do you interact with students and faculty searching for academic research? Have you ever encountered a paywall while trying to access research articles?\r\n<h2>Acquiring Essential Knowledge<\/h2>\r\n<h3>Scholarly publishing today<\/h3>\r\nFirst, read the Wikipedia article on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scholarly_communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scholarly communication<\/a>. This article defines scholarly communication as \u201cthe system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. The system includes both formal means of communication, such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels, such as electronic listservs.\u201d\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"685\" height=\"430\" \/>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Attribution statement for this graphic available <a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.creativecommons.org\/wiki\/File:Research_articles_cycles.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>. <\/i><\/p>\r\nThe challenges with the existing approach to scholarly communications are laid out in the graphic above. This image explains\u2014in generalized terms\u2014the current process involved with developing and communicating scientific results. In the first step of the lifecycle, scientists, academics, and research institutions seek funds to conduct a variety of research. Most often this funding comes from government sources (e.g., the National Institutes of Health in the United States), although there are several philanthropic foundations (such as the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation) that are now making major investments in particular types of research.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nAfter the researchers have secured their grants, they conduct their experiments and collect their data. Most of the time these researchers prepare their results in the form of an academic article, which they then submit to a scholarly journal for publication. The journals then arrange for some of the submitted articles to undergo a process of peer review, in which experts within the particular topic of field will read, review, and usually provide comments on the submitted paper.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nSome of the articles that pass the peer review stage are then offered for publication in the journal. The journal will notify the author that her paper has been accepted, and usually require that the author transfer copyright to (or agree to an exclusive publishing contract with) the journal. By accepting these terms, the author has granted to the journal her exclusive rights under copyright. This means that the journal\u2014and not the author\u2014is now the copyright holder, and thus may restrict the terms of access and reuse provided for by the bundle of rights granted to rights holders under the law.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nBecause journals have become the de facto rights holders to scientific research, they are also the entities in the position to license access to these materials to university libraries, research institutions, and the public\u2014typically for a significant fee. This leads to a cyclical situation in which for-profit publishers essentially sell back access to the scientific and scholarly record that academics originally produced through public grants.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n\r\nEven after a publishing embargo (usually a time of 6 months to a year when publishers retain exclusive publishing rights) expires, the access to the mostly-publicly funded scientific research remains limited, with users only permitted to read those articles (if they are properly submitted to institutional repositories). In the end, the public is left with suboptimal access to the publicly-funded scholarly record, and progress in the scientific enterprise doesn\u2019t reach its maximum potential.\r\n\r\nThere are several critiques of the existing academic publishing system. SPARC has an excellent summary of the key points on its <a href=\"https:\/\/sparcopen.org\/open-access\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Access page<\/a>, some highlights of which are pasted below:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><i>Governments provide most of the funding for research\u2014hundreds of billions of dollars annually\u2014and public institutions employ a large portion of all researchers.<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>Researchers publish their findings without the expectation of compensation. Unlike other authors, they hand their work over to publishers without payment, in the interest of advancing human knowledge.<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>Through the process of peer review, researchers review each other\u2019s work for free.<\/i><\/li>\r\n \t<li><i>Once published, those that contributed to the research (from taxpayers to the institutions that supported the research itself) have to pay again to access the findings. Though research is produced as a public good, it isn\u2019t available to the public who paid for it.<\/i><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\u00a9 2007-2017 SPARC, licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY<\/a>.\r\n\r\nAs ever-increasing journal prices outpace library budgets, academic libraries are forced to <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/academic-journal-publishing-is-headed-for-a-day-of-reckoning-80869\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make difficult decisions<\/a> \u2014 often having to cancel subscriptions or shift money away from other budget items. According to the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), the average cost of a serial subscription for ARL member libraries <a href=\"http:\/\/www.openoasis.org\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=254&amp;Itemid=256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased<\/a> by 315% from 1989 to 2003. Since 2003, average journal prices increased more slowly but still continue to rise about 9% per year.\r\n<h3>Open Access Publishing<\/h3>\r\nThe \u201cclosed access\u201d publishing system limits the impact of the scientific and scholarly community and progress is slowed significantly. Open Access literature is <a href=\"http:\/\/legacy.earlham.edu\/~peters\/fos\/overview.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defined<\/a> by scholar Peter Suber as \u201cdigital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.\u201d Read the graphic below for a quick overview of how an open access publishing system works.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"456\" \/>\r\n\r\nIn contrast to the earlier graphic that explained the current costly and inefficient science publishing life cycle, the image above explores an alternate path\u2014the open access route.\r\n\r\nThe process begins just as it did in the explanation of the incumbent system\u2014with government requests for proposals (RFPs) for research. But instead of remaining silent on how research results will be communicated, the RFPs contain policy language that requires that published research be made available on an open access basis. Next, researchers conduct their scientific experiments and prepare their academic manuscripts. When they go to submit their articles to journals, they must think about the open access policy requirements they agreed upon when they accepted their grant funding. This means that the researchers must retain their copyrights\u2014and not sign them over to for-profit publishers. Or authors must search out a \u201cgold\u201d open access journal, which publishes research under liberal open access licenses (like CC BY) at publication. In either case, authors retain some\u2014or all\u2014rights to their research articles, permitting them to publish under open access licenses, and ensuring that they may deposit their articles in a university or institutional repository for long-term access and preservation. By publishing under open access licenses like CC BY, downstream users are granted the legal permissions to access and reuse the research. This type of open access system is better aligned with the original purpose of conducting science and sharing results openly through the scholarly publishing process. In the long run, the open access approach is more efficient, equitable, affordable, and collaborative.\r\n\r\nWatch the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=L5rVH1KGBCY&amp;t=124s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Access Explained!<\/a> Video.\r\n\r\n<img title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"344\" \/>\r\n<h3>Open Access Options<\/h3>\r\nOpen Access authors have the opportunity to publish in a few ways. The most common are known as \"Green\" or \"Gold\" Open Access.\r\n\r\n<b>Green OA<\/b> = making a version of the manuscript freely available in a repository. This is also known as self-archiving. An example of green OA is a <a href=\"https:\/\/dash.harvard.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">university research repository<\/a>. OA repositories can be organized by discipline (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arXiv<\/a> for physics) or institution (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledge.uchicago.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Knowledge@UChicago<\/a> for the University of Chicago).\r\n\r\n<b>Gold OA =<\/b> making the final version of the manuscript freely available immediately upon publication by the publisher, typically by publishing in an Open Access journal and making the article available under an open license. Typically, Open Access journals charge an Article Processing Charge (APC) when an author wishes to (a) publish an article online allowing for free public access and (b) retain the copyright to the article. APCs range from $0 to several thousand dollars per article. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Article_processing_charge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read more about APCs at Wikipedia. <\/a>An example of a gold OA journal is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plos.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PLOS<\/a>.\r\n\r\nThe <a href=\"https:\/\/doaj.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Directory of Open Access Journals<\/a> (DOAJ) is a site that indexes open access journals, and <a href=\"https:\/\/sparcopen.org\/our-work\/howopenisit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HowOpenIsIt?<\/a> (see below) is a handy tool for evaluating the relative \u201copenness\u201d of publishing from full open access to closed access.\r\n\r\n<img class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"253\" \/>\r\n\r\nCertain emerging models like preprints and hubs are still burgeoning, but can provide a new way of considering Open Access publishing outside of the constraints of publisher-mediated models. See the additional resources section for more information about these emerging areas in Open Access publishing.\r\n<h2>Educating authors about their publishing rights<\/h2>\r\nBy understanding copyright and the various scholarly publishing options, librarians can help faculty members and graduate students navigate the system as they publish research.\r\n\r\nOften, scholarly publishers require authors to transfer their rights to publishing companies before their research will be published in an academic journal. Librarians can support faculty and student authors by helping them understand what they give up when they transfer their copyright to a publisher. For example, scholarly authors who transfer copyright could lose the ability to post their research on their own websites.\r\n\r\nSeveral tools exist to help faculty and scholars understand their rights and publishing options, and to help them exercise those rights. The <a href=\"https:\/\/rightsback.org\/\">Termination of Transfer tool<\/a>[footnote]Currently, the Termination of Transfer tool covers U.S. copyright and contracts controlled by U.S. law only. Creative Commons is working to expand the tool to provide information and resources about provisions with similar effect around the world.[\/footnote], co-stewarded by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons, gives authors who have previously entered into publishing agreements information about whether and how they can regain the publication rights previously assigned away so they can publish on new terms, including under a CC license if they choose. The <a href=\"http:\/\/sciencecommons.org\/projects\/publishing\/scae\/\">Scholars Copyright Addendum Engine<\/a>[footnote]The SCAE and the addenda are being updated by Creative Commons in 2018.[\/footnote] can be used by faculty and other authors to amend publication agreements when submitting an article to a traditional publisher. The <a href=\"http:\/\/scholars.sciencecommons.org\/\">engine<\/a> allows authors to choose among different options to reserve rights for themselves, and generates an agreement that is then submitted with a traditional publication agreement to make that legally effective. Additionally, Authors Alliance publishes myriad <a href=\"https:\/\/www.authorsalliance.org\/resources\/\">resources<\/a> about these tools and open access, and PLoS offers resources and articles about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plos.org\/search?q=open+access\">benefits of open access<\/a> as well.\r\n\r\nLibrarians can also help scholars understand how different publishing options affect the audience and prestige of their work. Impact factor is a primary metric of prominence of a journal or publication, measured by a journal\u2019s average number of citations. Because impact factors are not necessarily a reliable metric of a journal\u2019s importance, some publishers like Nature, are reconsidering the importance of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/time-to-remodel-the-journal-impact-factor-1.20332\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> impact factors for journals.<\/a> Many Open Access scholars encourage systems like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altmetrics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">altmetrics<\/a> to provide another way of thinking about impact beyond the traditional metrics. In 2017, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.1science.com\/1numbr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>1Science OA- Finder <\/i><\/a>released a study finding that on average, Open Access papers produce a 50% higher research impact than strictly paywalled papers. <a href=\"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-632\/v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read Jon Tennant\u2019s article from 2016 on the academic, societal, and economic advantages of open access to learn more.<\/a>\r\n<h2>Open Access practices and policies at the university and beyond<\/h2>\r\nAn Open Access policy is a formal policy adopted by an institution to support researchers in making their work openly available. These policies can refer to published peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, and\/or peer-reviewed drafts or pre-printed publications that are deposited in an institutional repository. Open Access policies generally define the guidelines for how researchers can disseminate their research to maximize access.\r\n\r\nOpen Access advocate <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Suber\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Suber<\/a> has remarked that \"mandate\u201d is not a good word for open-access policies, \"...but neither is any other English word.\u201d Without a mandate, institutions can consider faculty opt-in policies, where libraries or copyright offices focus on shifting the default publishing practice to open access.\r\n\r\nUniversity policies\r\n\r\nMany universities have set up Open Access policies that require university-affiliated researchers to grant to their institution a non-exclusive license to a scholarly article at time of creation of the work. This process heads off problems with publishers downstream, since the university retains a legal right to the work before copyright can be transferred to a publisher. These policies have proliferated under the assumption that universities themselves should be able to access and preserve the research outputs of their faculty. To view an example, review the <a href=\"https:\/\/osc.universityofcalifornia.edu\/open-access-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of California Open Access Policy<\/a>. You can also view many other institutional open access policies in the <a href=\"http:\/\/roarmap.eprints.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Registry of Open Access Repository Material Archiving Policies<\/a> (ROARMAP), which has collected several hundred green open access policies, including those of universities, research organisations, and academic institutions.\r\n\r\nFor academic librarians librarians interested in developing an open access policy for their university or institution, the Harvard Open Access Project has developed a <a href=\"https:\/\/cyber.harvard.edu\/hoap\/Good_practices_for_university_open-access_policies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toolkit<\/a>. Open Access policies usually originate from the Office of Scholarly Communications, but librarians in a variety of roles (outreach, reference, etc.) can help craft these policies.\r\n<h3>Public Policy<\/h3>\r\nIn addition to encouraging the development of open access policies at the university level, public policies can ensure that publicly funded research be made available under Open Access terms. This typically is accomplished through the inclusion of sharing requirements tied to receiving government or philanthropic grant funds. When funding cycles for research include deposit and\/or open license requirements for publications, increased access and opportunities for reuse extends the value of research funding. As an example, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) <a href=\"https:\/\/publicaccess.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public Access Policy<\/a> requires that its grantees immediately deposit peer-reviewed manuscripts in the PubMed Central repository and the final journal article within twelve months of publication.\r\n\r\nThe <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fair_Access_to_Science_and_Technology_Research_Act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act<\/a> (FASTR) was introduced in both the House of Representatives and the Senate from 2012-2017. FASTR requires federal agencies with annual extramural research budgets of $100 million or more to provide the public with online access to the research articles stemming from that funded research within 6-12 months after publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The passage of FASTR would ensure that publicly-funded articles are made freely available for all potential users to read and ensure that <a href=\"https:\/\/sparcopen.org\/our-work\/fastr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">articles can be fully used in the digital environment<\/a>, enabling the use of new computational analysis tools that promise to revolutionize the research process.\r\n<h1>Open Access Myths Debunked<\/h1>\r\nFor faculty and students, Open Access can seem like a scary new world, particularly as the pressure to publish has increased. There are many guides to debunking the myths of Open Access publishing, and reading them carefully to dispel any fear or misunderstanding is crucial in the current academic landscape.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"http:\/\/legacy.earlham.edu\/~peters\/fos\/newsletter\/04-02-09.htm#fieldguide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Suber\u2019s \u201cField Guide to Misunderstandings about Open Access\u201d<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.umn.edu\/openaccess\/myths-about-open-access\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Minnesota \u201cMyths about Open Access Publishing.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/blog\/2012\/apr\/17\/persistent-myths-open-access-scientific-publishing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mike Taylor\u2019s \u201cPersistent Myths about open access scientific publishing\u201d<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Final remarks<\/h2>\r\nUniversities play a major role in advancing scientific research, and academic publishing is a key way for faculty to communicate findings with colleagues and the public. As organizers of knowledge within institutions, librarians can work together with university researchers to promote access to information. They can do this by educating on the \u201chow\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201d of Open Access, answering questions about copyright, and providing guidance and recommendations to maximize the reach and impact of scholarly publishing in particular fields.","rendered":"<p>Open access literature is <a href=\"https:\/\/legacy.earlham.edu\/~peters\/fos\/overview.htm\">digital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions<\/a>. Open access stands in contrast to the existing \u201cclosed\u201d system for communicating scientific and scholarly research. This current approach is slow, expensive, and ill-suited for research collaboration and discovery. And even though scholarly research is largely produced as a result of public funding, the results are often hidden behind technical, legal, and financial barriers. Open access publishing is an alternative model \u2014 one that takes full advantage of digital technologies, the web, and open licensing to provide free access to scholarship.<\/p>\n<h2>Learning Outcomes<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Define Open Access<\/li>\n<li>Explain the benefits of Open Access for your students and for researchers at your institution<\/li>\n<li>Understand how authors can make their own works Open Access<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>The Big Question \/ Why It Matters<\/h2>\n<p>The purpose of scientific inquiry at the university is the fundamental search for knowledge. Teaching, the open exchange of ideas, and the process of publishing original research are all methods by which academic faculty, students, staff, and others contribute to advancing scholarship.<\/p>\n<p>How well do current information access and sharing practices within the university system reflect and support the stated goals of research and scholarship?<\/p>\n<p>This unit will explore how the practice of Open Access publishing aligns with the goals of improving access to knowledge, and how librarians can support the university in implementing Open Access practices and policies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"460\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Graphic designed by Amy Collier, copyright owned by Creative Commons, licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY<\/a><\/i><\/p>\n<h2>Personal Reflection \/ Why it Matters To You<\/h2>\n<p>How does your institution support (or not) the open publication of research? How do you interact with students and faculty searching for academic research? Have you ever encountered a paywall while trying to access research articles?<\/p>\n<h2>Acquiring Essential Knowledge<\/h2>\n<h3>Scholarly publishing today<\/h3>\n<p>First, read the Wikipedia article on <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scholarly_communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">scholarly communication<\/a>. This article defines scholarly communication as \u201cthe system through which research and other scholarly writings are created, evaluated for quality, disseminated to the scholarly community, and preserved for future use. The system includes both formal means of communication, such as publication in peer-reviewed journals, and informal channels, such as electronic listservs.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"685\" height=\"430\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><i>Attribution statement for this graphic available <a href=\"https:\/\/wiki.creativecommons.org\/wiki\/File:Research_articles_cycles.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>. <\/i><\/p>\n<p>The challenges with the existing approach to scholarly communications are laid out in the graphic above. This image explains\u2014in generalized terms\u2014the current process involved with developing and communicating scientific results. In the first step of the lifecycle, scientists, academics, and research institutions seek funds to conduct a variety of research. Most often this funding comes from government sources (e.g., the National Institutes of Health in the United States), although there are several philanthropic foundations (such as the Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation) that are now making major investments in particular types of research.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>After the researchers have secured their grants, they conduct their experiments and collect their data. Most of the time these researchers prepare their results in the form of an academic article, which they then submit to a scholarly journal for publication. The journals then arrange for some of the submitted articles to undergo a process of peer review, in which experts within the particular topic of field will read, review, and usually provide comments on the submitted paper.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Some of the articles that pass the peer review stage are then offered for publication in the journal. The journal will notify the author that her paper has been accepted, and usually require that the author transfer copyright to (or agree to an exclusive publishing contract with) the journal. By accepting these terms, the author has granted to the journal her exclusive rights under copyright. This means that the journal\u2014and not the author\u2014is now the copyright holder, and thus may restrict the terms of access and reuse provided for by the bundle of rights granted to rights holders under the law.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Because journals have become the de facto rights holders to scientific research, they are also the entities in the position to license access to these materials to university libraries, research institutions, and the public\u2014typically for a significant fee. This leads to a cyclical situation in which for-profit publishers essentially sell back access to the scientific and scholarly record that academics originally produced through public grants.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Even after a publishing embargo (usually a time of 6 months to a year when publishers retain exclusive publishing rights) expires, the access to the mostly-publicly funded scientific research remains limited, with users only permitted to read those articles (if they are properly submitted to institutional repositories). In the end, the public is left with suboptimal access to the publicly-funded scholarly record, and progress in the scientific enterprise doesn\u2019t reach its maximum potential.<\/p>\n<p>There are several critiques of the existing academic publishing system. SPARC has an excellent summary of the key points on its <a href=\"https:\/\/sparcopen.org\/open-access\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Access page<\/a>, some highlights of which are pasted below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>Governments provide most of the funding for research\u2014hundreds of billions of dollars annually\u2014and public institutions employ a large portion of all researchers.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Researchers publish their findings without the expectation of compensation. Unlike other authors, they hand their work over to publishers without payment, in the interest of advancing human knowledge.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Through the process of peer review, researchers review each other\u2019s work for free.<\/i><\/li>\n<li><i>Once published, those that contributed to the research (from taxpayers to the institutions that supported the research itself) have to pay again to access the findings. Though research is produced as a public good, it isn\u2019t available to the public who paid for it.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a9 2007-2017 SPARC, licensed <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>As ever-increasing journal prices outpace library budgets, academic libraries are forced to <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/academic-journal-publishing-is-headed-for-a-day-of-reckoning-80869\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">make difficult decisions<\/a> \u2014 often having to cancel subscriptions or shift money away from other budget items. According to the Association of Research Libraries (ARL), the average cost of a serial subscription for ARL member libraries <a href=\"http:\/\/www.openoasis.org\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=254&amp;Itemid=256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">increased<\/a> by 315% from 1989 to 2003. Since 2003, average journal prices increased more slowly but still continue to rise about 9% per year.<\/p>\n<h3>Open Access Publishing<\/h3>\n<p>The \u201cclosed access\u201d publishing system limits the impact of the scientific and scholarly community and progress is slowed significantly. Open Access literature is <a href=\"http:\/\/legacy.earlham.edu\/~peters\/fos\/overview.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">defined<\/a> by scholar Peter Suber as \u201cdigital, online, free of charge, and free of most copyright and licensing restrictions.\u201d Read the graphic below for a quick overview of how an open access publishing system works.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"456\" \/><\/p>\n<p>In contrast to the earlier graphic that explained the current costly and inefficient science publishing life cycle, the image above explores an alternate path\u2014the open access route.<\/p>\n<p>The process begins just as it did in the explanation of the incumbent system\u2014with government requests for proposals (RFPs) for research. But instead of remaining silent on how research results will be communicated, the RFPs contain policy language that requires that published research be made available on an open access basis. Next, researchers conduct their scientific experiments and prepare their academic manuscripts. When they go to submit their articles to journals, they must think about the open access policy requirements they agreed upon when they accepted their grant funding. This means that the researchers must retain their copyrights\u2014and not sign them over to for-profit publishers. Or authors must search out a \u201cgold\u201d open access journal, which publishes research under liberal open access licenses (like CC BY) at publication. In either case, authors retain some\u2014or all\u2014rights to their research articles, permitting them to publish under open access licenses, and ensuring that they may deposit their articles in a university or institutional repository for long-term access and preservation. By publishing under open access licenses like CC BY, downstream users are granted the legal permissions to access and reuse the research. This type of open access system is better aligned with the original purpose of conducting science and sharing results openly through the scholarly publishing process. In the long run, the open access approach is more efficient, equitable, affordable, and collaborative.<\/p>\n<p>Watch the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=L5rVH1KGBCY&amp;t=124s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Open Access Explained!<\/a> Video.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"344\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Open Access Options<\/h3>\n<p>Open Access authors have the opportunity to publish in a few ways. The most common are known as &#8220;Green&#8221; or &#8220;Gold&#8221; Open Access.<\/p>\n<p><b>Green OA<\/b> = making a version of the manuscript freely available in a repository. This is also known as self-archiving. An example of green OA is a <a href=\"https:\/\/dash.harvard.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">university research repository<\/a>. OA repositories can be organized by discipline (e.g. <a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arXiv<\/a> for physics) or institution (e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/knowledge.uchicago.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Knowledge@UChicago<\/a> for the University of Chicago).<\/p>\n<p><b>Gold OA =<\/b> making the final version of the manuscript freely available immediately upon publication by the publisher, typically by publishing in an Open Access journal and making the article available under an open license. Typically, Open Access journals charge an Article Processing Charge (APC) when an author wishes to (a) publish an article online allowing for free public access and (b) retain the copyright to the article. APCs range from $0 to several thousand dollars per article. <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Article_processing_charge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read more about APCs at Wikipedia. <\/a>An example of a gold OA journal is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plos.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PLOS<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/doaj.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Directory of Open Access Journals<\/a> (DOAJ) is a site that indexes open access journals, and <a href=\"https:\/\/sparcopen.org\/our-work\/howopenisit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HowOpenIsIt?<\/a> (see below) is a handy tool for evaluating the relative \u201copenness\u201d of publishing from full open access to closed access.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" title=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/certconvert.files.wordpress.com\/2018\/01\/null3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"612\" height=\"253\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Certain emerging models like preprints and hubs are still burgeoning, but can provide a new way of considering Open Access publishing outside of the constraints of publisher-mediated models. See the additional resources section for more information about these emerging areas in Open Access publishing.<\/p>\n<h2>Educating authors about their publishing rights<\/h2>\n<p>By understanding copyright and the various scholarly publishing options, librarians can help faculty members and graduate students navigate the system as they publish research.<\/p>\n<p>Often, scholarly publishers require authors to transfer their rights to publishing companies before their research will be published in an academic journal. Librarians can support faculty and student authors by helping them understand what they give up when they transfer their copyright to a publisher. For example, scholarly authors who transfer copyright could lose the ability to post their research on their own websites.<\/p>\n<p>Several tools exist to help faculty and scholars understand their rights and publishing options, and to help them exercise those rights. The <a href=\"https:\/\/rightsback.org\/\">Termination of Transfer tool<\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Currently, the Termination of Transfer tool covers U.S. copyright and contracts controlled by U.S. law only. Creative Commons is working to expand the tool to provide information and resources about provisions with similar effect around the world.\" id=\"return-footnote-82-1\" href=\"#footnote-82-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a>, co-stewarded by Authors Alliance and Creative Commons, gives authors who have previously entered into publishing agreements information about whether and how they can regain the publication rights previously assigned away so they can publish on new terms, including under a CC license if they choose. The <a href=\"http:\/\/sciencecommons.org\/projects\/publishing\/scae\/\">Scholars Copyright Addendum Engine<\/a><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"The SCAE and the addenda are being updated by Creative Commons in 2018.\" id=\"return-footnote-82-2\" href=\"#footnote-82-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a> can be used by faculty and other authors to amend publication agreements when submitting an article to a traditional publisher. The <a href=\"http:\/\/scholars.sciencecommons.org\/\">engine<\/a> allows authors to choose among different options to reserve rights for themselves, and generates an agreement that is then submitted with a traditional publication agreement to make that legally effective. Additionally, Authors Alliance publishes myriad <a href=\"https:\/\/www.authorsalliance.org\/resources\/\">resources<\/a> about these tools and open access, and PLoS offers resources and articles about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.plos.org\/search?q=open+access\">benefits of open access<\/a> as well.<\/p>\n<p>Librarians can also help scholars understand how different publishing options affect the audience and prestige of their work. Impact factor is a primary metric of prominence of a journal or publication, measured by a journal\u2019s average number of citations. Because impact factors are not necessarily a reliable metric of a journal\u2019s importance, some publishers like Nature, are reconsidering the importance of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/news\/time-to-remodel-the-journal-impact-factor-1.20332\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> impact factors for journals.<\/a> Many Open Access scholars encourage systems like <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altmetrics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">altmetrics<\/a> to provide another way of thinking about impact beyond the traditional metrics. In 2017, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.1science.com\/1numbr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><i>1Science OA- Finder <\/i><\/a>released a study finding that on average, Open Access papers produce a 50% higher research impact than strictly paywalled papers. <a href=\"https:\/\/f1000research.com\/articles\/5-632\/v1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Read Jon Tennant\u2019s article from 2016 on the academic, societal, and economic advantages of open access to learn more.<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Open Access practices and policies at the university and beyond<\/h2>\n<p>An Open Access policy is a formal policy adopted by an institution to support researchers in making their work openly available. These policies can refer to published peer-reviewed articles, conference papers, and\/or peer-reviewed drafts or pre-printed publications that are deposited in an institutional repository. Open Access policies generally define the guidelines for how researchers can disseminate their research to maximize access.<\/p>\n<p>Open Access advocate <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_Suber\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Suber<\/a> has remarked that &#8220;mandate\u201d is not a good word for open-access policies, &#8220;&#8230;but neither is any other English word.\u201d Without a mandate, institutions can consider faculty opt-in policies, where libraries or copyright offices focus on shifting the default publishing practice to open access.<\/p>\n<p>University policies<\/p>\n<p>Many universities have set up Open Access policies that require university-affiliated researchers to grant to their institution a non-exclusive license to a scholarly article at time of creation of the work. This process heads off problems with publishers downstream, since the university retains a legal right to the work before copyright can be transferred to a publisher. These policies have proliferated under the assumption that universities themselves should be able to access and preserve the research outputs of their faculty. To view an example, review the <a href=\"https:\/\/osc.universityofcalifornia.edu\/open-access-policy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of California Open Access Policy<\/a>. You can also view many other institutional open access policies in the <a href=\"http:\/\/roarmap.eprints.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Registry of Open Access Repository Material Archiving Policies<\/a> (ROARMAP), which has collected several hundred green open access policies, including those of universities, research organisations, and academic institutions.<\/p>\n<p>For academic librarians librarians interested in developing an open access policy for their university or institution, the Harvard Open Access Project has developed a <a href=\"https:\/\/cyber.harvard.edu\/hoap\/Good_practices_for_university_open-access_policies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">toolkit<\/a>. Open Access policies usually originate from the Office of Scholarly Communications, but librarians in a variety of roles (outreach, reference, etc.) can help craft these policies.<\/p>\n<h3>Public Policy<\/h3>\n<p>In addition to encouraging the development of open access policies at the university level, public policies can ensure that publicly funded research be made available under Open Access terms. This typically is accomplished through the inclusion of sharing requirements tied to receiving government or philanthropic grant funds. When funding cycles for research include deposit and\/or open license requirements for publications, increased access and opportunities for reuse extends the value of research funding. As an example, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) <a href=\"https:\/\/publicaccess.nih.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Public Access Policy<\/a> requires that its grantees immediately deposit peer-reviewed manuscripts in the PubMed Central repository and the final journal article within twelve months of publication.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fair_Access_to_Science_and_Technology_Research_Act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act<\/a> (FASTR) was introduced in both the House of Representatives and the Senate from 2012-2017. FASTR requires federal agencies with annual extramural research budgets of $100 million or more to provide the public with online access to the research articles stemming from that funded research within 6-12 months after publication in a peer-reviewed journal. The passage of FASTR would ensure that publicly-funded articles are made freely available for all potential users to read and ensure that <a href=\"https:\/\/sparcopen.org\/our-work\/fastr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">articles can be fully used in the digital environment<\/a>, enabling the use of new computational analysis tools that promise to revolutionize the research process.<\/p>\n<h1>Open Access Myths Debunked<\/h1>\n<p>For faculty and students, Open Access can seem like a scary new world, particularly as the pressure to publish has increased. There are many guides to debunking the myths of Open Access publishing, and reading them carefully to dispel any fear or misunderstanding is crucial in the current academic landscape.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/legacy.earlham.edu\/~peters\/fos\/newsletter\/04-02-09.htm#fieldguide\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Peter Suber\u2019s \u201cField Guide to Misunderstandings about Open Access\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lib.umn.edu\/openaccess\/myths-about-open-access\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">University of Minnesota \u201cMyths about Open Access Publishing.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/science\/blog\/2012\/apr\/17\/persistent-myths-open-access-scientific-publishing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mike Taylor\u2019s \u201cPersistent Myths about open access scientific publishing\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Final remarks<\/h2>\n<p>Universities play a major role in advancing scientific research, and academic publishing is a key way for faculty to communicate findings with colleagues and the public. As organizers of knowledge within institutions, librarians can work together with university researchers to promote access to information. They can do this by educating on the \u201chow\u201d and \u201cwhy\u201d of Open Access, answering questions about copyright, and providing guidance and recommendations to maximize the reach and impact of scholarly publishing in particular fields.<\/p>\n<hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-82-1\">Currently, the Termination of Transfer tool covers U.S. copyright and contracts controlled by U.S. law only. Creative Commons is working to expand the tool to provide information and resources about provisions with similar effect around the world. <a href=\"#return-footnote-82-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-82-2\">The SCAE and the addenda are being updated by Creative Commons in 2018. <a href=\"#return-footnote-82-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":33,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-82","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":27,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/82","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/33"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/82\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":281,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/82\/revisions\/281"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/27"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/82\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=82"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=82"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=82"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cccertedu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=82"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}