{"id":216,"date":"2021-05-26T13:51:49","date_gmt":"2021-05-26T13:51:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/?post_type=chapter&p=216"},"modified":"2021-05-26T13:51:49","modified_gmt":"2021-05-26T13:51:49","slug":"glossary-13","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/chapter\/glossary-13\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"attrition: <\/strong>reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out over time\r\n\r\ncase study: <\/strong>exploring a single case or situation in great detail. Information may be gathered with the use of observation, interviews, testing, or other methods to uncover as much as possible about a person or situation\r\n\r\ncohort: <\/strong>a group of people who are born at roughly the same period in a particular society. Cohorts share histories and contexts for living\r\n\r\ncontent analysis: <\/strong>involves looking at media such as old texts, pictures, commercials, lyrics or other materials to explore patterns or themes in culture\r\n\r\ncontrol group: <\/strong>a comparison group that is equivalent to the experimental group, but is not given the independent variable\r\n\r\ncorrelation: <\/strong>the relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does\r\n\r\ncorrelation coefficient: <\/strong>number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r\r\n\r\ncorrelational research: <\/strong>research that formally tests whether a relationship exists between two or more variables, however, correlation does not imply causation\r\n\r\ncross-sectional research: <\/strong>used to examine behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time; may confound age and cohort differences\r\n\r\ndependent variable: <\/strong>the outcome or variable that is supposedly affected by the independent variable\r\n\r\ndescriptive studies: <\/strong>research focused on describing an occurrence\r\n\r\ndouble-blind: <\/strong>a research design in which neither the participants nor the researchers know whether an individual is assigned to the experimental group or the control group\r\n\r\nexperimental group: <\/strong>the group of participants in an experiment who receive the independent variable\r\n\r\nexperimental research: <\/strong>research that involves randomly assigning people to different conditions and using hypothesis testing to make inferences about how these conditions affect behavior; the only method that measures cause and effect between variables\r\n\r\nexperiments: <\/strong>designed to test hypotheses in a controlled setting in efforts to explain how certain factors or events produce outcomes; the only research method that measures cause and effect relationships between variables\r\n\r\nexplanatory studies: <\/strong>research that tries to answer the question \u201cwhy\u201d\r\n\r\nHawthorne effect: <\/strong>individuals tend to change their behavior when they know they are being watched\r\n\r\nhypotheses: <\/strong>specific statements or predictions about the relationship between variables\r\n\r\nindependent variable: <\/strong>something that is manipulated or introduced by the researcher to the experimental group; treatment or intervention\r\n\r\nlongitudinal research: <\/strong>studying a group of people who may be of the same age and background (cohort), and measuring them repeatedly over a long period of time; may confound age and time of measurement effects\r\n\r\nnegative correlation: <\/strong>two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation\r\n\r\nobservational studies: <\/strong>also called naturalistic observation, involves watching and recording the actions of participants\r\n\r\noperationalized: <\/strong>concepts transformed into variables that can be measured in research\r\n\r\npositive correlation: <\/strong>two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller\r\n\r\nqualitative research: <\/strong>theoretical ideas are \u201cgrounded\u201d in the experiences of the participants, who answer open-ended questions\r\n\r\nquantitative research: <\/strong>involves numerical data that are quantified using statistics to understand and report what has been studied\r\n\r\nreliability: <\/strong>when something yields consistent results\r\n\r\nresearch design: <\/strong>the strategy or blueprint for deciding how to collect and analyze information; dictates which methods are used and how\r\n\r\nscatterplot: <\/strong>a plot or mathematical diagram consisting of data points that represent two variables\r\n\r\nsecondary content analysis: <\/strong>archival research, involves analyzing information that has already been collected or examining documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or preferences\r\n\r\nselective attrition: <\/strong>certain groups of individuals may tend to drop out more frequently resulting in the remaining participants longer being representative of the whole population\r\n\r\nsequential research design: <\/strong>combines aspects of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, but also adding new cohorts at different times of measurement; allows for analyses to consider effects of age, cohort, time of measurement, and socio-historical change\r\n\r\nsurvey: <\/strong>asking a standard set of questions to a group of subjects\r\n\r\nvalidity: <\/strong>when something yields accurate results\r\n\r\nvariables: <\/strong>factors that change in value","rendered":"

attrition: <\/strong>reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out over time<\/p>\n

case study: <\/strong>exploring a single case or situation in great detail. Information may be gathered with the use of observation, interviews, testing, or other methods to uncover as much as possible about a person or situation<\/p>\n

cohort: <\/strong>a group of people who are born at roughly the same period in a particular society. Cohorts share histories and contexts for living<\/p>\n

content analysis: <\/strong>involves looking at media such as old texts, pictures, commercials, lyrics or other materials to explore patterns or themes in culture<\/p>\n

control group: <\/strong>a comparison group that is equivalent to the experimental group, but is not given the independent variable<\/p>\n

correlation: <\/strong>the relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does<\/p>\n

correlation coefficient: <\/strong>number from -1 to +1, indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by r<\/p>\n

correlational research: <\/strong>research that formally tests whether a relationship exists between two or more variables, however, correlation does not imply causation<\/p>\n

cross-sectional research: <\/strong>used to examine behavior in participants of different ages who are tested at the same point in time; may confound age and cohort differences<\/p>\n

dependent variable: <\/strong>the outcome or variable that is supposedly affected by the independent variable<\/p>\n

descriptive studies: <\/strong>research focused on describing an occurrence<\/p>\n

double-blind: <\/strong>a research design in which neither the participants nor the researchers know whether an individual is assigned to the experimental group or the control group<\/p>\n

experimental group: <\/strong>the group of participants in an experiment who receive the independent variable<\/p>\n

experimental research: <\/strong>research that involves randomly assigning people to different conditions and using hypothesis testing to make inferences about how these conditions affect behavior; the only method that measures cause and effect between variables<\/p>\n

experiments: <\/strong>designed to test hypotheses in a controlled setting in efforts to explain how certain factors or events produce outcomes; the only research method that measures cause and effect relationships between variables<\/p>\n

explanatory studies: <\/strong>research that tries to answer the question \u201cwhy\u201d<\/p>\n

Hawthorne effect: <\/strong>individuals tend to change their behavior when they know they are being watched<\/p>\n

hypotheses: <\/strong>specific statements or predictions about the relationship between variables<\/p>\n

independent variable: <\/strong>something that is manipulated or introduced by the researcher to the experimental group; treatment or intervention<\/p>\n

longitudinal research: <\/strong>studying a group of people who may be of the same age and background (cohort), and measuring them repeatedly over a long period of time; may confound age and time of measurement effects<\/p>\n

negative correlation: <\/strong>two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller; a negative correlation is not the same thing as no correlation<\/p>\n

observational studies: <\/strong>also called naturalistic observation, involves watching and recording the actions of participants<\/p>\n

operationalized: <\/strong>concepts transformed into variables that can be measured in research<\/p>\n

positive correlation: <\/strong>two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller<\/p>\n

qualitative research: <\/strong>theoretical ideas are \u201cgrounded\u201d in the experiences of the participants, who answer open-ended questions<\/p>\n

quantitative research: <\/strong>involves numerical data that are quantified using statistics to understand and report what has been studied<\/p>\n

reliability: <\/strong>when something yields consistent results<\/p>\n

research design: <\/strong>the strategy or blueprint for deciding how to collect and analyze information; dictates which methods are used and how<\/p>\n

scatterplot: <\/strong>a plot or mathematical diagram consisting of data points that represent two variables<\/p>\n

secondary content analysis: <\/strong>archival research, involves analyzing information that has already been collected or examining documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or preferences<\/p>\n

selective attrition: <\/strong>certain groups of individuals may tend to drop out more frequently resulting in the remaining participants longer being representative of the whole population<\/p>\n

sequential research design: <\/strong>combines aspects of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, but also adding new cohorts at different times of measurement; allows for analyses to consider effects of age, cohort, time of measurement, and socio-historical change<\/p>\n

survey: <\/strong>asking a standard set of questions to a group of subjects<\/p>\n

validity: <\/strong>when something yields accurate results<\/p>\n

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