{"id":113,"date":"2014-09-17T00:42:06","date_gmt":"2014-09-17T00:42:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/buslegalenv\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=113"},"modified":"2021-03-04T02:56:54","modified_gmt":"2021-03-04T02:56:54","slug":"12-3-nonconsensual-lien","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/chapter\/12-3-nonconsensual-lien\/","title":{"raw":"Nonconsensual Liens","rendered":"Nonconsensual Liens"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nBy the end of this section, you will be able to:\r\n<ul id=\"mayer_1.0-ch52_s02_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\r\n \t<li>Understand the nonconsensual liens issued by courts\u2014attachment liens and judgment liens\u2014and how they are created.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Recognize other types of nonconsensual liens: mechanic\u2019s lien, possessory lien, and tax lien.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe security arrangements discussed so far\u2014security interests, suretyship, mortgages\u2014are all obtained by the creditor with the debtor\u2019s consent. A creditor may obtain certain liens without the debtor\u2019s consent.\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Court-Decreed Liens<\/h2>\r\nSome nonconsensual liens are issued by courts.\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Attachment Lien<\/h3>\r\nAn <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">attachment lien<\/span><\/span> is ordered against a person\u2019s property\u2014real or personal\u2014to prevent him from disposing of it during a lawsuit. To obtain an attachment lien, the plaintiff must show that the defendant likely will dispose of or hide his property; if the court agrees with the plaintiff, she must post a bond and the court will issue a writ of attachment to the sheriff, directing the sheriff to seize the property. Attachments of real property should be recorded. Should the plaintiff win her suit, the court issues a writ of execution, directing the sheriff to sell the property to satisfy the judgment.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Judgment Lien<\/h3>\r\nA <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">judgment lien<\/span><\/span> may be issued when a plaintiff wins a judgment in court if an attachment lien has not already been issued. Like the attachment lien, it provides a method by which the defendant\u2019s property may be seized and sold.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Mechanic\u2019s Lien<\/h3>\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h4 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Overview<\/h4>\r\nThe most common nonconsensual lien on real estate is the <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">mechanic\u2019s lien<\/span><\/span>. A mechanic\u2019s lien can be obtained by one who furnishes labor, services, or materials to improve real estate: this is statutory, and the statute must be carefully followed. The \u201cmechanic\u201d here is one who works with his or her hands, not specifically one who works on machines. An automobile mechanic could not obtain a mechanic\u2019s lien on a customer\u2019s house to secure payment of work he did on her car. (The lien to which the automobile mechanic is entitled is a \u201cpossessory lien\u201d or \u201cartisan\u2019s lien,\u201d considered in Section 12.3.3 \"Possessory Lien\") To qualify for a mechanic\u2019s lien, the claimant must file a sworn statement describing the work done, the contract made, or the materials furnished that permanently improved the real estate.\r\n\r\nA particularly difficult problem crops up when the owner has paid the contractor, who in turn fails to pay his subcontractors. In many states, the subcontractors can file a lien on the owner\u2019s property, thus forcing the owner to pay them (see Figure 12.5 \"Subcontractors\u2019 Lien\")\u2014and maybe twice. To protect themselves, owners can demand a sworn statement from general contractors listing the subcontractors used on the job, and from them, owners can obtain a waiver of lien rights before paying the general contractor.\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02_s01_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_medium im_editable im_block\">\r\n\r\n<span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 12.5<\/span> Subcontractors\u2019 Lien\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/buslegalenv\/section_15\/487cdf95bbb9c59d46b253f8f74b6b82.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/140\/2014\/09\/20045934\/sm_487cdf95bbb9c59d46b253f8f74b6b82.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h4 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Procedure for Obtaining a Mechanic\u2019s Lien<\/h4>\r\nAnyone claiming a lien against real estate must record a lien statement stating the amount due and the nature of the improvement. The lienor has a specified period of time (e.g., ninety days) to file from the time the work is finished. Recording as such does not give the lienor an automatic right to the property if the debt remains unpaid. All states specify a limited period of time, usually one year, within which the claimant must file suit to enforce the lien. Only if the court decides the lien is valid may the property be sold to satisfy the debt. Difficult questions sometimes arise when a lien is filed against a landlord\u2019s property as a result of improvements and services provided to a tenant, as discussed in <em class=\"im_emphasis\">F &amp; D Elec. Contractors, Inc. v. Powder Coaters, Inc.<\/em>, Section 12.4 \"Cases\".\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h4 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Mechanic\u2019s Liens Priorities<\/h4>\r\nA mechanic\u2019s lien represents a special risk to the purchaser of real estate or to lenders who wish to take a mortgage. In most states, the mechanic\u2019s lien is given priority not from the date when the lien is recorded but from an earlier date\u2014either the date the contractor was hired or the date construction began. Thus a purchaser or lender might lose priority to a creditor with a mechanic\u2019s lien who filed after the sale or mortgage. A practical solution to this problem is to hold back part of the funds (purchase price or loan) or place them in escrow until the period for recording liens has expired.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Possessory Lien (Artisan's Lien)<\/h3>\r\nThe most common nonconsensual lien on personal property (not real estate) is the <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">possessory lien<\/span><\/span>. This is the right to continue to keep the goods on which work has been performed or for which materials have been supplied until the owner pays for the labor or materials. The possessory lien arises both under common law and under a variety of statutes. Because it is nonconsensual, the possessory lien is not covered by Article 9 of the UCC, which is restricted to consensual security interests. Nor is it governed by the law of mechanic\u2019s liens, which are nonpossessory and relate only to work done to improve real property.\r\n\r\nThe common-law rule is that anyone who, under an express or implied contract, adds value to another\u2019s chattel (personal property) by labor, skill, or materials has a possessory lien for the value of the services. Moreover, the lienholder may keep the chattel until her services are paid. For example, the dry cleaner shop is not going to release the wool jacket that you took in for cleaning unless you make satisfactory arrangements to pay for it, and the chain saw store won\u2019t let you take the chain saw that you brought in for a tune-up until you pay for the labor and materials for the tune-up.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s04\" class=\"im_section\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Tax Lien<\/h3>\r\nAn important statutory lien is the federal <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">tax lien<\/span><\/span>. Once the government assesses a tax, the amount due constitutes a lien on the owner\u2019s property, whether real or personal. Until it is filed in the appropriate state office, others take priority, including purchasers, mechanics\u2019 lienors, judgment lien creditors, and holders of security interests. But once filed, the tax lien takes priority over all subsequently arising liens. Federal law exempts some property from the tax lien; for example, unemployment benefits, books and tools of a trade, workers\u2019 compensation, judgments for support of minor children, minimum amounts of wages and salary, personal effects, furniture, fuel, and provisions are exempt.\r\n\r\nLocal governments also can assess liens against real estate for failure to pay real estate taxes. After some period of time, the real estate may be sold to satisfy the tax amounts owing.\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s04_n01\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block textbox\">\r\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaway<\/h3>\r\nThere are four types of nonconsensual liens: (1) court-decreed liens are attachment liens, which prevent a person from disposing of assets pending a lawsuit, and judgment liens, which allow the prevailing party in a lawsuit to take property belonging to the debtor to satisfy the judgment; (2) mechanics\u2019 liens are authorized by statute, giving a person who has provided labor or material to a landowner the right to sell the property to get paid; (3) possessory liens on personal property allow one in possession of goods to keep them to satisfy a claim for work done or storage of them; and (4) tax liens are enforced by the government to satisfy outstanding tax liabilities and may be assessed against real or personal property.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\r\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\r\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>The mortgagor\u2019s interests are protected in a judicial foreclosure by a court\u2019s oversight of the process; how is the mortgagor\u2019s interest protected when a deed of trust is used?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why is the deed of trust becoming increasingly popular?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>What is the rationale for the common-law possessory lien?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Mike Mechanic repaired Alice Ace\u2019s automobile in his shop, but Alice didn\u2019t have enough money to pay for the repairs. May Mike have a mechanic\u2019s lien on the car? A possessory lien?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why does federal law exempt unemployment benefits, books and tools of a trade, workers\u2019 compensation, minimum amounts of wages and salary, personal effects, furniture, fuel, and other such items from the sweep of a tax lien?<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n<\/section><\/div>\r\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch52_s02_s06_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\"><\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-highlight\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>By the end of this section, you will be able to:<\/p>\n<ul id=\"mayer_1.0-ch52_s02_l01\" class=\"im_orderedlist\">\n<li>Understand the nonconsensual liens issued by courts\u2014attachment liens and judgment liens\u2014and how they are created.<\/li>\n<li>Recognize other types of nonconsensual liens: mechanic\u2019s lien, possessory lien, and tax lien.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The security arrangements discussed so far\u2014security interests, suretyship, mortgages\u2014are all obtained by the creditor with the debtor\u2019s consent. A creditor may obtain certain liens without the debtor\u2019s consent.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h2 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Court-Decreed Liens<\/h2>\n<p>Some nonconsensual liens are issued by courts.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s01_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Attachment Lien<\/h3>\n<p>An <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">attachment lien<\/span><\/span> is ordered against a person\u2019s property\u2014real or personal\u2014to prevent him from disposing of it during a lawsuit. To obtain an attachment lien, the plaintiff must show that the defendant likely will dispose of or hide his property; if the court agrees with the plaintiff, she must post a bond and the court will issue a writ of attachment to the sheriff, directing the sheriff to seize the property. Attachments of real property should be recorded. Should the plaintiff win her suit, the court issues a writ of execution, directing the sheriff to sell the property to satisfy the judgment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s01_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Judgment Lien<\/h3>\n<p>A <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">judgment lien<\/span><\/span> may be issued when a plaintiff wins a judgment in court if an attachment lien has not already been issued. Like the attachment lien, it provides a method by which the defendant\u2019s property may be seized and sold.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Mechanic\u2019s Lien<\/h3>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02_s01\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h4 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Overview<\/h4>\n<p>The most common nonconsensual lien on real estate is the <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">mechanic\u2019s lien<\/span><\/span>. A mechanic\u2019s lien can be obtained by one who furnishes labor, services, or materials to improve real estate: this is statutory, and the statute must be carefully followed. The \u201cmechanic\u201d here is one who works with his or her hands, not specifically one who works on machines. An automobile mechanic could not obtain a mechanic\u2019s lien on a customer\u2019s house to secure payment of work he did on her car. (The lien to which the automobile mechanic is entitled is a \u201cpossessory lien\u201d or \u201cartisan\u2019s lien,\u201d considered in Section 12.3.3 &#8220;Possessory Lien&#8221;) To qualify for a mechanic\u2019s lien, the claimant must file a sworn statement describing the work done, the contract made, or the materials furnished that permanently improved the real estate.<\/p>\n<p>A particularly difficult problem crops up when the owner has paid the contractor, who in turn fails to pay his subcontractors. In many states, the subcontractors can file a lien on the owner\u2019s property, thus forcing the owner to pay them (see Figure 12.5 &#8220;Subcontractors\u2019 Lien&#8221;)\u2014and maybe twice. To protect themselves, owners can demand a sworn statement from general contractors listing the subcontractors used on the job, and from them, owners can obtain a waiver of lien rights before paying the general contractor.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02_s01_f01\" class=\"im_figure im_medium im_editable im_block\">\n<p><span class=\"im_title-prefix\">Figure 12.5<\/span> Subcontractors\u2019 Lien<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/textimgs.s3.amazonaws.com\/buslegalenv\/section_15\/487cdf95bbb9c59d46b253f8f74b6b82.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/140\/2014\/09\/20045934\/sm_487cdf95bbb9c59d46b253f8f74b6b82.jpg\" alt=\"\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02_s02\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h4 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Procedure for Obtaining a Mechanic\u2019s Lien<\/h4>\n<p>Anyone claiming a lien against real estate must record a lien statement stating the amount due and the nature of the improvement. The lienor has a specified period of time (e.g., ninety days) to file from the time the work is finished. Recording as such does not give the lienor an automatic right to the property if the debt remains unpaid. All states specify a limited period of time, usually one year, within which the claimant must file suit to enforce the lien. Only if the court decides the lien is valid may the property be sold to satisfy the debt. Difficult questions sometimes arise when a lien is filed against a landlord\u2019s property as a result of improvements and services provided to a tenant, as discussed in <em class=\"im_emphasis\">F &amp; D Elec. Contractors, Inc. v. Powder Coaters, Inc.<\/em>, Section 12.4 &#8220;Cases&#8221;.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s02_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h4 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Mechanic\u2019s Liens Priorities<\/h4>\n<p>A mechanic\u2019s lien represents a special risk to the purchaser of real estate or to lenders who wish to take a mortgage. In most states, the mechanic\u2019s lien is given priority not from the date when the lien is recorded but from an earlier date\u2014either the date the contractor was hired or the date construction began. Thus a purchaser or lender might lose priority to a creditor with a mechanic\u2019s lien who filed after the sale or mortgage. A practical solution to this problem is to hold back part of the funds (purchase price or loan) or place them in escrow until the period for recording liens has expired.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s03\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Possessory Lien (Artisan&#8217;s Lien)<\/h3>\n<p>The most common nonconsensual lien on personal property (not real estate) is the <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">possessory lien<\/span><\/span>. This is the right to continue to keep the goods on which work has been performed or for which materials have been supplied until the owner pays for the labor or materials. The possessory lien arises both under common law and under a variety of statutes. Because it is nonconsensual, the possessory lien is not covered by Article 9 of the UCC, which is restricted to consensual security interests. Nor is it governed by the law of mechanic\u2019s liens, which are nonpossessory and relate only to work done to improve real property.<\/p>\n<p>The common-law rule is that anyone who, under an express or implied contract, adds value to another\u2019s chattel (personal property) by labor, skill, or materials has a possessory lien for the value of the services. Moreover, the lienholder may keep the chattel until her services are paid. For example, the dry cleaner shop is not going to release the wool jacket that you took in for cleaning unless you make satisfactory arrangements to pay for it, and the chain saw store won\u2019t let you take the chain saw that you brought in for a tune-up until you pay for the labor and materials for the tune-up.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s04\" class=\"im_section\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title im_editable im_block\">Tax Lien<\/h3>\n<p>An important statutory lien is the federal <span class=\"im_margin_term\"><span class=\"im_glossterm\">tax lien<\/span><\/span>. Once the government assesses a tax, the amount due constitutes a lien on the owner\u2019s property, whether real or personal. Until it is filed in the appropriate state office, others take priority, including purchasers, mechanics\u2019 lienors, judgment lien creditors, and holders of security interests. But once filed, the tax lien takes priority over all subsequently arising liens. Federal law exempts some property from the tax lien; for example, unemployment benefits, books and tools of a trade, workers\u2019 compensation, judgments for support of minor children, minimum amounts of wages and salary, personal effects, furniture, fuel, and provisions are exempt.<\/p>\n<p>Local governments also can assess liens against real estate for failure to pay real estate taxes. After some period of time, the real estate may be sold to satisfy the tax amounts owing.<\/p>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch29_s03_s04_n01\" class=\"im_key_takeaways im_editable im_block textbox\">\n<h3 class=\"im_title\">Key Takeaway<\/h3>\n<p>There are four types of nonconsensual liens: (1) court-decreed liens are attachment liens, which prevent a person from disposing of assets pending a lawsuit, and judgment liens, which allow the prevailing party in a lawsuit to take property belonging to the debtor to satisfy the judgment; (2) mechanics\u2019 liens are authorized by statute, giving a person who has provided labor or material to a landowner the right to sell the property to get paid; (3) possessory liens on personal property allow one in possession of goods to keep them to satisfy a claim for work done or storage of them; and (4) tax liens are enforced by the government to satisfy outstanding tax liabilities and may be assessed against real or personal property.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"bcc-box bcc-info\">\n<h3>Exercises<\/h3>\n<section id=\"self-check-questions\">\n<ol>\n<li>The mortgagor\u2019s interests are protected in a judicial foreclosure by a court\u2019s oversight of the process; how is the mortgagor\u2019s interest protected when a deed of trust is used?<\/li>\n<li>Why is the deed of trust becoming increasingly popular?<\/li>\n<li>What is the rationale for the common-law possessory lien?<\/li>\n<li>Mike Mechanic repaired Alice Ace\u2019s automobile in his shop, but Alice didn\u2019t have enough money to pay for the repairs. May Mike have a mechanic\u2019s lien on the car? A possessory lien?<\/li>\n<li>Why does federal law exempt unemployment benefits, books and tools of a trade, workers\u2019 compensation, minimum amounts of wages and salary, personal effects, furniture, fuel, and other such items from the sweep of a tax lien?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"mayer_1.0-ch52_s02_s06_n02\" class=\"im_exercises im_editable im_block\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-113\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Business and the Legal Environment. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Anonymous. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/business-and-the-legal-environment\/\">http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/business-and-the-legal-environment\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":5797,"menu_order":83,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Business and the Legal Environment\",\"author\":\"Anonymous\",\"organization\":\"Anonymous\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/2012books.lardbucket.org\/books\/business-and-the-legal-environment\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-113","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":772,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/113","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5797"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/113\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1452,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/113\/revisions\/1452"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/772"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/113\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=113"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=113"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=113"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-buslegalenv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=113"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}