{"id":2431,"date":"2015-04-22T21:21:22","date_gmt":"2015-04-22T21:21:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/oschemtemp\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2431"},"modified":"2020-12-30T15:56:33","modified_gmt":"2020-12-30T15:56:33","slug":"occurrence-preparation-and-properties-of-sulfur","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/chapter\/occurrence-preparation-and-properties-of-sulfur\/","title":{"raw":"Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur","rendered":"Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of sulfur<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"399\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23212651\/CNX_Chem_18_10_Volcano1.jpg\" alt=\"A volcano with gas coming out.\" width=\"399\" height=\"275\" \/> Figure\u00a01.\u00a0Volcanic gases contain hydrogen sulfide. (credit: Daniel Julie\/Wikimedia Commons)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nSulfur exists in nature as elemental deposits as well as sulfides of iron, zinc, lead, and copper, and sulfates of sodium, calcium, barium, and magnesium. Hydrogen sulfide is often a component of natural gas and occurs in many volcanic gases, like those shown in Figure 1. Sulfur is a constituent of many proteins and is essential for life.\r\n\r\nThe <strong>Frasch process<\/strong>, illustrated in Figure\u00a02, is important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits in Texas and Louisiana. Superheated water (170\u00b0C and 10 atm pressure) is forced down the outermost of three concentric pipes to the underground deposit. The hot water melts the sulfur. The innermost pipe conducts compressed air into the liquid sulfur. The air forces the liquid sulfur, mixed with air, to flow up through the outlet pipe. Transferring the mixture to large settling vats allows the solid sulfur to separate upon cooling. This sulfur is 99.5% to 99.9% pure and requires no purification for most uses.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"500\"]<img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23212653\/CNX_Chem_18_10_FrachMine1.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram is shown in which a vertical tube is embedded on the lower end into a multilayered solid. The upper layer is labeled, \u201cSoil,\u201d and the lower layer is labeled, \u201cSolid sulfur deposit.\u201d A thin tube, beginning at the top of the diagram, leads into the vertical tube to the bottom and is labeled, \u201cCompressed air.\u201d Left-facing and then down-facing arrows are drawn on this inner tube. These arrows then turn upward at the bottom of the tube and are drawn upward to indicate the flow of, \u201cLiquid sulfur,\u201d from the bottom of the diagram to the top outside the inner tube. These arrows lead to a chamber at the top right of the diagram with arrows facing to the left labeled, \u201cSulfur, water and air.\u201d A horizontal tube in the center right of the diagram leads to the outer tube and arrows drawn downward lead back to the bottom of the diagram. This tube is labeled, \u201cSuperheated water.\u201d\" width=\"500\" height=\"978\" \/> Figure\u00a02. The Frasch process is used to mine sulfur from underground deposits.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nLarger amounts of sulfur also come from hydrogen sulfide recovered during the purification of natural gas.\r\n\r\nSulfur exists in several allotropic forms. The stable form at room temperature contains eight-membered rings, and so the true formula is S<sub>8<\/sub>. However, chemists commonly use S to simplify the coefficients in chemical equations; we will follow this practice in this book.\r\n\r\nLike oxygen, which is also a member of group 16, sulfur exhibits a distinctly nonmetallic behavior. It oxidizes metals, giving a variety of binary sulfides in which sulfur exhibits a negative oxidation state (2-). Elemental sulfur oxidizes less electronegative nonmetals, and more electronegative nonmetals, such as oxygen and the halogens, will oxidize it. Other strong oxidizing agents also oxidize sulfur. For example, concentrated nitric acid oxidizes sulfur to the sulfate ion, with the concurrent formation of nitrogen(IV) oxide:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{S}\\left(s\\right)+6{\\text{HNO}}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow 2{\\text{H}}_{3}{\\text{O}}^{+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2-}\\left(aq\\right)+6{\\text{NO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nThe chemistry of sulfur with an oxidation state of 2- is similar to that of oxygen. Unlike oxygen, however, sulfur forms many compounds in which it exhibits positive oxidation states.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5559749&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=yVuyXxsmdUI&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-preillar-yVuyXxsmdUI\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Chemistry\/transcripts\/FraschProcessForExtraction_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Frasch Process for Extraction of Sulphur\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\r\nSulfur (group 16) reacts with almost all metals and readily forms the sulfide ion, &nbsp;S<sup><sup>2-<\/sup><\/sup>, in which it has as oxidation state of 2-. Sulfur reacts with most nonmetals.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Explain why hydrogen sulfide is a gas at room temperature, whereas water, which has a lower molecular mass, is a liquid.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give the hybridization and oxidation state for sulfur in SO<sub>2<\/sub>, in SO<sub>3<\/sub>, and in H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which is the stronger acid, NaHSO<sub>3<\/sub> or NaHSO<sub>4<\/sub>?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the oxidation state of sulfur in SF<sub>6<\/sub>, SO<sub>2<\/sub>F<sub>2<\/sub>, and KHS.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Which is a stronger acid, sulfurous acid or sulfuric acid? Why?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Oxygen forms double bonds in O<sub>2<\/sub>, but sulfur forms single bonds in S<sub>8<\/sub>. Why?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Give the Lewis structure of each of the following:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>SF<sub>4<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t<li>K<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t<li>H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/li>\r\n \t<li>SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Write two balanced chemical equations in which sulfuric acid acts an oxidizing agent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Explain why sulfuric acid, H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, which is a covalent molecule, dissolves in water and produces a solution that contains ions.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>How many grams of Epsom salts (MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u20227H<sub>2<\/sub>O) will form from 5.0 kg of magnesium?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"982753\"]Show Selected Solutions[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"982753\"]\r\n\r\n2.\u00a0SO<sub>2<\/sub>, <em>sp<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> 4+; SO<sub>3<\/sub>, <em>sp<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>, 6+; H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, <em>sp<\/em><sup>3<\/sup>, 6+;\r\n\r\n4.\u00a0SF<sub>6<\/sub>: S = 6+; SO<sub>2<\/sub>F<sub>2<\/sub>: S = 6+; KHS: S = 2-\r\n\r\n6.\u00a0Sulfur is able to form double bonds only at high temperatures (substantially endothermic conditions), which is not the case for oxygen.\r\n\r\n8.\u00a0There are many possible answers including:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}{\\text{SO}}_{4}\\left(l\\right)\\rightarrow{\\text{CuSO}}_{4}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">and<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{C}\\left(s\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}{\\text{SO}}_{4}\\left(l\\right)\\rightarrow{\\text{CO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+2{\\text{SO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n10.\u00a0The formula mass for MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u20227H<sub>2<\/sub>O is 246.4756 g\/mol.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{mass}\\left({\\text{MgSO}}_{4}\\cdot7{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\right)=\\text{5000 g}\\text{Mg}\\times \\frac{\\text{1 mol}\\text{Mg}}{24.305\\text{g}\\text{Mg}}\\times \\frac{\\text{1 mol}{\\text{MgSO}}_{4}\\cdot 7{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}}{\\text{1 mol}\\text{Mg}}\\times \\frac{246.4756\\text{g}}{\\text{1 mol}{\\text{MgSO}}_{4}\\cdot 7{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}}=5.1\\times {10}^{4}\\text{g}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Frasch process: <\/strong>important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of sulfur<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"width: 409px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23212651\/CNX_Chem_18_10_Volcano1.jpg\" alt=\"A volcano with gas coming out.\" width=\"399\" height=\"275\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a01.\u00a0Volcanic gases contain hydrogen sulfide. (credit: Daniel Julie\/Wikimedia Commons)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Sulfur exists in nature as elemental deposits as well as sulfides of iron, zinc, lead, and copper, and sulfates of sodium, calcium, barium, and magnesium. Hydrogen sulfide is often a component of natural gas and occurs in many volcanic gases, like those shown in Figure 1. Sulfur is a constituent of many proteins and is essential for life.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>Frasch process<\/strong>, illustrated in Figure\u00a02, is important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits in Texas and Louisiana. Superheated water (170\u00b0C and 10 atm pressure) is forced down the outermost of three concentric pipes to the underground deposit. The hot water melts the sulfur. The innermost pipe conducts compressed air into the liquid sulfur. The air forces the liquid sulfur, mixed with air, to flow up through the outlet pipe. Transferring the mixture to large settling vats allows the solid sulfur to separate upon cooling. This sulfur is 99.5% to 99.9% pure and requires no purification for most uses.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/887\/2015\/04\/23212653\/CNX_Chem_18_10_FrachMine1.jpg\" alt=\"A diagram is shown in which a vertical tube is embedded on the lower end into a multilayered solid. The upper layer is labeled, \u201cSoil,\u201d and the lower layer is labeled, \u201cSolid sulfur deposit.\u201d A thin tube, beginning at the top of the diagram, leads into the vertical tube to the bottom and is labeled, \u201cCompressed air.\u201d Left-facing and then down-facing arrows are drawn on this inner tube. These arrows then turn upward at the bottom of the tube and are drawn upward to indicate the flow of, \u201cLiquid sulfur,\u201d from the bottom of the diagram to the top outside the inner tube. These arrows lead to a chamber at the top right of the diagram with arrows facing to the left labeled, \u201cSulfur, water and air.\u201d A horizontal tube in the center right of the diagram leads to the outer tube and arrows drawn downward lead back to the bottom of the diagram. This tube is labeled, \u201cSuperheated water.\u201d\" width=\"500\" height=\"978\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure\u00a02. The Frasch process is used to mine sulfur from underground deposits.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Larger amounts of sulfur also come from hydrogen sulfide recovered during the purification of natural gas.<\/p>\n<p>Sulfur exists in several allotropic forms. The stable form at room temperature contains eight-membered rings, and so the true formula is S<sub>8<\/sub>. However, chemists commonly use S to simplify the coefficients in chemical equations; we will follow this practice in this book.<\/p>\n<p>Like oxygen, which is also a member of group 16, sulfur exhibits a distinctly nonmetallic behavior. It oxidizes metals, giving a variety of binary sulfides in which sulfur exhibits a negative oxidation state (2-). Elemental sulfur oxidizes less electronegative nonmetals, and more electronegative nonmetals, such as oxygen and the halogens, will oxidize it. Other strong oxidizing agents also oxidize sulfur. For example, concentrated nitric acid oxidizes sulfur to the sulfate ion, with the concurrent formation of nitrogen(IV) oxide:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{S}\\left(s\\right)+6{\\text{HNO}}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow 2{\\text{H}}_{3}{\\text{O}}^{+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2-}\\left(aq\\right)+6{\\text{NO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>The chemistry of sulfur with an oxidation state of 2- is similar to that of oxygen. Unlike oxygen, however, sulfur forms many compounds in which it exhibits positive oxidation states.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5559749&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=yVuyXxsmdUI&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-preillar-yVuyXxsmdUI\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Chemistry\/transcripts\/FraschProcessForExtraction_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Frasch Process for Extraction of Sulphur&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\n<p>Sulfur (group 16) reacts with almost all metals and readily forms the sulfide ion, &nbsp;S<sup><sup>2-<\/sup><\/sup>, in which it has as oxidation state of 2-. Sulfur reacts with most nonmetals.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Explain why hydrogen sulfide is a gas at room temperature, whereas water, which has a lower molecular mass, is a liquid.<\/li>\n<li>Give the hybridization and oxidation state for sulfur in SO<sub>2<\/sub>, in SO<sub>3<\/sub>, and in H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<li>Which is the stronger acid, NaHSO<sub>3<\/sub> or NaHSO<sub>4<\/sub>?<\/li>\n<li>Determine the oxidation state of sulfur in SF<sub>6<\/sub>, SO<sub>2<\/sub>F<sub>2<\/sub>, and KHS.<\/li>\n<li>Which is a stronger acid, sulfurous acid or sulfuric acid? Why?<\/li>\n<li>Oxygen forms double bonds in O<sub>2<\/sub>, but sulfur forms single bonds in S<sub>8<\/sub>. Why?<\/li>\n<li>Give the Lewis structure of each of the following:\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>SF<sub>4<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>K<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>SO<sub>2<\/sub>Cl<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/li>\n<li>SO<sub>3<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Write two balanced chemical equations in which sulfuric acid acts an oxidizing agent.<\/li>\n<li>Explain why sulfuric acid, H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, which is a covalent molecule, dissolves in water and produces a solution that contains ions.<\/li>\n<li>How many grams of Epsom salts (MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u20227H<sub>2<\/sub>O) will form from 5.0 kg of magnesium?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q982753\">Show Selected Solutions<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q982753\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>2.\u00a0SO<sub>2<\/sub>, <em>sp<\/em><sup>2<\/sup> 4+; SO<sub>3<\/sub>, <em>sp<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>, 6+; H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>, <em>sp<\/em><sup>3<\/sup>, 6+;<\/p>\n<p>4.\u00a0SF<sub>6<\/sub>: S = 6+; SO<sub>2<\/sub>F<sub>2<\/sub>: S = 6+; KHS: S = 2-<\/p>\n<p>6.\u00a0Sulfur is able to form double bonds only at high temperatures (substantially endothermic conditions), which is not the case for oxygen.<\/p>\n<p>8.\u00a0There are many possible answers including:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}{\\text{SO}}_{4}\\left(l\\right)\\rightarrow{\\text{CuSO}}_{4}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">and<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{C}\\left(s\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}{\\text{SO}}_{4}\\left(l\\right)\\rightarrow{\\text{CO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+2{\\text{SO}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+2{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>10.\u00a0The formula mass for MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>\u20227H<sub>2<\/sub>O is 246.4756 g\/mol.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{mass}\\left({\\text{MgSO}}_{4}\\cdot7{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\right)=\\text{5000 g}\\text{Mg}\\times \\frac{\\text{1 mol}\\text{Mg}}{24.305\\text{g}\\text{Mg}}\\times \\frac{\\text{1 mol}{\\text{MgSO}}_{4}\\cdot 7{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}}{\\text{1 mol}\\text{Mg}}\\times \\frac{246.4756\\text{g}}{\\text{1 mol}{\\text{MgSO}}_{4}\\cdot 7{\\text{H}}_{2}\\text{O}}=5.1\\times {10}^{4}\\text{g}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Frasch process: <\/strong>important in the mining of free sulfur from enormous underground deposits<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2431\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry 2e. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/chemistry-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Frasch Process for Extraction of Sulphur. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: TutorVista. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/yVuyXxsmdUI\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/yVuyXxsmdUI<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":12,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry 2e\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/chemistry-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Frasch Process for Extraction of Sulphur\",\"author\":\"TutorVista\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/yVuyXxsmdUI\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2431","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2963,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2431","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2431\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7790,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2431\/revisions\/7790"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2963"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2431\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2431"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2431"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2431"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2431"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}