{"id":2986,"date":"2015-06-17T12:58:44","date_gmt":"2015-06-17T12:58:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/masterybusiness1xngcxmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=2986"},"modified":"2015-10-05T21:04:47","modified_gmt":"2015-10-05T21:04:47","slug":"moral-ethical-and-legal-behavior","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/chapter\/moral-ethical-and-legal-behavior\/","title":{"raw":"Reading: Moral, Ethical, and Legal Perspectives","rendered":"Reading: Moral, Ethical, and Legal Perspectives"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>\"Dying Is Not a Crime\"\u2014or Is It?<\/h2>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2987\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"227\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1120\/2015\/06\/02031918\/Jack_Kevorkian.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-2987\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1120\/2015\/06\/02031918\/Jack_Kevorkian.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white photograph of Dr. Jack Kevorkian\" width=\"227\" height=\"147\" \/><\/a> Dr. Jack Kevorkian[\/caption]\r\n\r\nDr. Jack Kevorkian was\u00a0both famous and infamous for championing the patient's \"right to die\" through\u00a0physician-assisted suicide. During his career he claimed to have helped at least 130 patients end their lives, believing that physicians (and society) have a moral obligation to help end the\u00a0pain and suffering of the terminally ill. \u00a0His\u00a0work\u00a0sparked a national debate on\u00a0patients' right to end their\u00a0own life; some in the media portrayed him as \"Dr. Death,\" while others treated\u00a0him as a hero of medicine and the spokesman of\u00a0the dying. He once famously said, \"Dying is not a crime.\"\r\n\r\nKevorkian's case (described below)\u00a0raises some\u00a0interesting\u00a0questions about the nature of moral, ethical, and legal behavior in our society, but it also offers us a way to think about\u00a0some of the differences between these ideas\u00a0and how the tensions between them play out in the real world. Sometimes,\u00a0acting in ways that\u00a0are moral, ethical, and legal\u00a0are\u00a0one and the same thing. Other\u00a0times\u2014as Dr. Kevorkian's story reveals\u2014they're not.\r\n\r\nAs you read the definitions below, see if you can think of examples from your own or others' experience.\r\n<h3>Moral Behavior<\/h3>\r\nMorals are concerned with, or come from, an unwritten code of behavior concerning\u00a0what's right or acceptable in a particular society. Traditionally, morals have been the special province\u00a0of religion and cultural groups.\r\n<h3>Ethical Behavior<\/h3>\r\nEthics are a set of\u00a0standards that govern the conduct of a person, especially a member of a profession. In the medical profession, for instance, doctors take an ethical oath to \"do no harm.\"\r\n<h3>Legal Behavior<\/h3>\r\nLegal behavior follows the dictates of laws, which are written down and interpreted by the courts. \u00a0Interpretations can change over time (through new legal precedents, for example) and laws can change, as well. These changes\u00a0are negotiated within\u00a0our\u00a0political and legal systems.\r\n\r\nUsing these as working definitions, let's return\u00a0to Dr. Kevorkian and consider a brief chronology of the events in his case:\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>Kevorkian was tried four times for assisting suicides between May 1994 to June 1997. \u00a0He was acquitted three times; the fourth trial ended in a mistrial.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>On the November 22, 1998, broadcast of CBS News' <i>60 Minutes<\/i>, Kevorkian allowed the airing of a videotape he made on September 17, 1998, which depicted the voluntary euthanasia of Thomas Youk, 52, who was in the final stages of Lou Gehrig's Disease. After Youk provided\u00a0his fully informed consent, Kevorkian himself gave\u00a0Thomas Youk a lethal injection. This was highly significant, as all of his earlier clients had reportedly performed this procedure on their on their own. Youk's family described the lethal injection as humane, not murder.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>On March 26, 1999, Kevorkian was charged with second-degree murder and the delivery of a controlled substance (administering the lethal injection to Thomas Youk).<\/li>\r\n\t<li>After a two-day trial, the Michigan jury found Kevorkian guilty of second-degree homicide.<span style=\"font-size: 10.8333330154419px;\">\u00a0<\/span>Judge Jessica Cooper sentenced Kevorkian to 10\u201325 years in prison.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>After serving eight years, Kevorkian was paroled on June 1, 2007, on\u00a0the condition that he\u00a0not help anyone else die and not provide care for anyone with a disability or over the age of 62. He was also prohibited from publicly commenting on\u00a0assisted suicide.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>On June 3, 2011, Dr. Kevorkian died of natural causes\u2014not assisted suicide.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Moral Considerations<\/h3>\r\nAlthough simplified here, much of the opposition to Kevorkian's behavior on \"moral grounds\" centered on religious and cultural beliefs:\r\n<div class=\"editortext\" style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;\">In his March 19, 2002, article \"Opposing Assisted Suicide: More Americans Don't Want Doctors to Help People Kill Themselves\" (which appeared on the ABC website), Gary Langer, director of polling at ABC News, wrote:<\/div>\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<div class=\"editortext\">\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">\"When it's posed in broad strokes, 48 percent of Americans oppose legalizing assisted suicide, while 40 percent support it . . . A variety of factors inform these views, and religious belief is central among them. Non-Christians and people who profess no religion overwhelmingly support assisted suicide. But it's opposed by most Christians, who account for 8\u00a0in 10 Americans, and especially by evangelical Christians, who oppose assisted suicide by a 2-1 margin.\"[footnote]ProCon.org. (2008, June 5). \"<a href=\"http:\/\/euthanasia.procon.org\/view.answers.php?questionID=000152\" target=\"_blank\">Is the Debate over Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Primarily Religious in Nature?<\/a>\"[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div><\/blockquote>\r\n<h3>Ethical Considerations<\/h3>\r\nDr. Kevorkian was a licensed physician until his license was revoked in 1991. Bound by the obligation to do no harm, Kevorkian acted in ways that other doctors and health-care workers considered injurious to their profession:\r\n<div class=\"editortext\" style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;\">The American Medical Association (AMA), in an October 10, 1995, letter by then AMA General Counsel Kirk Johnson to then Michigan Attorney General Frank Kelley, stated the following:<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"editortext\">\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">By invoking the physician-patient relationship to cloak his actions, Jack Kevorkian perverts the idea of the caring and committed physician, and weakens the public's trust in the medical profession.<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The AMA establishes the Code of Ethics for the medical profession. One of the fundamental principles of that code is that physicians must not act with the intent of causing the death of their patients. Physician-assisted suicide is simply incompatible with the physician's role as healer. When faced with patients who are terminally ill and suffering, physicians must relieve their suffering by providing adequate comfort care.[footnote]ProCon.org. (2010, April 26). \"<a href=\"http:\/\/euthanasia.procon.org\/view.answers.php?questionID=000162\" target=\"_blank\">Did Dr. Jack Kevorkian Ethically Serve the Best Interests of His Patients?<\/a>\"[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"editortext\">\r\n<h3>Legal Considerations<\/h3>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"editortext\">\r\n\r\nLaws change over time, reflecting changes in society. By 2014, four states had passed laws legalizing physician-assisted suicide. Although there is no federal law specifically prohibiting it, assisted suicide\u00a0falls under the jurisdiction of the laws against homicide. How the law changes\u2014or doesn't change\u2014is summarized here by the court's position:\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"editortext\">\r\n<div class=\"editortext\" style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;\">In <i>Washington v. Glucksberg<\/i>, the U.S. Supreme Court declared in its June 26, 1997 ruling (9-0):<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"editortext\">\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The history of the law's treatment of assisted suicide in this country has been and continues to be one of the rejection of nearly all efforts to permit it. That being the case, our decisions lead us to conclude that the asserted \"right\" to assistance in committing suicide is not a fundamental liberty interest protected by the Due Process Clause. \"\u00a0[footnote]ProCon.org. (2014, August 11). \"<a href=\"http:\/\/euthanasia.procon.org\/view.answers.php?questionID=000173\" target=\"_blank\">Is There a Legal Right to Die?<\/a>\"[\/footnote]<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"editortext\">\r\n\r\nThat was in 1997, but in 2014 a New Mexico judge made the following ruling:\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">In <i>Morris v. New Mexico<\/i> the New Mexico Second Judicial District in a January 13, 2014, ruling by Judge Nan Nash stated:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<blockquote>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">This Court cannot envision a right more fundamental, more private or more integral to the liberty, safety and happiness of a New Mexican than the right of a competent, terminally ill patient to choose aid in dying. If decisions made in the shadow of one\u2019s imminent death regarding how they and their loved ones will face that death are not fundamental and at the core of these constitutional guarantees, than what decisions are? As recognized by the United States Supreme Court in Cruzan \"[t]he choice between life and death is a deeply personal decision of obvious and overwhelming finality. . . .\"<\/p>\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The Court therefore declares that the liberty, safety, and happiness interest of a competent, terminally ill patient to choose aid in dying is a fundamental right under our New Mexico Constitution.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\nAs the Kevorkian example shows, people\u00a0take positions and make\u00a0choices within\u00a0different frameworks, and those frameworks, while overlapping, are not always perfectly aligned. The legal framework establishes laws that govern\u00a0behavior; ethical frameworks contain sets of standards and rules governing the\u00a0behavior of individuals within groups or professions; and morals concern fundamental beliefs about right and wrong behavior. As you will see in the rest of this module, when\u00a0businesses try to \"do the right\" thing\u2014by the law, by their shareholders, by their employees, by their customers and other stakeholders\u00a0(for example, environmental groups)\u2014there is often a complex interplay of moral, ethical, and legal considerations.\r\n\r\n&nbsp;\r\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\r\nAnswer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in this section. This short quiz does <strong>not<\/strong> count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.\r\n\r\nUse this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/180","rendered":"<h2>&#8220;Dying Is Not a Crime&#8221;\u2014or Is It?<\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_2987\" style=\"width: 237px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1120\/2015\/06\/02031918\/Jack_Kevorkian.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2987\" class=\"wp-image-2987\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/1120\/2015\/06\/02031918\/Jack_Kevorkian.jpg\" alt=\"Black-and-white photograph of Dr. Jack Kevorkian\" width=\"227\" height=\"147\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2987\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Dr. Jack Kevorkian<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Dr. Jack Kevorkian was\u00a0both famous and infamous for championing the patient&#8217;s &#8220;right to die&#8221; through\u00a0physician-assisted suicide. During his career he claimed to have helped at least 130 patients end their lives, believing that physicians (and society) have a moral obligation to help end the\u00a0pain and suffering of the terminally ill. \u00a0His\u00a0work\u00a0sparked a national debate on\u00a0patients&#8217; right to end their\u00a0own life; some in the media portrayed him as &#8220;Dr. Death,&#8221; while others treated\u00a0him as a hero of medicine and the spokesman of\u00a0the dying. He once famously said, &#8220;Dying is not a crime.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Kevorkian&#8217;s case (described below)\u00a0raises some\u00a0interesting\u00a0questions about the nature of moral, ethical, and legal behavior in our society, but it also offers us a way to think about\u00a0some of the differences between these ideas\u00a0and how the tensions between them play out in the real world. Sometimes,\u00a0acting in ways that\u00a0are moral, ethical, and legal\u00a0are\u00a0one and the same thing. Other\u00a0times\u2014as Dr. Kevorkian&#8217;s story reveals\u2014they&#8217;re not.<\/p>\n<p>As you read the definitions below, see if you can think of examples from your own or others&#8217; experience.<\/p>\n<h3>Moral Behavior<\/h3>\n<p>Morals are concerned with, or come from, an unwritten code of behavior concerning\u00a0what&#8217;s right or acceptable in a particular society. Traditionally, morals have been the special province\u00a0of religion and cultural groups.<\/p>\n<h3>Ethical Behavior<\/h3>\n<p>Ethics are a set of\u00a0standards that govern the conduct of a person, especially a member of a profession. In the medical profession, for instance, doctors take an ethical oath to &#8220;do no harm.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Legal Behavior<\/h3>\n<p>Legal behavior follows the dictates of laws, which are written down and interpreted by the courts. \u00a0Interpretations can change over time (through new legal precedents, for example) and laws can change, as well. These changes\u00a0are negotiated within\u00a0our\u00a0political and legal systems.<\/p>\n<p>Using these as working definitions, let&#8217;s return\u00a0to Dr. Kevorkian and consider a brief chronology of the events in his case:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kevorkian was tried four times for assisting suicides between May 1994 to June 1997. \u00a0He was acquitted three times; the fourth trial ended in a mistrial.<\/li>\n<li>On the November 22, 1998, broadcast of CBS News&#8217; <i>60 Minutes<\/i>, Kevorkian allowed the airing of a videotape he made on September 17, 1998, which depicted the voluntary euthanasia of Thomas Youk, 52, who was in the final stages of Lou Gehrig&#8217;s Disease. After Youk provided\u00a0his fully informed consent, Kevorkian himself gave\u00a0Thomas Youk a lethal injection. This was highly significant, as all of his earlier clients had reportedly performed this procedure on their on their own. Youk&#8217;s family described the lethal injection as humane, not murder.<\/li>\n<li>On March 26, 1999, Kevorkian was charged with second-degree murder and the delivery of a controlled substance (administering the lethal injection to Thomas Youk).<\/li>\n<li>After a two-day trial, the Michigan jury found Kevorkian guilty of second-degree homicide.<span style=\"font-size: 10.8333330154419px;\">\u00a0<\/span>Judge Jessica Cooper sentenced Kevorkian to 10\u201325 years in prison.<\/li>\n<li>After serving eight years, Kevorkian was paroled on June 1, 2007, on\u00a0the condition that he\u00a0not help anyone else die and not provide care for anyone with a disability or over the age of 62. He was also prohibited from publicly commenting on\u00a0assisted suicide.<\/li>\n<li>On June 3, 2011, Dr. Kevorkian died of natural causes\u2014not assisted suicide.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Moral Considerations<\/h3>\n<p>Although simplified here, much of the opposition to Kevorkian&#8217;s behavior on &#8220;moral grounds&#8221; centered on religious and cultural beliefs:<\/p>\n<div class=\"editortext\" style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;\">In his March 19, 2002, article &#8220;Opposing Assisted Suicide: More Americans Don&#8217;t Want Doctors to Help People Kill Themselves&#8221; (which appeared on the ABC website), Gary Langer, director of polling at ABC News, wrote:<\/div>\n<blockquote>\n<div class=\"editortext\">\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">&#8220;When it&#8217;s posed in broad strokes, 48 percent of Americans oppose legalizing assisted suicide, while 40 percent support it . . . A variety of factors inform these views, and religious belief is central among them. Non-Christians and people who profess no religion overwhelmingly support assisted suicide. But it&#8217;s opposed by most Christians, who account for 8\u00a0in 10 Americans, and especially by evangelical Christians, who oppose assisted suicide by a 2-1 margin.&#8221;<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"ProCon.org. (2008, June 5). &quot;Is the Debate over Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Primarily Religious in Nature?&quot;\" id=\"return-footnote-2986-1\" href=\"#footnote-2986-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>Ethical Considerations<\/h3>\n<p>Dr. Kevorkian was a licensed physician until his license was revoked in 1991. Bound by the obligation to do no harm, Kevorkian acted in ways that other doctors and health-care workers considered injurious to their profession:<\/p>\n<div class=\"editortext\" style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;\">The American Medical Association (AMA), in an October 10, 1995, letter by then AMA General Counsel Kirk Johnson to then Michigan Attorney General Frank Kelley, stated the following:<\/div>\n<div class=\"editortext\">\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">By invoking the physician-patient relationship to cloak his actions, Jack Kevorkian perverts the idea of the caring and committed physician, and weakens the public&#8217;s trust in the medical profession.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The AMA establishes the Code of Ethics for the medical profession. One of the fundamental principles of that code is that physicians must not act with the intent of causing the death of their patients. Physician-assisted suicide is simply incompatible with the physician&#8217;s role as healer. When faced with patients who are terminally ill and suffering, physicians must relieve their suffering by providing adequate comfort care.<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"ProCon.org. (2010, April 26). &quot;Did Dr. Jack Kevorkian Ethically Serve the Best Interests of His Patients?&quot;\" id=\"return-footnote-2986-2\" href=\"#footnote-2986-2\" aria-label=\"Footnote 2\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"editortext\">\n<h3>Legal Considerations<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"editortext\">\n<p>Laws change over time, reflecting changes in society. By 2014, four states had passed laws legalizing physician-assisted suicide. Although there is no federal law specifically prohibiting it, assisted suicide\u00a0falls under the jurisdiction of the laws against homicide. How the law changes\u2014or doesn&#8217;t change\u2014is summarized here by the court&#8217;s position:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"editortext\">\n<div class=\"editortext\" style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 30px;\">In <i>Washington v. Glucksberg<\/i>, the U.S. Supreme Court declared in its June 26, 1997 ruling (9-0):<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"editortext\">\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The history of the law&#8217;s treatment of assisted suicide in this country has been and continues to be one of the rejection of nearly all efforts to permit it. That being the case, our decisions lead us to conclude that the asserted &#8220;right&#8221; to assistance in committing suicide is not a fundamental liberty interest protected by the Due Process Clause. &#8221;\u00a0<a class=\"footnote\" title=\"ProCon.org. (2014, August 11). &quot;Is There a Legal Right to Die?&quot;\" id=\"return-footnote-2986-3\" href=\"#footnote-2986-3\" aria-label=\"Footnote 3\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"editortext\">\n<p>That was in 1997, but in 2014 a New Mexico judge made the following ruling:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">In <i>Morris v. New Mexico<\/i> the New Mexico Second Judicial District in a January 13, 2014, ruling by Judge Nan Nash stated:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">This Court cannot envision a right more fundamental, more private or more integral to the liberty, safety and happiness of a New Mexican than the right of a competent, terminally ill patient to choose aid in dying. If decisions made in the shadow of one\u2019s imminent death regarding how they and their loved ones will face that death are not fundamental and at the core of these constitutional guarantees, than what decisions are? As recognized by the United States Supreme Court in Cruzan &#8220;[t]he choice between life and death is a deeply personal decision of obvious and overwhelming finality. . . .&#8221;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The Court therefore declares that the liberty, safety, and happiness interest of a competent, terminally ill patient to choose aid in dying is a fundamental right under our New Mexico Constitution.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>As the Kevorkian example shows, people\u00a0take positions and make\u00a0choices within\u00a0different frameworks, and those frameworks, while overlapping, are not always perfectly aligned. The legal framework establishes laws that govern\u00a0behavior; ethical frameworks contain sets of standards and rules governing the\u00a0behavior of individuals within groups or professions; and morals concern fundamental beliefs about right and wrong behavior. As you will see in the rest of this module, when\u00a0businesses try to &#8220;do the right&#8221; thing\u2014by the law, by their shareholders, by their employees, by their customers and other stakeholders\u00a0(for example, environmental groups)\u2014there is often a complex interplay of moral, ethical, and legal considerations.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Check Your Understanding<\/h2>\n<p>Answer the question(s) below to see how well you understand the topics covered in this section. This short quiz does <strong>not<\/strong> count toward your grade in the class, and you can retake it an unlimited number of times.<\/p>\n<p>Use this quiz to check your understanding and decide whether to (1) study the previous section further or (2) move on to the next section.<\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"lumen_assessment_180\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assessments.lumenlearning.com\/assessments\/load?assessment_id=180&#38;embed=1&#38;external_user_id=&#38;external_context_id=&#38;iframe_resize_id=lumen_assessment_180\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:400px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-2986\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Moral, Ethical, and Legal Behavior. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Linda Williams and Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Tidewater Columbia College. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Black-and-white photograph of Dr. Jack Kevorkian. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: RaffiJackMayer. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikimedia Commons. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/Jack_Kevorkian.JPG\">https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/Jack_Kevorkian.JPG<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/cc0\">CC0: No Rights Reserved<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-2986-1\">ProCon.org. (2008, June 5). \"<a href=\"http:\/\/euthanasia.procon.org\/view.answers.php?questionID=000152\" target=\"_blank\">Is the Debate over Euthanasia and Physician-Assisted Suicide Primarily Religious in Nature?<\/a>\" <a href=\"#return-footnote-2986-1\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 1\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2986-2\">ProCon.org. (2010, April 26). \"<a href=\"http:\/\/euthanasia.procon.org\/view.answers.php?questionID=000162\" target=\"_blank\">Did Dr. Jack Kevorkian Ethically Serve the Best Interests of His Patients?<\/a>\" <a href=\"#return-footnote-2986-2\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 2\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><li id=\"footnote-2986-3\">ProCon.org. (2014, August 11). \"<a href=\"http:\/\/euthanasia.procon.org\/view.answers.php?questionID=000173\" target=\"_blank\">Is There a Legal Right to Die?<\/a>\" <a href=\"#return-footnote-2986-3\" class=\"return-footnote\" aria-label=\"Return to footnote 3\">&crarr;<\/a><\/li><\/ol><\/div>","protected":false},"author":124,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Black-and-white photograph of Dr. Jack Kevorkian\",\"author\":\"RaffiJackMayer\",\"organization\":\"Wikimedia Commons\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/Jack_Kevorkian.JPG\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc0\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Moral, Ethical, and Legal Behavior\",\"author\":\"Linda Williams and Lumen Learning\",\"organization\":\"Tidewater Columbia College\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"541769e6-8e2a-483f-9163-0564c2628894","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-2986","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":85,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2986","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/124"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2986\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5698,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2986\/revisions\/5698"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/85"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/2986\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2986"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=2986"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=2986"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-introbusinesswmopen\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=2986"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}