{"id":3639,"date":"2015-05-06T03:51:00","date_gmt":"2015-05-06T03:51:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/oschemtemp\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=3639"},"modified":"2020-12-31T01:03:03","modified_gmt":"2020-12-31T01:03:03","slug":"standard-reduction-potentials","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/chapter\/standard-reduction-potentials\/","title":{"raw":"Electrode and Cell Potentials","rendered":"Electrode and Cell Potentials"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe and relate the definitions of electrode and cell potentials<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Interpret electrode potentials in terms of relative oxidant and reductant strengths<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Calculate cell potentials and predict redox spontaneity using standard electrode potentials<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm199022000\">Unlike the spontaneous oxidation of copper by aqueous silver(I) ions described in section 17.2, immersing a copper wire in an aqueous solution of lead(II) ions yields no reaction. The two species, Ag<sup>+<\/sup><em>(aq)<\/em>\u00a0and Pb<sup>2+<\/sup><em>(aq)<\/em>, thus show a distinct difference in their redox activity towards copper: the silver ion spontaneously oxidized copper, but the lead ion did not. Electrochemical cells permit this relative redox activity to be quantified by an easily measured property,\u00a0<em>potential<\/em>. This property is more commonly called\u00a0<em>voltage<\/em>\u00a0when referenced in regard to electrical applications, and it is a measure of energy accompanying the transfer of charge. Potentials are measured in the volt unit, defined as one joule of energy per one coulomb of charge, V = J\/C.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm173091280\">When measured for purposes of electrochemistry, a potential reflects the driving force for a specific type of charge transfer process, namely, the transfer of electrons between redox reactants. Considering the nature of potential in this context, it is clear that the potential of a single half-cell or a single electrode can\u2019t be measured; \u201ctransfer\u201d of electrons requires both a donor and recipient, in this case a reductant and an oxidant, respectively. Instead, a half-cell potential may only be assessed relative to that of another half-cell. It is only the\u00a0<em>difference in potential<\/em>\u00a0between two half-cells that may be measured, and these measured potentials are called\u00a0<span id=\"term640\"><strong>cell potentials<\/strong>, E<sub>cell<\/sub><\/span>, defined as<\/p>\r\n\r\n<center>[latex]\\text{E}_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}_\\text{cathode} - \\text{E}_\\text{anode} [\/latex]<\/center>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm172543920\">where E<sub>cathode<\/sub>\u00a0and E<sub>anode<\/sub>\u00a0are the potentials of two different half-cells functioning as specified in the subscripts. As for other thermodynamic quantities, the\u00a0<span id=\"term641\"><strong>standard cell potential<\/strong>, E\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub><\/span>, is a cell potential measured when both half-cells are under standard-state conditions (1\u00a0<em>M<\/em>\u00a0concentrations, 1 bar pressures, 298 K):<\/p>\r\n\r\n<center>[latex]\\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{cathode} - \\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{anode} [\/latex]<\/center>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm201762368\">To simplify the collection and sharing of potential data for half-reactions, the scientific community has designated one particular half-cell to serve as a universal reference for cell potential measurements, assigning it a potential of exactly 0 V. This half-cell is the\u00a0<strong>standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)<\/strong>\u00a0and it is based on half-reaction below:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<center>[latex]2\\text{H}^+ (aq) +2e^- \\rightarrow \\text{H}_2 (g) [\/latex]<\/center>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm198492112\">A typical SHE contains an inert platinum electrode immersed in precisely 1\u00a0<em>M<\/em>\u00a0aqueous H<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0and a stream of bubbling H<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0gas at 1 bar pressure, all maintained at a temperature of 298 K (see Figure 1).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"702\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/resources\/a05122bd8eb816d073b80f8bfd82a27003021417\" alt=\"The figure shows a beaker just over half full of a blue liquid. A glass tube is partially submerged in the liquid. Bubbles, which are labeled \u201cH subscript 2 ( g )\u201d are rising from the dark grayquare, labeled \u201cP t electrode\u201d at the bottom of the tube. Below the bottom of the tube pointing to the solution in the beaker is the label \u201c 1 M H superscript plus ( a q).\u201d A curved arrow points up to the right, indicating the direction of the bubbles. A black wire which is labeled \u201cP t wire\u201d extends from the dark grgrayare up the interior of the tube through a small port at the top. A second small port extends out the top of the tube to the left. An arrow points to the port opening from the left. The base of this arrow is labeled \u201cH subscript 2 ( g ) at 1 a t m.\u201d A light greygray points to a diagram in a circle at the right that illustrates the surface of the P t electrode in a magnified view. P t atoms are illustrated as a uniform cluster of grey sgray which are labeled \u201cP t electrode atoms.\u201d On the grey atograyace, the label \u201ce superscript negative\u201d is shown 4 times in a nearly even vertical distribution to show electrons on the P t surface. A curved arrow extends from a white sphere labeled \u201cH superscript plus\u201d at the right of the P t atoms to the uppermost electron shown. Just below, a straight arrow extends from the P t surface to the right to a pair of linked white spheres which are labeled \u201cH subscript 2.\u201d A curved arrow extends from a second white sphere labeled \u201cH superscript plus\u201d at the right of the P t atoms to the second electron shown. A curved arrow extends from the third electron on the P t surface to the right to a white sphere labeled \u201cH superscript plus.\u201d Just below, an arrow points left from a pair of linked white spheres which are labeled \u201cH subscript 2\u201d to the P t surface. A curved arrow extends from the fourth electron on the P t surface to the right to a white sphere labeled \u201cH superscript plus.\u201d\" width=\"702\" height=\"401\" \/> Figure 1. A standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).[\/caption]\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm475267408\">The assigned potential of the SHE permits the definition of a conveniently measured potential for a single half-cell. The\u00a0<strong>electrode potential (E<sub>X<\/sub>)<\/strong>\u00a0for a half-cell\u00a0<em>X<\/em>\u00a0is defined as\u00a0<em>the potential measured for a cell comprised of X acting as cathode and the SHE acting as anode<\/em>:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<center>[latex]\\text{E}_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}_X - \\text{E}_\\text{SHE} [\/latex]<\/center>&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<center>[latex]\\text{E}_\\text{SHE} = 0 \\text{V} (\\text{defined}) [\/latex]<\/center>&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<center>[latex]\\text{E}_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}_X [\/latex]<\/center>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm210033168\">When the half-cell\u00a0<em>X<\/em>\u00a0is under standard-state conditions, its potential is the\u00a0<strong>standard electrode potential, E\u00b0<sub>X<\/sub><\/strong>. Since the definition of cell potential requires the half-cells function as cathodes, these potentials are sometimes called\u00a0<em>standard reduction potentials<\/em>.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm167563696\">This approach to measuring electrode potentials is illustrated in Figure 2, which depicts a cell comprised of an SHE connected to a copper(II)\/copper(0) half-cell under standard-state conditions. A voltmeter in the external circuit allows measurement of the potential difference between the two half-cells. Since the Cu half-cell is designated as the cathode in the definition of cell potential, it is connected to the red (positive) input of the voltmeter, while the designated SHE anode is connected to the black (negative) input. These connections insure that the sign of the measured potential will be consistent with the sign conventions of electrochemistry per the various definitions discussed above. A cell potential of +0.337 V is measured, and so<\/p>\r\n\r\n<center>[latex]\\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{Cu} = +0.377 \\text{ V} [\/latex]<\/center>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm195216128\">Tabulations of E\u00b0 values for other half-cells measured in a similar fashion are available as reference literature to permit calculations of cell potentials and the prediction of the spontaneity of redox processes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"701\"]<img class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/resources\/33a00c3202cf5f6baa52a8598edf413773bd8c22\" alt=\"This figure contains a diagram of an electrochemical cell. Two beakers are shown. Each is just over half full. The beaker on the left contains a clear, colorless solution and is labeled below as \u201c1 M H superscript plus.\u201d The beaker on the right contains a blue solution and is labeled below as \u201c1 M C u superscript 2 plus.\u201d A glass tube in the shape of an inverted U connects the two beakers at the center of the diagram. The tube contents are colorless. The ends of the tubes are beneath the surface of the solutions in the beakers and a small graylug is present at each end of the tube. The beaker on the left has a glass tube partially submersed in the liquid. Bubbles are rising from the gray square, labeled \u201cStandard hydrogen electrode\u201d at the bottom of the tube. A curved arrow points up to the right, indicating the direction of the bubbles. A black wire extends from the gray square up the interior of the tube through a small port at the top to a rectangle with a digital readout of \u201cpositive 0.337 V,\u201d which is labeled \u201cVoltmeter.\u201d A second small port extends out the top of the tube to the left. An arrow points to the port opening from the left. The base of this arrow is labeled \u201c1 a t m H subscript 2 ( g ).\u201d The beaker on the right has an orange-brown strip that is labeled \u201cC u electrode\u201d at the top. A wire extends from the top of this strip to the voltmeter. An arrow points toward the voltmeter from the left which is labeled \u201ce superscript negative flow.\u201d Similarly, an arrow points away from the voltmeter to the right. A curved arrow extends from the surrounding solution to the standard hydrogen electrode in the beaker. The end of the arrow is labeled \u201cH subscript 2\u201d and tip of this arrow is labeled \u201c2 H superscript plus.\u201d A curved arrow extends from the \u201cC u superscript 2 plus\u201d label in the solution to a \u201cC u\u201d label at the lower edge of the C u electrode. Between the two beakers is the label \u201cT equals 298 K.\u201d\" width=\"701\" height=\"582\" \/> Figure 2. A cell permitting experimental measurement of the standard electrode potential for the half-reaction Cu<sup>2+<\/sup>(aq)+2e<sup>\u2212<\/sup>\u27f6Cu(s)[\/caption]\r\n\r\nTable 1 provides a listing of standard electrode potentials for a selection of half-reactions in numerical order, and a more extensive listing is given in\u00a0<a class=\"target-chapter\" href=\".\/chapter\/standard-electrode-half-cell-potentials\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials<\/a>.\r\n<table id=\"fs-idm42585168\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"This table has two columns and thirty eight rows. The first row is a header row and it labels each column, \u201cHalf Reaction,\u201d and \u201cE degree symbol ( V ).\u201d Under the \u201cHalf Reaction\u201d column are the following reactions: F subscript 2 ( g ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 F superscript negative sign ( a q ); P b O subscript 2 ( g ) plus S O subscript 4 superscript 2 negative sign ( a q ) plus 4 h superscript plus sing ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields P b S O subscript 4 ( g ) plus 2 H subscript 2 O ( l ); M n O subscript 4 superscript negative sing ( a q ) plus 8 H superscript plus sign ( a q ) plus 5 e superscript negative sign yield M n superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 4 H subscript 2 O ( l ); A u superscript 3 positive sign ( a q ) plus 3 e superscript negative sign yields A u ( s ); C l subscript 2 ( g ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 C l superscript negative sign ( a q ); O subscript 2 ( g ) plus 4 h superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus 4 e superscript negative sign yields 2 H subscript 2 O ( l ); P t superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields P t ( s ); B r subscript 2 ( l ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 B r superscript negative sign ( a q ); A g superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus e superscript negative sign yields A g ( s ); H g subscript 2 superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields F e superscript 2 plus ( a q ); M n O subscript 4 superscript negative sign ( a q ) plus 2 H subscript 2 O ( l ) plus 3 e superscript negative sign yields M n O subscript 2 ( s ) plus 4 O H superscript negative sign ( a q ); I subscript 2 ( g ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 I superscript negative sign ( a q ); N i O subscript 2 ( s ) plus 2 H subscript 2 O ( l ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields N i ( O H ) subscript 2 ( s ) plus 2 O H superscript negative sign ( a q ); C u superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields C u ( s ); H g subscript 2 C l subscript 2 ( s ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 H g ( l ) plus 2 C l superscript negative sign ( a q ); A g C l ( s ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields A g ( s ) plus C l superscript negative sign ( a q ); S n superscript 4 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields Sn superscript 2 positive sing ( a q ); 2 H superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields H subscript 2 ( g ); P b superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields P b ( s ); S n superscript two positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields S n ( s ); N i superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields S n ( s ); N I superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields N I ( s ); C o superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign C o ( s ); P b S O subscript 4 ( s ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields P b ( s ) plus S O subscript 4 superscript two negative ( a q ); C d superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields C d ( s ); F e superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields F e ( s ); C r superscript 3 positive sign ( a q ) plus 3 e superscript negative sing yields C r ( s ); M n superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields M n ( s ); Z n ( O H ) subscript 2 ( s ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields Z n ( s ) plus 2 O H superscript negative sign ( a q ); Z n superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields Z n ( s ); A l superscript 3 positive sign ( a q ) plus 3 e superscript negative sign yields A l ( s ); M g superscript 2 ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields M g ( s ); N a superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus e superscript negative sign yields N a ( s ); C a superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields C a ( s ); B a superscript 2 positive sing ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields B a ( s ); K superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus e superscript negative sign yields K ( s ); and L i superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus e superscript negative sign yields L I ( s ). Under the column \u201cE degree symbol ( V )\u201d are the following values: positive 2.866, positive 1.69, positive 1.507, positive 1.498, positive 1.35827, positive 1.229, positive 1.20, positive 1.0873, positive 0.7996, positive 0.7973, positive 0.771, positive 0.558, positive 0.558, positive 0.5355, positive 0.49, positive 0.337, positive 0.26808, positive 0.22233, positive 0.151, 0.00 (which appears bold), negative 0.126, negative 0.1262, negative 0.257, negative 0.28, negative 0.3505, negative 0.4030, negative 0.447, negative 0.744, negative 1.185, negative 1.245, negative 0.7618, negative 1.662, negative 2.372, negative 2.71, ne\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table\u00a01. Selected Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 \u00b0C<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<th>Half-Reaction<\/th>\r\n<th><em>E<\/em>\u00b0 (V)<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{F}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2F}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+2.866<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{PbO}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2-}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{4H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{PbSO}}_{4}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+1.69<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{MnO}}_{4}{}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{8H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{5e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{Mn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{4H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+1.507<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Au}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Au}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+1.498<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Cl}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2Cl}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+1.35827<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{O}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+{\\text{4H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{4e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+1.229<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Pt}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Pt}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+1.20<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Br}}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2Br}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+1.0873<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Ag}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ag}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.7996<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Hg}}_{2}{}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{2Hg}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.7973<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Fe}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{Fe}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.771<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{MnO}}_{4}{}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{MnO}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{4OH}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.558<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{I}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2I}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.5355<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{NiO}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{Ni(OH)}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2OH}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.49<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.337<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Hg}}_{2}{\\text{Cl}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{2Hg}\\left(l\\right)+{\\text{2Cl}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.26808<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]\\text{AgCl}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ag}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{Cl}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.22233<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Sn}}^{4+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{Sn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>+0.151<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{2H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{H}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>0.00<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Pb}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Pb}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22120.126<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Sn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Sn}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22120.1262<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Ni}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ni}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22120.257<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Co}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Co}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22120.28<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{PbSO}}_{4}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Pb}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22120.3505<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Cd}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Cd}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22120.4030<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Fe}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Fe}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22120.447<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Cr}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Cr}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22120.744<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Mn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Mn}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22121.185<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Zn(OH)}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Zn}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2OH}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22121.245<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Zn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Zn}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22120.7618<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Al}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Al}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22121.662<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Mg}}^{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Mg}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22122.372<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Na}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Na}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22122.71<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Ca}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ca}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22122.868<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Ba}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ba}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22122.912<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{K}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{K}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22122.931<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr valign=\"top\">\r\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Li}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Li}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\r\n<td>\u22123.04<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\"><header>\r\n<h3 class=\"os-title\"><span class=\"os-title-label\">EXAMPLE 1:\u00a0Calculating Standard Cell Potentials<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<\/header><section>\r\n<h4>Question 1<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm6343776\">What is the standard potential of the galvanic cell shown in Figure 2?<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 id=\"fs-idp74490192\">Solution<\/h4>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"576838\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"576838\"]\r\nThe cell in Figure 2 is galvanic, the spontaneous cell reaction involving oxidation of its copper anode and reduction of silver(I) ions at its silver cathode:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}{}\\text{cell reaction:}&amp; \\text{Cu}(s) + 2\\text{Ag}^{+} (aq) \\longrightarrow \\text{Cu}^{2+} (aq) + 2\\text{Ag} (s)\\\\ \\text{anode half-reaction:}&amp; \\text{Cu}(s) \\longrightarrow \\text{Cu}^{2+} (aq) + 2\\text{e}^{-}\\\\\\text{cathode half-reaction:}&amp; 2\\text{Ag}^{+} (aq) + 2\\text{e}^{-} \\longrightarrow 2\\text{Ag} (s)\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm224433024\">The standard cell potential computed as<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}{}\\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{cell}} &amp;=&amp; \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{cathode}} - \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{anode}}\\\\ &amp;=&amp; \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{Ag}} - \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{Cu}}\\\\ &amp;=&amp; 0.7996 \\text{V} - 0.34 \\text{V}\\\\ &amp;=&amp;+0.46 \\text{V}\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[\/hidden-answer]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<section>\r\n<h4 id=\"fs-idm223950256\">Check Your Learning<\/h4>\r\nWhat is the standard cell potential expected if the silver cathode half-cell in Figure 2\u00a0is replaced with a lead half-cell:\u00a0[latex]\\text{ Pb}^{2+} (aq) +2e^{-} \\longrightarrow \\text{Pb} (s)[\/latex]?\r\n<div id=\"fs-idp163400608\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\"><section>[reveal-answer q=\"576839\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer][hidden-answer a=\"576839\"]\r\n\r\n<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">\u22120. 47 V<\/span>\r\n<div class=\"os-note-body\">\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/section><\/div>\r\n<h3>Intrepreting Electrode and Cell Potentials<\/h3>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm183275696\">Thinking carefully about the definitions of cell and electrode potentials and the observations of spontaneous redox change presented thus far, a significant relation is noted. The previous section described the spontaneous oxidation of copper by aqueous silver(I) ions, but no observed reaction with aqueous lead(II) ions. Results of the calculations in Example 1 have just shown\u00a0<em>the spontaneous process is described by a positive cell potential<\/em>\u00a0while\u00a0<em>the nonspontaneous process exhibits a negative cell potential<\/em>. And so, with regard to the relative effectiveness (\u201cstrength\u201d) with which aqueous Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0and Pb<sup>2+<\/sup>\u00a0ions oxidize Cu under standard conditions,\u00a0<em>the stronger oxidant is the one exhibiting the greater standard electrode potential, E\u00b0<\/em>. Since by convention electrode potentials are for reduction processes, an increased value of\u00a0<em>E\u00b0<\/em>\u00a0corresponds to an increased driving force behind the reduction of the species (hence increased effectiveness of its action as an\u00a0<em>oxidizing agent<\/em>\u00a0on some other species). Negative values for electrode potentials are simply a consequence of assigning a value of 0 V to the SHE, indicating the reactant of the half-reaction is a weaker oxidant than aqueous hydrogen ions.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm225182656\">Applying this logic to the numerically ordered listing of standard electrode potentials in Table 1\u00a0shows this listing to be likewise in order of the oxidizing strength of the half-reaction\u2019s reactant species, decreasing from strongest oxidant (most positive\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0) to weakest oxidant (most negative\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0). Predictions regarding the spontaneity of redox reactions under standard state conditions can then be easily made by simply comparing the relative positions of their table entries. By definition,\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub>\u00a0is positive when\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cathode<\/sub>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>anode<\/sub>, and so any redox reaction in which the oxidant\u2019s entry is above the reductant\u2019s entry is predicted to be spontaneous.<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm223903632\">Reconsideration of the two redox reactions in Example 1 provides support for this fact. The entry for the silver(I)\/silver(0) half-reaction is above that for the copper(II)\/copper(0) half-reaction, and so the oxidation of Cu by Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0is predicted to be spontaneous (<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cathode<\/sub>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>anode<\/sub>\u00a0and so\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub>\u00a0&gt; 0). Conversely, the entry for the lead(II)\/lead(0) half-cell is beneath that for copper(II)\/copper(0), and the oxidation of Cu by Pb<sup>2+<\/sup>\u00a0is nonspontaneous (<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cathode<\/sub>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>anode<\/sub>\u00a0and so\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub>\u00a0&lt; 0).<\/p>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm225106800\">Recalling the chapter on thermodynamics, the spontaneities of the forward and reverse reactions of a reversible process show a reciprocal relationship: if a process is spontaneous in one direction, it is non-spontaneous in the opposite direction. As an indicator of spontaneity for redox reactions, the potential of a cell reaction shows a consequential relationship in its arithmetic sign. The spontaneous oxidation of copper by lead(II) ions is\u00a0<em>not<\/em>\u00a0observed,<\/p>\r\n\r\n<center>[latex]\\text{Cu} (s) +\\text{Pb}^{2+} (aq) \\rightarrow \\text{Cu}^{2+} (aq) +\\text{Pb} (s)[\/latex] \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [latex]E^\\circ _{forward} = -0.47 V (\\text{negative, non-spontaneous})[\/latex]<\/center>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm222165888\">and so the reverse reaction, the oxidation of lead by copper(II) ions, is predicted to occur spontaneously:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<center>[latex] \\text{Pb} (s) + \\text{Cu}^{2+} (aq) \\rightarrow \\text{Pb}^{2+} (aq) + \\text{Cu} (s) [\/latex] \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[latex] E^\\circ _{forward} = +0.47 V (\\text{positive, spontaneous})[\/latex]<\/center>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm224625200\">Note that reversing the direction of a redox reaction effectively interchanges the identities of the cathode and anode half-reactions, and so the cell potential is calculated from electrode potentials in the reverse subtraction order than that for the forward reaction. In practice, a voltmeter would report a potential of \u22120.47 V with its red and black inputs connected to the Pb and Cu electrodes, respectively. If the inputs were swapped, the reported voltage would be +0.47 V.<\/p>\r\n<iframe src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5559619&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=UzkLP8segcs&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-v6wv4vmr-UzkLP8segcs\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Chemistry\/transcripts\/CellPotentialProblemsElectrochemistry_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Cell Potential Problems - Electrochemistry\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm226975904\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\"><header>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm226975904\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\"><header>\r\n<h3 class=\"os-title\"><span class=\"os-title-label\">EXAMPLE 2:\u00a0Predicting Redox Spontaneity<\/span><\/h3>\r\n<\/header>\r\n<h4>Question 1<\/h4>\r\n<p id=\"fs-idm224601040\">Are aqueous iron(II) ions predicted to spontaneously oxidize elemental chromium under standard state conditions? Assume the half-reactions to be those available in Table 1.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 id=\"fs-idm188525136\">Solution<\/h4>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[reveal-answer q=\"576840\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"576840\"]\r\nReferring to the tabulated half-reactions, the redox reaction in question can be represented by the equations below:<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">[latex] \\text{Cr} (s) + \\text{Fe}^{2+} (aq) \\longrightarrow \\text{Cr}^{3+} (aq) + \\text{Fe} (s) [\/latex]<\/span><\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The entry for the putative oxidant, Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>, appears\u00a0<em>above<\/em>\u00a0the entry for the reductant, Cr, and so a spontaneous reaction is predicted per the quick approach described above. Supporting this predication by calculating the standard cell potential for this reaction gives<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}{}\\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{cell}} &amp;=&amp; \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{cathode}} - \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{anode}}\\\\ &amp;=&amp; \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{Fe(II)}} - \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{Cr}}\\\\ &amp;=&amp; -0.447 \\text{V} - (-0.774) \\text{V}\\\\ &amp;=&amp;+0.297 \\text{V}\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\nThe positive value for the standard cell potential indicates the process is spontaneous under standard state conditions.\r\n\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n<h4 id=\"fs-idm183601456\">Check Your Learning<\/h4>\r\nUse the data in Table 1to predict the spontaneity of the oxidation of bromide ion by molecular iodine under standard state conditions, supporting the prediction by calculating the standard cell potential for the reaction. Repeat for the oxidation of iodide ion by molecular bromine.\r\n<div id=\"fs-idm217713968\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\"><header>\r\n<h4 class=\"os-title\"><span id=\"51678\" class=\"os-title-label\">ANSWER:<\/span><\/h4>\r\n<\/header><section>[reveal-answer q=\"576841\"]Show Solution[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"576841\"]\r\n<div class=\"os-note-body\"><center>[latex]\\text{I}_2 (s) + 2\\text{Br}^- (aq) \\rightarrow 2\\text{I}^- (aq) + \\text{Br}_2 (l)[\/latex]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [latex]E^\\circ_{cell} = -0.5518 V (\\text{non-spontaneous})[\/latex]<\/center>&nbsp;\r\n\r\n<center>[latex]\\text{Br}_2 (s) + 2\\text{I}^- (aq) \\rightarrow 2\\text{Br}^- (aq) + \\text{I}_2 (l)[\/latex]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [latex]E^\\circ_{cell} = +0.5518 V (\\text{spontaneous})[\/latex]<\/center>[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/header><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\r\nThe property of potential,\u00a0<em>E<\/em>, is the energy associated with the separation\/transfer of charge. In electrochemistry, the potentials of cells and half-cells are thermodynamic quantities that reflect the driving force or the spontaneity of their redox processes. The cell potential of an electrochemical cell is the difference in between its cathode and anode. To permit easy sharing of half-cell potential data, the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is assigned a potential of exactly 0 V and used to define a single electrode potential for any given half-cell. The electrode potential of a half-cell,\u00a0<em>E<sub>X<\/sub><\/em>, is the cell potential of said half-cell acting as a cathode when connected to a SHE acting as an anode. When the half-cell is operating under standard state conditions, its potential is the standard electrode potential,\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>X<\/sub>. Standard electrode potentials reflect the relative oxidizing strength of the half-reaction\u2019s reactant, with stronger oxidants exhibiting larger (more positive)\u00a0<em>E\u00b0<sub>X<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0values. Tabulations of standard electrode potentials may be used to compute standard cell potentials,\u00a0<em>E\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub><\/em>, for many redox reactions. The arithmetic sign of a cell potential indicates the spontaneity of the cell reaction, with positive values for spontaneous reactions and negative values for nonspontaneous reactions (spontaneous in the reverse direction).\r\n<h4>Key Equations<\/h4>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li id=\"fs-idm41082448\">For each reaction listed, determine its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C and whether the reaction is spontaneous at standard conditions.\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\text{Mg}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{Ni}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Mg}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Ni}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]2{\\text{Ag}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Ag}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\text{Mn}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{Sn(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Mn(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Sn}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]3{\\text{Fe(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{Au(NO}}_{3}{)}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{3Fe(NO}}_{3}{)}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Au}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>For each reaction listed, determine its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C and whether the reaction is spontaneous at standard conditions.\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\text{Mn}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{Ni}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Mn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Ni}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]3{\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Al}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{2Al}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Cu}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]\\text{Na}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{LiNO}}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{NaNO}}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Li}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]{\\text{Ca(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Ba}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Ba(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Ca}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the overall reaction and its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C for this reaction. Is the reaction spontaneous at standard conditions?\r\n[latex]\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)\\mid {\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)\\parallel {\\text{Au}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)\\mid \\text{Au}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the overall reaction and its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C for the reaction involving the galvanic cell made from a half-cell consisting of a silver electrode in 1 <em>M<\/em> silver nitrate solution and a half-cell consisting of a zinc electrode in 1 <em>M<\/em> zinc nitrate. Is the reaction spontaneous at standard conditions?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the overall reaction and its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C for the reaction involving the galvanic cell in which cadmium metal is oxidized to 1 <em>M<\/em> cadmium(II) ion and a half-cell consisting of an aluminum electrode in 1 <em>M<\/em> aluminum nitrate solution. Is the reaction spontaneous at standard conditions?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Determine the overall reaction and its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C for these reactions. Is the reaction spontaneous at standard conditions? Assume the standard reduction for Br<sub>2<\/sub>(<em>l<\/em>) is the same as for Br<sub>2<\/sub>(<em>aq<\/em>).[latex]\\text{Pt}\\left(s\\right)\\mid {\\text{H}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)\\mid {\\text{H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)\\parallel {\\text{Br}}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)\\mid {\\text{Br}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)\\mid \\text{Pt}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"802553\"]Show Selected Solutions[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"802553\"]\r\n\r\n1. The answers are as follows:\r\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\r\n \t<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{0.257 V}-\\left(-\\text{2.372 V}\\right)=\\text{+2.115 V (spontaneous)}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=\\text{0.7996 V}-\\left(\\text{+0.337 V}\\right)=\\text{+0.4626 V (spontaneous)}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{0.1262 V}-\\left(-\\text{1.185 V}\\right)=\\text{+1.0589 V (spontaneous)}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n \t<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=\\text{1.498 V}-\\left(\\text{+0.771 V}\\right)=\\text{+0.727 V (spontaneous)}[\/latex]<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n3. The reaction occurs as follows:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}\\text{anode:}&amp;3\\times \\left(\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\right){E}_{{\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\text{\/Cu}}^{\\circ }\\\\ \\text{cathode:}&amp;2\\times \\left({\\text{Au}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Au}\\left(s\\right)\\right)\\\\ \\\\ \\text{overall:}&amp;^3\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2Au}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{3Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Au}\\left(s\\right)\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=1.4\\text{98 V}-\\left(\\text{+0.34 V}\\right)=\\text{+1.16 V}\\left(\\text{spontaneous}\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n5.\u00a0Oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode:\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}{}\\text{anode:}&amp;3\\times \\left(\\text{Cd}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Cd}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\right){E}_{{\\text{Cd}}^{2+}\\text{\/Cd}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{0.4030 V}\\\\ \\text{cathode:}&amp;2\\times \\left({\\text{Al}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Al}\\left(s\\right)\\right){E}_{{\\text{Al}}^{3+}\\text{\/Al}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{1.662 V}\\\\ \\\\ \\text{overall:}&amp;3\\text{Cd}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2Al}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{3Cd}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Al}\\left(s\\right)\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{1.662 V}-\\left(-\\text{0.4030 V}\\right)=-\\text{1.259 V}\\left(\\text{nonspontaneous}\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\r\n<b>standard cell potential [latex]\\left({E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }\\right)[\/latex]: <\/b>the cell potential when all reactants and products are in their standard states (1 bar or 1 atm or gases; 1 <em>M<\/em> for solutes), usually at 298.15 K; can be calculated by subtracting the standard reduction potential for the half-reaction at the anode from the standard reduction potential for the half-reaction occurring at the cathode\r\n\r\n<b>standard hydrogen electrode (SHE): <\/b>the electrode consists of hydrogen gas bubbling through hydrochloric acid over an inert platinum electrode whose reduction at standard conditions is assigned a value of 0 V; the reference point for standard reduction potentials\r\n\r\n<b>standard reduction potential (<em>E<\/em>\u00b0): <\/b>the value of the reduction under standard conditions (1 bar or 1 atm for gases; 1 <em>M<\/em> for solutes) usually at 298.15 K; tabulated values used to calculate standard cell potentials","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Outcomes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe and relate the definitions of electrode and cell potentials<\/li>\n<li>Interpret electrode potentials in terms of relative oxidant and reductant strengths<\/li>\n<li>Calculate cell potentials and predict redox spontaneity using standard electrode potentials<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm199022000\">Unlike the spontaneous oxidation of copper by aqueous silver(I) ions described in section 17.2, immersing a copper wire in an aqueous solution of lead(II) ions yields no reaction. The two species, Ag<sup>+<\/sup><em>(aq)<\/em>\u00a0and Pb<sup>2+<\/sup><em>(aq)<\/em>, thus show a distinct difference in their redox activity towards copper: the silver ion spontaneously oxidized copper, but the lead ion did not. Electrochemical cells permit this relative redox activity to be quantified by an easily measured property,\u00a0<em>potential<\/em>. This property is more commonly called\u00a0<em>voltage<\/em>\u00a0when referenced in regard to electrical applications, and it is a measure of energy accompanying the transfer of charge. Potentials are measured in the volt unit, defined as one joule of energy per one coulomb of charge, V = J\/C.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm173091280\">When measured for purposes of electrochemistry, a potential reflects the driving force for a specific type of charge transfer process, namely, the transfer of electrons between redox reactants. Considering the nature of potential in this context, it is clear that the potential of a single half-cell or a single electrode can\u2019t be measured; \u201ctransfer\u201d of electrons requires both a donor and recipient, in this case a reductant and an oxidant, respectively. Instead, a half-cell potential may only be assessed relative to that of another half-cell. It is only the\u00a0<em>difference in potential<\/em>\u00a0between two half-cells that may be measured, and these measured potentials are called\u00a0<span id=\"term640\"><strong>cell potentials<\/strong>, E<sub>cell<\/sub><\/span>, defined as<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{E}_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}_\\text{cathode} - \\text{E}_\\text{anode}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm172543920\">where E<sub>cathode<\/sub>\u00a0and E<sub>anode<\/sub>\u00a0are the potentials of two different half-cells functioning as specified in the subscripts. As for other thermodynamic quantities, the\u00a0<span id=\"term641\"><strong>standard cell potential<\/strong>, E\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub><\/span>, is a cell potential measured when both half-cells are under standard-state conditions (1\u00a0<em>M<\/em>\u00a0concentrations, 1 bar pressures, 298 K):<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{cathode} - \\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{anode}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm201762368\">To simplify the collection and sharing of potential data for half-reactions, the scientific community has designated one particular half-cell to serve as a universal reference for cell potential measurements, assigning it a potential of exactly 0 V. This half-cell is the\u00a0<strong>standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)<\/strong>\u00a0and it is based on half-reaction below:<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]2\\text{H}^+ (aq) +2e^- \\rightarrow \\text{H}_2 (g)[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm198492112\">A typical SHE contains an inert platinum electrode immersed in precisely 1\u00a0<em>M<\/em>\u00a0aqueous H<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0and a stream of bubbling H<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0gas at 1 bar pressure, all maintained at a temperature of 298 K (see Figure 1).<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 712px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/resources\/a05122bd8eb816d073b80f8bfd82a27003021417\" alt=\"The figure shows a beaker just over half full of a blue liquid. A glass tube is partially submerged in the liquid. Bubbles, which are labeled \u201cH subscript 2 ( g )\u201d are rising from the dark grayquare, labeled \u201cP t electrode\u201d at the bottom of the tube. Below the bottom of the tube pointing to the solution in the beaker is the label \u201c 1 M H superscript plus ( a q).\u201d A curved arrow points up to the right, indicating the direction of the bubbles. A black wire which is labeled \u201cP t wire\u201d extends from the dark grgrayare up the interior of the tube through a small port at the top. A second small port extends out the top of the tube to the left. An arrow points to the port opening from the left. The base of this arrow is labeled \u201cH subscript 2 ( g ) at 1 a t m.\u201d A light greygray points to a diagram in a circle at the right that illustrates the surface of the P t electrode in a magnified view. P t atoms are illustrated as a uniform cluster of grey sgray which are labeled \u201cP t electrode atoms.\u201d On the grey atograyace, the label \u201ce superscript negative\u201d is shown 4 times in a nearly even vertical distribution to show electrons on the P t surface. A curved arrow extends from a white sphere labeled \u201cH superscript plus\u201d at the right of the P t atoms to the uppermost electron shown. Just below, a straight arrow extends from the P t surface to the right to a pair of linked white spheres which are labeled \u201cH subscript 2.\u201d A curved arrow extends from a second white sphere labeled \u201cH superscript plus\u201d at the right of the P t atoms to the second electron shown. A curved arrow extends from the third electron on the P t surface to the right to a white sphere labeled \u201cH superscript plus.\u201d Just below, an arrow points left from a pair of linked white spheres which are labeled \u201cH subscript 2\u201d to the P t surface. A curved arrow extends from the fourth electron on the P t surface to the right to a white sphere labeled \u201cH superscript plus.\u201d\" width=\"702\" height=\"401\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 1. A standard hydrogen electrode (SHE).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm475267408\">The assigned potential of the SHE permits the definition of a conveniently measured potential for a single half-cell. The\u00a0<strong>electrode potential (E<sub>X<\/sub>)<\/strong>\u00a0for a half-cell\u00a0<em>X<\/em>\u00a0is defined as\u00a0<em>the potential measured for a cell comprised of X acting as cathode and the SHE acting as anode<\/em>:<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{E}_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}_X - \\text{E}_\\text{SHE}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{E}_\\text{SHE} = 0 \\text{V} (\\text{defined})[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{E}_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}_X[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm210033168\">When the half-cell\u00a0<em>X<\/em>\u00a0is under standard-state conditions, its potential is the\u00a0<strong>standard electrode potential, E\u00b0<sub>X<\/sub><\/strong>. Since the definition of cell potential requires the half-cells function as cathodes, these potentials are sometimes called\u00a0<em>standard reduction potentials<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm167563696\">This approach to measuring electrode potentials is illustrated in Figure 2, which depicts a cell comprised of an SHE connected to a copper(II)\/copper(0) half-cell under standard-state conditions. A voltmeter in the external circuit allows measurement of the potential difference between the two half-cells. Since the Cu half-cell is designated as the cathode in the definition of cell potential, it is connected to the red (positive) input of the voltmeter, while the designated SHE anode is connected to the black (negative) input. These connections insure that the sign of the measured potential will be consistent with the sign conventions of electrochemistry per the various definitions discussed above. A cell potential of +0.337 V is measured, and so<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{cell} = \\text{E}^\\circ_\\text{Cu} = +0.377 \\text{ V}[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm195216128\">Tabulations of E\u00b0 values for other half-cells measured in a similar fashion are available as reference literature to permit calculations of cell potentials and the prediction of the spontaneity of redox processes.<\/p>\n<div style=\"width: 711px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/resources\/33a00c3202cf5f6baa52a8598edf413773bd8c22\" alt=\"This figure contains a diagram of an electrochemical cell. Two beakers are shown. Each is just over half full. The beaker on the left contains a clear, colorless solution and is labeled below as \u201c1 M H superscript plus.\u201d The beaker on the right contains a blue solution and is labeled below as \u201c1 M C u superscript 2 plus.\u201d A glass tube in the shape of an inverted U connects the two beakers at the center of the diagram. The tube contents are colorless. The ends of the tubes are beneath the surface of the solutions in the beakers and a small graylug is present at each end of the tube. The beaker on the left has a glass tube partially submersed in the liquid. Bubbles are rising from the gray square, labeled \u201cStandard hydrogen electrode\u201d at the bottom of the tube. A curved arrow points up to the right, indicating the direction of the bubbles. A black wire extends from the gray square up the interior of the tube through a small port at the top to a rectangle with a digital readout of \u201cpositive 0.337 V,\u201d which is labeled \u201cVoltmeter.\u201d A second small port extends out the top of the tube to the left. An arrow points to the port opening from the left. The base of this arrow is labeled \u201c1 a t m H subscript 2 ( g ).\u201d The beaker on the right has an orange-brown strip that is labeled \u201cC u electrode\u201d at the top. A wire extends from the top of this strip to the voltmeter. An arrow points toward the voltmeter from the left which is labeled \u201ce superscript negative flow.\u201d Similarly, an arrow points away from the voltmeter to the right. A curved arrow extends from the surrounding solution to the standard hydrogen electrode in the beaker. The end of the arrow is labeled \u201cH subscript 2\u201d and tip of this arrow is labeled \u201c2 H superscript plus.\u201d A curved arrow extends from the \u201cC u superscript 2 plus\u201d label in the solution to a \u201cC u\u201d label at the lower edge of the C u electrode. Between the two beakers is the label \u201cT equals 298 K.\u201d\" width=\"701\" height=\"582\" \/><\/p>\n<p class=\"wp-caption-text\">Figure 2. A cell permitting experimental measurement of the standard electrode potential for the half-reaction Cu<sup>2+<\/sup>(aq)+2e<sup>\u2212<\/sup>\u27f6Cu(s)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Table 1 provides a listing of standard electrode potentials for a selection of half-reactions in numerical order, and a more extensive listing is given in\u00a0<a class=\"target-chapter\" href=\".\/chapter\/standard-electrode-half-cell-potentials\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Standard Electrode (Half-Cell) Potentials<\/a>.<\/p>\n<table id=\"fs-idm42585168\" class=\"span-all\" summary=\"This table has two columns and thirty eight rows. The first row is a header row and it labels each column, \u201cHalf Reaction,\u201d and \u201cE degree symbol ( V ).\u201d Under the \u201cHalf Reaction\u201d column are the following reactions: F subscript 2 ( g ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 F superscript negative sign ( a q ); P b O subscript 2 ( g ) plus S O subscript 4 superscript 2 negative sign ( a q ) plus 4 h superscript plus sing ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields P b S O subscript 4 ( g ) plus 2 H subscript 2 O ( l ); M n O subscript 4 superscript negative sing ( a q ) plus 8 H superscript plus sign ( a q ) plus 5 e superscript negative sign yield M n superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 4 H subscript 2 O ( l ); A u superscript 3 positive sign ( a q ) plus 3 e superscript negative sign yields A u ( s ); C l subscript 2 ( g ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 C l superscript negative sign ( a q ); O subscript 2 ( g ) plus 4 h superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus 4 e superscript negative sign yields 2 H subscript 2 O ( l ); P t superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields P t ( s ); B r subscript 2 ( l ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 B r superscript negative sign ( a q ); A g superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus e superscript negative sign yields A g ( s ); H g subscript 2 superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields F e superscript 2 plus ( a q ); M n O subscript 4 superscript negative sign ( a q ) plus 2 H subscript 2 O ( l ) plus 3 e superscript negative sign yields M n O subscript 2 ( s ) plus 4 O H superscript negative sign ( a q ); I subscript 2 ( g ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 I superscript negative sign ( a q ); N i O subscript 2 ( s ) plus 2 H subscript 2 O ( l ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields N i ( O H ) subscript 2 ( s ) plus 2 O H superscript negative sign ( a q ); C u superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields C u ( s ); H g subscript 2 C l subscript 2 ( s ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields 2 H g ( l ) plus 2 C l superscript negative sign ( a q ); A g C l ( s ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields A g ( s ) plus C l superscript negative sign ( a q ); S n superscript 4 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields Sn superscript 2 positive sing ( a q ); 2 H superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields H subscript 2 ( g ); P b superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields P b ( s ); S n superscript two positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields S n ( s ); N i superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields S n ( s ); N I superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields N I ( s ); C o superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign C o ( s ); P b S O subscript 4 ( s ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields P b ( s ) plus S O subscript 4 superscript two negative ( a q ); C d superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields C d ( s ); F e superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields F e ( s ); C r superscript 3 positive sign ( a q ) plus 3 e superscript negative sing yields C r ( s ); M n superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields M n ( s ); Z n ( O H ) subscript 2 ( s ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields Z n ( s ) plus 2 O H superscript negative sign ( a q ); Z n superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields Z n ( s ); A l superscript 3 positive sign ( a q ) plus 3 e superscript negative sign yields A l ( s ); M g superscript 2 ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields M g ( s ); N a superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus e superscript negative sign yields N a ( s ); C a superscript 2 positive sign ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sign yields C a ( s ); B a superscript 2 positive sing ( a q ) plus 2 e superscript negative sing yields B a ( s ); K superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus e superscript negative sign yields K ( s ); and L i superscript positive sign ( a q ) plus e superscript negative sign yields L I ( s ). Under the column \u201cE degree symbol ( V )\u201d are the following values: positive 2.866, positive 1.69, positive 1.507, positive 1.498, positive 1.35827, positive 1.229, positive 1.20, positive 1.0873, positive 0.7996, positive 0.7973, positive 0.771, positive 0.558, positive 0.558, positive 0.5355, positive 0.49, positive 0.337, positive 0.26808, positive 0.22233, positive 0.151, 0.00 (which appears bold), negative 0.126, negative 0.1262, negative 0.257, negative 0.28, negative 0.3505, negative 0.4030, negative 0.447, negative 0.744, negative 1.185, negative 1.245, negative 0.7618, negative 1.662, negative 2.372, negative 2.71, ne\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Table\u00a01. Selected Standard Reduction Potentials at 25 \u00b0C<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th>Half-Reaction<\/th>\n<th><em>E<\/em>\u00b0 (V)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{F}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2F}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+2.866<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{PbO}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2-}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{4H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{PbSO}}_{4}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+1.69<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{MnO}}_{4}{}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{8H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{5e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{Mn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{4H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+1.507<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Au}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Au}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+1.498<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Cl}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2Cl}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+1.35827<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{O}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)+{\\text{4H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{4e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+1.229<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Pt}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Pt}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+1.20<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Br}}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2Br}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+1.0873<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Ag}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ag}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.7996<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Hg}}_{2}{}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{2Hg}\\left(l\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.7973<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Fe}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{Fe}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.771<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{MnO}}_{4}{}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{MnO}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{4OH}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.558<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{I}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{2I}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.5355<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{NiO}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2H}}_{2}\\text{O}\\left(l\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{Ni(OH)}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2OH}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.337<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Hg}}_{2}{\\text{Cl}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{2Hg}\\left(l\\right)+{\\text{2Cl}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.26808<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]\\text{AgCl}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ag}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{Cl}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.22233<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Sn}}^{4+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{Sn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>+0.151<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{2H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow {\\text{H}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>0.00<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Pb}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Pb}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22120.126<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Sn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Sn}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22120.1262<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Ni}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ni}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22120.257<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Co}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Co}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22120.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{PbSO}}_{4}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Pb}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{SO}}_{4}{}^{2-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22120.3505<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Cd}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Cd}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22120.4030<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Fe}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Fe}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22120.447<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Cr}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Cr}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22120.744<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Mn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Mn}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22121.185<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Zn(OH)}}_{2}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Zn}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2OH}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22121.245<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Zn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Zn}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22120.7618<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Al}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Al}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22121.662<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Mg}}^{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Mg}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22122.372<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Na}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Na}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22122.71<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Ca}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ca}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22122.868<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Ba}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Ba}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22122.912<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{K}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{K}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22122.931<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<td>[latex]{\\text{Li}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Li}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/td>\n<td>\u22123.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<header>\n<h3 class=\"os-title\"><span class=\"os-title-label\">EXAMPLE 1:\u00a0Calculating Standard Cell Potentials<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<section>\n<h4>Question 1<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-idm6343776\">What is the standard potential of the galvanic cell shown in Figure 2?<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"fs-idp74490192\">Solution<\/h4>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q576838\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q576838\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\nThe cell in Figure 2 is galvanic, the spontaneous cell reaction involving oxidation of its copper anode and reduction of silver(I) ions at its silver cathode:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}{}\\text{cell reaction:}& \\text{Cu}(s) + 2\\text{Ag}^{+} (aq) \\longrightarrow \\text{Cu}^{2+} (aq) + 2\\text{Ag} (s)\\\\ \\text{anode half-reaction:}& \\text{Cu}(s) \\longrightarrow \\text{Cu}^{2+} (aq) + 2\\text{e}^{-}\\\\\\text{cathode half-reaction:}& 2\\text{Ag}^{+} (aq) + 2\\text{e}^{-} \\longrightarrow 2\\text{Ag} (s)\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm224433024\">The standard cell potential computed as<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}{}\\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{cell}} &=& \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{cathode}} - \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{anode}}\\\\ &=& \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{Ag}} - \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{Cu}}\\\\ &=& 0.7996 \\text{V} - 0.34 \\text{V}\\\\ &=&+0.46 \\text{V}\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<section>\n<h4 id=\"fs-idm223950256\">Check Your Learning<\/h4>\n<p>What is the standard cell potential expected if the silver cathode half-cell in Figure 2\u00a0is replaced with a lead half-cell:\u00a0[latex]\\text{ Pb}^{2+} (aq) +2e^{-} \\longrightarrow \\text{Pb} (s)[\/latex]?<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idp163400608\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\">\n<section>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q576839\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q576839\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 1rem; text-align: initial;\">\u22120. 47 V<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"os-note-body\">\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Intrepreting Electrode and Cell Potentials<\/h3>\n<p id=\"fs-idm183275696\">Thinking carefully about the definitions of cell and electrode potentials and the observations of spontaneous redox change presented thus far, a significant relation is noted. The previous section described the spontaneous oxidation of copper by aqueous silver(I) ions, but no observed reaction with aqueous lead(II) ions. Results of the calculations in Example 1 have just shown\u00a0<em>the spontaneous process is described by a positive cell potential<\/em>\u00a0while\u00a0<em>the nonspontaneous process exhibits a negative cell potential<\/em>. And so, with regard to the relative effectiveness (\u201cstrength\u201d) with which aqueous Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0and Pb<sup>2+<\/sup>\u00a0ions oxidize Cu under standard conditions,\u00a0<em>the stronger oxidant is the one exhibiting the greater standard electrode potential, E\u00b0<\/em>. Since by convention electrode potentials are for reduction processes, an increased value of\u00a0<em>E\u00b0<\/em>\u00a0corresponds to an increased driving force behind the reduction of the species (hence increased effectiveness of its action as an\u00a0<em>oxidizing agent<\/em>\u00a0on some other species). Negative values for electrode potentials are simply a consequence of assigning a value of 0 V to the SHE, indicating the reactant of the half-reaction is a weaker oxidant than aqueous hydrogen ions.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm225182656\">Applying this logic to the numerically ordered listing of standard electrode potentials in Table 1\u00a0shows this listing to be likewise in order of the oxidizing strength of the half-reaction\u2019s reactant species, decreasing from strongest oxidant (most positive\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0) to weakest oxidant (most negative\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0). Predictions regarding the spontaneity of redox reactions under standard state conditions can then be easily made by simply comparing the relative positions of their table entries. By definition,\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub>\u00a0is positive when\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cathode<\/sub>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>anode<\/sub>, and so any redox reaction in which the oxidant\u2019s entry is above the reductant\u2019s entry is predicted to be spontaneous.<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm223903632\">Reconsideration of the two redox reactions in Example 1 provides support for this fact. The entry for the silver(I)\/silver(0) half-reaction is above that for the copper(II)\/copper(0) half-reaction, and so the oxidation of Cu by Ag<sup>+<\/sup>\u00a0is predicted to be spontaneous (<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cathode<\/sub>\u00a0&gt;\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>anode<\/sub>\u00a0and so\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub>\u00a0&gt; 0). Conversely, the entry for the lead(II)\/lead(0) half-cell is beneath that for copper(II)\/copper(0), and the oxidation of Cu by Pb<sup>2+<\/sup>\u00a0is nonspontaneous (<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cathode<\/sub>\u00a0&lt;\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>anode<\/sub>\u00a0and so\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub>\u00a0&lt; 0).<\/p>\n<p id=\"fs-idm225106800\">Recalling the chapter on thermodynamics, the spontaneities of the forward and reverse reactions of a reversible process show a reciprocal relationship: if a process is spontaneous in one direction, it is non-spontaneous in the opposite direction. As an indicator of spontaneity for redox reactions, the potential of a cell reaction shows a consequential relationship in its arithmetic sign. The spontaneous oxidation of copper by lead(II) ions is\u00a0<em>not<\/em>\u00a0observed,<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{Cu} (s) +\\text{Pb}^{2+} (aq) \\rightarrow \\text{Cu}^{2+} (aq) +\\text{Pb} (s)[\/latex] \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [latex]E^\\circ _{forward} = -0.47 V (\\text{negative, non-spontaneous})[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm222165888\">and so the reverse reaction, the oxidation of lead by copper(II) ions, is predicted to occur spontaneously:<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{Pb} (s) + \\text{Cu}^{2+} (aq) \\rightarrow \\text{Pb}^{2+} (aq) + \\text{Cu} (s)[\/latex] \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0[latex]E^\\circ _{forward} = +0.47 V (\\text{positive, spontaneous})[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p id=\"fs-idm224625200\">Note that reversing the direction of a redox reaction effectively interchanges the identities of the cathode and anode half-reactions, and so the cell potential is calculated from electrode potentials in the reverse subtraction order than that for the forward reaction. In practice, a voltmeter would report a potential of \u22120.47 V with its red and black inputs connected to the Pb and Cu electrodes, respectively. If the inputs were swapped, the reported voltage would be +0.47 V.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"\/\/plugin.3playmedia.com\/show?mf=5559619&amp;p3sdk_version=1.10.1&amp;p=20361&amp;pt=375&amp;video_id=UzkLP8segcs&amp;video_target=tpm-plugin-v6wv4vmr-UzkLP8segcs\" width=\"800px\" height=\"450px\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0px\" marginheight=\"0px\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/Chemistry\/transcripts\/CellPotentialProblemsElectrochemistry_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Cell Potential Problems &#8211; Electrochemistry&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idm226975904\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\">\n<header>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<div id=\"fs-idm226975904\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/header>\n<header>\n<h3 class=\"os-title\"><span class=\"os-title-label\">EXAMPLE 2:\u00a0Predicting Redox Spontaneity<\/span><\/h3>\n<\/header>\n<h4>Question 1<\/h4>\n<p id=\"fs-idm224601040\">Are aqueous iron(II) ions predicted to spontaneously oxidize elemental chromium under standard state conditions? Assume the half-reactions to be those available in Table 1.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"fs-idm188525136\">Solution<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q576840\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q576840\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\nReferring to the tabulated half-reactions, the redox reaction in question can be represented by the equations below:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 1rem;\">[latex]\\text{Cr} (s) + \\text{Fe}^{2+} (aq) \\longrightarrow \\text{Cr}^{3+} (aq) + \\text{Fe} (s)[\/latex]<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">The entry for the putative oxidant, Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>, appears\u00a0<em>above<\/em>\u00a0the entry for the reductant, Cr, and so a spontaneous reaction is predicted per the quick approach described above. Supporting this predication by calculating the standard cell potential for this reaction gives<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}{}\\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{cell}} &=& \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{cathode}} - \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{anode}}\\\\ &=& \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{Fe(II)}} - \\text{E}^{\\circ}_{\\text{Cr}}\\\\ &=& -0.447 \\text{V} - (-0.774) \\text{V}\\\\ &=&+0.297 \\text{V}\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>The positive value for the standard cell potential indicates the process is spontaneous under standard state conditions.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h4 id=\"fs-idm183601456\">Check Your Learning<\/h4>\n<p>Use the data in Table 1to predict the spontaneity of the oxidation of bromide ion by molecular iodine under standard state conditions, supporting the prediction by calculating the standard cell potential for the reaction. Repeat for the oxidation of iodide ion by molecular bromine.<\/p>\n<div id=\"fs-idm217713968\" class=\"ui-has-child-title\">\n<header>\n<h4 class=\"os-title\"><span id=\"51678\" class=\"os-title-label\">ANSWER:<\/span><\/h4>\n<\/header>\n<section>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q576841\">Show Solution<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q576841\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<div class=\"os-note-body\">\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{I}_2 (s) + 2\\text{Br}^- (aq) \\rightarrow 2\\text{I}^- (aq) + \\text{Br}_2 (l)[\/latex]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [latex]E^\\circ_{cell} = -0.5518 V (\\text{non-spontaneous})[\/latex]<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\text{Br}_2 (s) + 2\\text{I}^- (aq) \\rightarrow 2\\text{Br}^- (aq) + \\text{I}_2 (l)[\/latex]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [latex]E^\\circ_{cell} = +0.5518 V (\\text{spontaneous})[\/latex]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Concepts and Summary<\/h3>\n<p>The property of potential,\u00a0<em>E<\/em>, is the energy associated with the separation\/transfer of charge. In electrochemistry, the potentials of cells and half-cells are thermodynamic quantities that reflect the driving force or the spontaneity of their redox processes. The cell potential of an electrochemical cell is the difference in between its cathode and anode. To permit easy sharing of half-cell potential data, the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) is assigned a potential of exactly 0 V and used to define a single electrode potential for any given half-cell. The electrode potential of a half-cell,\u00a0<em>E<sub>X<\/sub><\/em>, is the cell potential of said half-cell acting as a cathode when connected to a SHE acting as an anode. When the half-cell is operating under standard state conditions, its potential is the standard electrode potential,\u00a0<em>E<\/em>\u00b0<sub>X<\/sub>. Standard electrode potentials reflect the relative oxidizing strength of the half-reaction\u2019s reactant, with stronger oxidants exhibiting larger (more positive)\u00a0<em>E\u00b0<sub>X<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0values. Tabulations of standard electrode potentials may be used to compute standard cell potentials,\u00a0<em>E\u00b0<sub>cell<\/sub><\/em>, for many redox reactions. The arithmetic sign of a cell potential indicates the spontaneity of the cell reaction, with positive values for spontaneous reactions and negative values for nonspontaneous reactions (spontaneous in the reverse direction).<\/p>\n<h4>Key Equations<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li id=\"fs-idm41082448\">For each reaction listed, determine its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C and whether the reaction is spontaneous at standard conditions.\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>[latex]\\text{Mg}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{Ni}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Mg}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Ni}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]2{\\text{Ag}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Ag}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]\\text{Mn}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{Sn(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Mn(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Sn}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]3{\\text{Fe(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{Au(NO}}_{3}{)}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{3Fe(NO}}_{3}{)}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Au}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>For each reaction listed, determine its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C and whether the reaction is spontaneous at standard conditions.\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>[latex]\\text{Mn}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{Ni}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Mn}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Ni}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]3{\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Al}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{2Al}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Cu}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]\\text{Na}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{LiNO}}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{NaNO}}_{3}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Li}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]{\\text{Ca(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Ba}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Ba(NO}}_{3}{)}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{Ca}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<li>Determine the overall reaction and its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C for this reaction. Is the reaction spontaneous at standard conditions?<br \/>\n[latex]\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)\\mid {\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)\\parallel {\\text{Au}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)\\mid \\text{Au}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>Determine the overall reaction and its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C for the reaction involving the galvanic cell made from a half-cell consisting of a silver electrode in 1 <em>M<\/em> silver nitrate solution and a half-cell consisting of a zinc electrode in 1 <em>M<\/em> zinc nitrate. Is the reaction spontaneous at standard conditions?<\/li>\n<li>Determine the overall reaction and its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C for the reaction involving the galvanic cell in which cadmium metal is oxidized to 1 <em>M<\/em> cadmium(II) ion and a half-cell consisting of an aluminum electrode in 1 <em>M<\/em> aluminum nitrate solution. Is the reaction spontaneous at standard conditions?<\/li>\n<li>Determine the overall reaction and its standard cell potential at 25 \u00b0C for these reactions. Is the reaction spontaneous at standard conditions? Assume the standard reduction for Br<sub>2<\/sub>(<em>l<\/em>) is the same as for Br<sub>2<\/sub>(<em>aq<\/em>).[latex]\\text{Pt}\\left(s\\right)\\mid {\\text{H}}_{2}\\left(g\\right)\\mid {\\text{H}}^{\\text{+}}\\left(aq\\right)\\parallel {\\text{Br}}_{2}\\left(aq\\right)\\mid {\\text{Br}}^{-}\\left(aq\\right)\\mid \\text{Pt}\\left(s\\right)[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q802553\">Show Selected Solutions<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q802553\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<p>1. The answers are as follows:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha;\">\n<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{0.257 V}-\\left(-\\text{2.372 V}\\right)=\\text{+2.115 V (spontaneous)}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=\\text{0.7996 V}-\\left(\\text{+0.337 V}\\right)=\\text{+0.4626 V (spontaneous)}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{0.1262 V}-\\left(-\\text{1.185 V}\\right)=\\text{+1.0589 V (spontaneous)}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<li>[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=\\text{1.498 V}-\\left(\\text{+0.771 V}\\right)=\\text{+0.727 V (spontaneous)}[\/latex]<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>3. The reaction occurs as follows:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}\\text{anode:}&3\\times \\left(\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\right){E}_{{\\text{Cu}}^{2+}\\text{\/Cu}}^{\\circ }\\\\ \\text{cathode:}&2\\times \\left({\\text{Au}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Au}\\left(s\\right)\\right)\\\\ \\\\ \\text{overall:}&^3\\text{Cu}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2Au}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{3Cu}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Au}\\left(s\\right)\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=1.4\\text{98 V}-\\left(\\text{+0.34 V}\\right)=\\text{+1.16 V}\\left(\\text{spontaneous}\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p>5.\u00a0Oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]\\begin{array}{rl}{}\\text{anode:}&3\\times \\left(\\text{Cd}\\left(s\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{Cd}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{2e}}^{-}\\right){E}_{{\\text{Cd}}^{2+}\\text{\/Cd}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{0.4030 V}\\\\ \\text{cathode:}&2\\times \\left({\\text{Al}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)+{\\text{3e}}^{-}\\longrightarrow \\text{Al}\\left(s\\right)\\right){E}_{{\\text{Al}}^{3+}\\text{\/Al}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{1.662 V}\\\\ \\\\ \\text{overall:}&3\\text{Cd}\\left(s\\right)+{\\text{2Al}}^{3+}\\left(aq\\right)\\longrightarrow {\\text{3Cd}}^{2+}\\left(aq\\right)+\\text{2Al}\\left(s\\right)\\end{array}[\/latex]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">[latex]{E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }={E}_{\\text{cathode}}^{\\circ }-{E}_{\\text{anode}}^{\\circ }=-\\text{1.662 V}-\\left(-\\text{0.4030 V}\\right)=-\\text{1.259 V}\\left(\\text{nonspontaneous}\\right)[\/latex]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<p><b>standard cell potential [latex]\\left({E}_{\\text{cell}}^{\\circ }\\right)[\/latex]: <\/b>the cell potential when all reactants and products are in their standard states (1 bar or 1 atm or gases; 1 <em>M<\/em> for solutes), usually at 298.15 K; can be calculated by subtracting the standard reduction potential for the half-reaction at the anode from the standard reduction potential for the half-reaction occurring at the cathode<\/p>\n<p><b>standard hydrogen electrode (SHE): <\/b>the electrode consists of hydrogen gas bubbling through hydrochloric acid over an inert platinum electrode whose reduction at standard conditions is assigned a value of 0 V; the reference point for standard reduction potentials<\/p>\n<p><b>standard reduction potential (<em>E<\/em>\u00b0): <\/b>the value of the reduction under standard conditions (1 bar or 1 atm for gases; 1 <em>M<\/em> for solutes) usually at 298.15 K; tabulated values used to calculate standard cell potentials<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-3639\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chemistry 2e. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: OpenStax. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\">https:\/\/openstax.org\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/chemistry-2e\/pages\/1-introduction<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Cell Potential Problems - Electrochemistry. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: The Organic Chemistry Tutor. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/UzkLP8segcs\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/UzkLP8segcs<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chemistry 2e\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"OpenStax\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/openstax.org\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"Access for free at https:\/\/openstax.org\/books\/chemistry-2e\/pages\/1-introduction\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Cell Potential Problems - Electrochemistry\",\"author\":\"The Organic Chemistry Tutor\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/UzkLP8segcs\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-3639","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2970,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3639","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3639\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7818,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3639\/revisions\/7818"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2970"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/3639\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3639"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=3639"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=3639"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/chemistryformajors\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=3639"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}