{"id":61,"date":"2021-01-14T14:46:46","date_gmt":"2021-01-14T14:46:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/chapter\/glossary-3\/"},"modified":"2021-01-14T14:46:46","modified_gmt":"2021-01-14T14:46:46","slug":"glossary-3","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/chapter\/glossary-3\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary","rendered":"Glossary"},"content":{"raw":"[glossary-term]anal stage:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the stage of development when children are learning to control impulses; coincides with toddlerhood and toileting[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]defense mechanisms:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]ego:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the part of the self that helps balance the id and superego by satisfying the id\u2019s desires in a rational way[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]eight stages of psychosocial development:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]Erikson's stages of trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame\/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]genital stage:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the final stage of psychosexual development when individuals develop sexual interests; begins in adolescence and lasts throughout adulthood[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]hypothesis:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]a testable prediction[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]id:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the part of the self that is biologically-driven, includes our instincts and drives, and wants immediate gratification[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]latency stage:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the fourth stage of psychosexual development, spanning middle childhood, during which sexual development and sexual impulses are dormant[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]neurosis:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]a tendency to experience negative emotions[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]oral stage:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the first stage of psychosexual development when infants needs are met primarily through oral gratification[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]phallic stage:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of 3 to 6 years, when the young child's libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]psychodynamic perspective:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the perspective that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people's awareness and control[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]psychosexual stages:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]Freud's oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]psychosocial theory:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the theory that emphasizes the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]superego:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the part of the self that acts as our conscience, telling us how we should behave[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]theory:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena that can be used to make predictions about future observations[\/glossary-definition]\n\nglossary-term]behavioral genetics:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]one of the fastest-growing areas within the field of lifespan development and studies the effects of heredity on behavior[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]bioecological model:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the perspective suggesting that multiple levels of the environment interact with biological potential to influence development[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]chronosystem:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the environmental events and transitions that occur throughout a child\u2019s life, including any socio-historical events[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]congruence:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]an instance or point of agreement or correspondence between the ideal self and the real self in Rogers' humanistic personality theory[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]contextual perspective:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]a theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, and social worlds[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]ecological systems theory:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory stressing the importance of studying a child in the context of multiple environments, organized into five levels of external influence: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]exosystem:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the larger contexts of the community, including the values, history, and economy[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]ethology:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the study of behavior through a biological lens[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]evolutionary psychology:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]a field of study that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]humanism:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]a psychological theory that emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their own behavior[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]imprinting:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]in psychology and ethology, imprinting is any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]macrosystem:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]cultural elements such as global economic conditions, war, technological trends, values, philosophies, and a society\u2019s responses to the global community which impact a community[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]Maslow's hierarchy of needs:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals are motivated to attend to needs higher up[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]mesosystem:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]larger organizational structures such as school, the family, or religion[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]microsystem:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]immediate surrounds including those who have direct, significant contact with the person, such as parents or siblings[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]phenomenal field:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]our subjective reality, all that we are aware of, including objects and people as well as our behaviors, thoughts, images, and ideas[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]scaffolding:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]a process in which adults or capable peers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]self-actualization:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]according to humanistic theory, the realizing of one\u2019s full potential can include creative expression, a quest for spiritual enlightenment, the pursuit of knowledge, or the desire to contribute to society. For Maslow, it is a state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]sociocultural theory:[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]Vygotsky's theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture[\/glossary-definition]\n\n[glossary-term]zone of proximal development (ZPD):[\/glossary-term]\n[glossary-definition]the difference between what a learner can do without help, and what they can do with help[\/glossary-definition]","rendered":"
anal stage:<\/dt>\n
the stage of development when children are learning to control impulses; coincides with toddlerhood and toileting<\/dd>\n
defense mechanisms:<\/dt>\n
psychological strategies that are unconsciously used to protect a person from anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or feelings<\/dd>\n
ego:<\/dt>\n
the part of the self that helps balance the id and superego by satisfying the id\u2019s desires in a rational way<\/dd>\n
eight stages of psychosocial development:<\/dt>\n
Erikson’s stages of trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame\/doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair<\/dd>\n
genital stage:<\/dt>\n
the final stage of psychosexual development when individuals develop sexual interests; begins in adolescence and lasts throughout adulthood<\/dd>\n
hypothesis:<\/dt>\n
a testable prediction<\/dd>\n
id:<\/dt>\n
the part of the self that is biologically-driven, includes our instincts and drives, and wants immediate gratification<\/dd>\n
latency stage:<\/dt>\n
the fourth stage of psychosexual development, spanning middle childhood, during which sexual development and sexual impulses are dormant<\/dd>\n
neurosis:<\/dt>\n
a tendency to experience negative emotions<\/dd>\n
oral stage:<\/dt>\n
the first stage of psychosexual development when infants needs are met primarily through oral gratification<\/dd>\n
phallic stage:<\/dt>\n
the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of 3 to 6 years, when the young child’s libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the erogenous zone<\/dd>\n
psychodynamic perspective:<\/dt>\n
the perspective that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control<\/dd>\n
psychosexual stages:<\/dt>\n
Freud’s oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages<\/dd>\n
psychosocial theory:<\/dt>\n
the theory that emphasizes the social relationships that are important at each stage of personality development<\/dd>\n
superego:<\/dt>\n
the part of the self that acts as our conscience, telling us how we should behave<\/dd>\n
theory:<\/dt>\n
a well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena that can be used to make predictions about future observations<\/dd>\n
one of the fastest-growing areas within the field of lifespan development and studies the effects of heredity on behavior<\/dd>\n
bioecological model:<\/dt>\n
the perspective suggesting that multiple levels of the environment interact with biological potential to influence development<\/dd>\n
chronosystem:<\/dt>\n
the environmental events and transitions that occur throughout a child\u2019s life, including any socio-historical events<\/dd>\n
congruence:<\/dt>\n
an instance or point of agreement or correspondence between the ideal self and the real self in Rogers’ humanistic personality theory<\/dd>\n
contextual perspective:<\/dt>\n
a theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, and social worlds<\/dd>\n
ecological systems theory:<\/dt>\n
Urie Bronfenbrenner’s theory stressing the importance of studying a child in the context of multiple environments, organized into five levels of external influence: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem<\/dd>\n
exosystem:<\/dt>\n
the larger contexts of the community, including the values, history, and economy<\/dd>\n
ethology:<\/dt>\n
the study of behavior through a biological lens<\/dd>\n
evolutionary psychology:<\/dt>\n
a field of study that seeks to identify behavior that is a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors<\/dd>\n
humanism:<\/dt>\n
a psychological theory that emphasizes an individual’s inherent drive towards self-actualization and contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their own behavior<\/dd>\n
imprinting:<\/dt>\n
in psychology and ethology, imprinting is any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior<\/dd>\n
macrosystem:<\/dt>\n
cultural elements such as global economic conditions, war, technological trends, values, philosophies, and a society\u2019s responses to the global community which impact a community<\/dd>\n
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:<\/dt>\n
a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid. Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals are motivated to attend to needs higher up<\/dd>\n
mesosystem:<\/dt>\n
larger organizational structures such as school, the family, or religion<\/dd>\n
microsystem:<\/dt>\n
immediate surrounds including those who have direct, significant contact with the person, such as parents or siblings<\/dd>\n
phenomenal field:<\/dt>\n
our subjective reality, all that we are aware of, including objects and people as well as our behaviors, thoughts, images, and ideas<\/dd>\n
scaffolding:<\/dt>\n
a process in which adults or capable peers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed<\/dd>\n
self-actualization:<\/dt>\n
according to humanistic theory, the realizing of one\u2019s full potential can include creative expression, a quest for spiritual enlightenment, the pursuit of knowledge, or the desire to contribute to society. For Maslow, it is a state of self-fulfillment in which people achieve their highest potential in their own unique way<\/dd>\n
sociocultural theory:<\/dt>\n
Vygotsky’s theory that emphasizes how cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture<\/dd>\n
zone of proximal development (ZPD):<\/dt>\n
the difference between what a learner can do without help, and what they can do with help<\/dd>\n","protected":false},"author":185983,"menu_order":39,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-61","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":0,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/61","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/185983"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/61\/revisions"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/0"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/61\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=61"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=61"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/child\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=61"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}