{"id":788,"date":"2015-02-20T21:26:26","date_gmt":"2015-02-20T21:26:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/publicspeaking1xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&p=788"},"modified":"2016-08-16T22:05:52","modified_gmt":"2016-08-16T22:05:52","slug":"chapter-16-glossary","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/chapter\/chapter-16-glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary and References","rendered":"Glossary and References"},"content":{"raw":"

Glossary<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
TERM<\/th>\r\nDEFINITION<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Argument<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA proposition supported by one or more reasons or pieces of evidence.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Backing<\/strong><\/td>\r\nFoundational evidence which supports a claim, such as examples, statistics, or testimony.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Causal Pattern<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA speech designed to explain a cause-effect relationship between two phenomena.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Causal Reasoning<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe process of formulating an argument by examining related events to determine which one caused the other.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Claim<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe proposition you want the\u00a0audience to accept.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Coercion<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA process whereby thoughts or behaviors are altered through deceptive or harmful methods.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Data<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPreliminary evidence on which a claim is based.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Deductive Reasoning<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe process of formulating an argument by moving from a general premise to a specific conclusion.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Demographics<\/strong><\/td>\r\nStatistical information that reflects the make-up of a group, often including age, sex, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status, religion, and political affiliation.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Direct Method Pattern<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA speech designed to present a claim with a list of several supporting pieces of data.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ethos<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe audience\u2019s perception of a speaker\u2019s credibility and moral character.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Evaluation Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA set of standards for judging the merit of a proposition.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fallacies<\/strong><\/td>\r\nErrors in reasoning that occur when a speaker fails to use appropriate or applicable evidence for their argument.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Hostile Audience<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn audience that is opposed to the speaker or to the persuasive proposition.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Identification<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA connection that is fostered between the speaker and their audience by highlighting shared attributes or attitudes.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Inductive Reasoning<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe process of formulating an argument by moving from specific instances to a generalization.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Logos<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe logical means of proving an argument.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Monroe\u2019s Motivated Sequence<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech through five sequential steps.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Neutral Audience<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn audience that is neither open nor opposed to the persuasive proposition.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Pathos<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Persuasion<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe art of influencing or reinforcing people\u2019s beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Persuasive Speeches<\/strong><\/td>\r\nSpeeches which aim to convince an audience to think or behave in a particular way.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Proposition of Fact<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn argument that seeks to establish whether something is true or false.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Proposition of Policy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn argument that seeks to establish an appropriate course of action.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Proposition of Value<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn argument that seeks to establish the relative worth of something.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Receptive Audience<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn audience that is generally supportive of, or open to, the persuasive proposition.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Refutation Pattern<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA speech designed to anticipate the negative response of an audience, to bring attention to the tensions between the two sides of the argument, and to explain why the audience should change their views.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Speeches to Actuate<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPersuasive speeches which seek to change or motivate particular behaviors.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Speeches to Convince<\/strong><\/td>\r\nPersuasive speeches which seek to establish agreement about a particular topic.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Status Quo<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe current situation.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Syllogisms<\/strong><\/td>\r\nReasoning beginning with a major premise, then moving to a minor premise, before establishing a specific claim.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Warrant<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe (often unstated) connection between data and claim.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

References<\/h2>\r\n

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (2012). Racial Profiling. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.aclu.org\/racial-justice\/racial-profiling<\/p>\r\n

Angelides, P. (2011, June 28). The real causes of the economic crisis? They're history. The Washington <\/em> Post.<\/em> Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/the-real-causes-of-the-economic-crisis-theyre-history\/2011\/06\/27\/AG2nK4pH_stor y.html<\/p>\r\n

Applebaum, E. & Berhardt, A. (2004, December 18). Employers also benefit from a higher minimum wage. Brennan Center for Justice<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/content\/resource\/employers_also_benefit_from_a_higher_minimum_wage\/<\/p>\r\n

Aral, S. & Walker, D. (2012, 20 July). Identifying influential and susceptible members of social networks. Science, 327<\/em> (6092), 337 - 341. Retrieved from: www.sciencemag.org\/content\/early\/2012\/06\/20\/science.1215842.short<\/p>\r\n

Avlon, J. (2010, September 2). America's 9 worst demagogues. The Daily <\/em> Beast.<\/em> Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2010\/09\/02\/glenn-beck-and-the-history-of-americas-worst- demagogues.html<\/p>\r\n

Beebe, S.A. & Beebe, S.J. (2003). Public <\/em> Speaking: An Audience Centered <\/em> Approach<\/em> (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.<\/p>\r\n

Begala, P. (2012, May 28). Paul Begala: The Right hates spending, unless it pockets the cash. The Daily Beast<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www. thedailybeast.com\/newsweek\/2012\/05\/27\/paul-begala-the-right-hates-spending-unless-it-pockets-the-cash.html<\/p>\r\n

Bingham, A. (2011, July 22). Postal Service pushes to end Saturday delivery. ABC News<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/blogs\/politics\/2011\/07\/postal-service-pushes-to-end-saturday-delivery\/<\/p>\r\n

Blackman, S. (2009, September 3). Tired consumers more susceptible to advertising. CBS Money Watch<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/8301-505125_162-31041103\/tired-consumers-more-susceptible-to-advertising\/<\/p>\r\n

Braet, A.C. (1992). Ethos, pathos, and logos in Aristotle's rhetoric: A re-examination. Argumentation, 6<\/em> (3), pp. 307-320.<\/p>\r\n

Brill, R. (2003, July 21). Why do clouds turn gray before it rains? Scientific <\/em>American<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article.cfm?id=why-do-clouds-turn-gray-b<\/p>\r\n

Brooks, D. (2011, November 17). TED 2001: David Brooks explains why there is no reason without emotion. Huffington Post<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2011\/03\/14\/ted-david-brooks_n_835476.html<\/p>\r\n

Campbell, K.K. & Huxman, S.S. (2009). The Rhetorical Act: Thinking, <\/em>Speaking, and Writing Critically<\/em>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.<\/p>\r\n

Caplan, A. (2005). The time has come to let Terri Schiavo die: Politicians, courts must allow husband to make final decision. NBC News<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/7231440\/ns\/health-health_care\/t\/time-has-come-let-terri-schiavo-die\/#.UD_oVSL4LP8<\/p>\r\n

Car and Driver (2011, December). 2012 10Best Cars. Car and Driver. <\/em>Retrieved from:http:\/\/www.caranddriver.com\/features\/2012-10best-cars-feature<\/p>\r\n

Catholic Culture. (2005). The death of Terri Schiavo. Catholic World News. <\/em>Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.catholicculture.org\/news\/features\/index.cfm?recnum=37860<\/p>\r\n

Cerminara, K. & Goodman, K. (2012). Schiavo Timeline. Retrieved from University of Miami Ethics Program: www.miami.edu\/index.php\/ethics\/projects\/schiavo\/schiavo_timeline\/<\/p>\r\n

DeGrazia, D. (2009). Moral vegetarianism from a very broad basis. Journal of Moral Philosophy, <\/em>6<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.gwu.edu\/~philosop\/faculty\/documents\/DeGraziaMoral.pdf<\/p>\r\n

Dillard, J.P. & Meijnders, A. (2002). Persuasion and the structure of affect. In J.P. Dillard & M. Pfau (Eds.), The Persuasion Handbook: <\/em>Developments in Theory and <\/em>Practice<\/em> (309-328). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.<\/p>\r\n

Donovan, T.W. (2010, July 10). 7 Long term effects of the Gulf oil spill. Huffington Post<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2010\/05\/10\/7-long-term-effects-of-th_n_562947.html#s87787&title=Environmental_Damage<\/p>\r\n

German, K. M., Gronbeck, B. E., Ehninger, D., & Monroe, A. H. (2004). Principles of public speaking <\/em>(15th ed.). Boston: Pearson.<\/p>\r\n

Goodstein, L. (2006, January 8). Even Pat Robertson's friends are wondering . . . The New York Times. <\/em>Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2006\/01\/08\/weekinreview\/08goodstein.html<\/p>\r\n

Gowdy, T. (2012). Trey Gowdy's emotional speech on Holder contempt [Video file]. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2bP- G4Btwp0&feature=player_embedded#!<\/p>\r\n

Herrick, J.A. (2011). Argumentation: <\/em>Understanding and Shaping Arguments<\/em>. State College, PA: Strata Publishing.<\/p>\r\n

Jaffe, C. (2004). Public speaking: <\/em>Concepts and skills for a diverse society<\/em> (4th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.<\/p>\r\n

Kandel, J. (2011, July 14). Los Angeles braces for weekend of \"Carmageddon.\" Reuters<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2011\/07\/14\/us-carmageddon-losangeles-idUSTRE76D2D720110714<\/p>\r\n

Komen National. (n.d.). St. Louis Affiliate of Susan G. Komen for the Cure: Who We Are. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.komenstlouis.org\/site\/PageServer?pagename=whoweare_national<\/p>\r\n

Labossiere, M.C. (1995). The nizkor project. Retrieved from: www.nizkor.org\/features\/fallacies\/<\/p>\r\n

O'Hair, D., & Stewart, R. (1999). Public <\/em>speaking: Challenges and choices<\/em>. Boston: Bedford\/St. Martin's.<\/p>\r\n

Osborn, M., & Osborn, S. (1997). Public <\/em>speaking<\/em> (4th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.<\/p>\r\n

Pollan, M. (2007, April 22). You are what you grow. The New York <\/em>Times<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/04\/22\/magazine\/22wwlnlede.t.html?pagewanted=all<\/p>\r\n

Reike, R.D., Sillars, M.O., & Peterson, T.R. (2009). Argumentation and <\/em>Critical Decision Making<\/em> (7th ed.). Boston: Pearson.<\/p>\r\n

Rosendaal, E., Lapierre, M.A., vanReijmersdal, E.A., & Buijzen, M. (2011). Reconsidering advertising literacy as a defense against advertising effects. Media <\/em>Psychology, 14<\/em> (4), 333-354.<\/p>\r\n

Stephenson, E. (2012, August 1). Senators blast House leaders over Postal Service default. News Daily. <\/em>Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.newsdaily.com\/stories\/bre8701ho-us-usa-postal-default\/<\/p>\r\n

Story, L. (2007, January 15). Anywhere the eye can see, it's likely to see an ad. The New York Times<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2007\/01\/15\/business\/media\/15everywhere.html?pagewanted=all<\/p>\r\n

Strong, W. F., & Cook, J. A. (1992). Persuasion: Strategies for public <\/em> influence<\/em> (3rd ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall\/Hunt Publishing.<\/p>\r\n

Witte, K. & Allen, M. (2000). A meta-analysis of fear appeals: Implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Education & <\/em> Behavior, 27<\/em> (5), 591-615.<\/p>\r\n

Zarefsky, D. (2005). Public Speaking: <\/em> Strategies for Success<\/em> (Special edition for The Pennsylvania State University). Boston: Pearson.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

photo credits<\/strong><\/h3>\r\np. 1 Judi Chamberlin by Tom Olin\u00a0http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Judi_Chamberlin_2000_From_Privileges_to_Rights.jpg\r\n\r\np. 2 NASUWT officer speaking by Sam Saunders http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a7\/NASUWT _officer_speaking_at_Bristol_public_sector_pensions_rally_in_ November_2011.jpg\r\n\r\np. 2 Air Pollution by US Environmental Protection Agency http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:AirPollutionSource.jpg p. 3 California Traffic by Downtowngal http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1b\/Interstate _10_looking_east_from_Crenshaw_Boulevard.jpg\r\n\r\np. 4 McLaren F1 by Jagvar http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/MclarenF 1.JPG\r\n\r\np. 4 USPS mailboxes by Erasergirl http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:USPS_mailboxes.jpg\r\n\r\np. 5 Jade Raymond by Gamescore Blog http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jade_Raymond_-_E3_2007_2.jpg\r\n\r\np. 5 Audience member at USO show by .S. Air Force Master Sgt. Adam M. Stump http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_081112-F-6684S-757.jpg\r\n\r\np. 6 Children at play by Nils Fretwurst http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Children_play_in_push_car.jpg\r\n\r\np. 6 Credit cards by Lotus Head http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Credit- cards.jpg\r\n\r\np. 7 Danny Shine by Acapeloahddub http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Danny_Shine_Speaker %27s_Corner.JPG\r\n\r\np. 8 Dining booth by Wayne Truong http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dining_Booth.jpg\r\n\r\np. 9 Deepwater Horizon fire by US Coast Guard http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/67\/Deepwater_Horizon_fire_2010-04-21.jpg\r\n\r\np. 9 Nancy Brinker by Nancy Brinker http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nancy_Brinker.jpg\r\n\r\np. 10 Speaker\u2019s Corner speaker by Deborah MacLean http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Speakers-Corner- Speaker-1987.jpg\r\n\r\np. 12 Roman Rackwitz by Romrack http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Roman_Rackwitz_Pres entation.jpg\r\n\r\np. 13 Jeanette Chong-Aruldoss by Terence Lee http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jeanette_Chong-Aruldoss_at_a_Reform_Party_rally,_Speakers%27_Corner,_Singapore_-_20110115.jpg\r\n\r\np. 14 Bonnie Franklin by Pattymooney http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Actress_Bonnie_Franklin_Speaks_at_March_For_Women%27s_Lives_2004.jpg\r\n\r\np. 14 Martin_Kingham by pfctdayelise http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Martin_Kingham,_CF MEU.JPG","rendered":"

Glossary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
TERM<\/th>\nDEFINITION<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Argument<\/strong><\/td>\nA proposition supported by one or more reasons or pieces of evidence.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Backing<\/strong><\/td>\nFoundational evidence which supports a claim, such as examples, statistics, or testimony.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Causal Pattern<\/strong><\/td>\nA speech designed to explain a cause-effect relationship between two phenomena.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Causal Reasoning<\/strong><\/td>\nThe process of formulating an argument by examining related events to determine which one caused the other.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Claim<\/strong><\/td>\nThe proposition you want the\u00a0audience to accept.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Coercion<\/strong><\/td>\nA process whereby thoughts or behaviors are altered through deceptive or harmful methods.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Data<\/strong><\/td>\nPreliminary evidence on which a claim is based.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Deductive Reasoning<\/strong><\/td>\nThe process of formulating an argument by moving from a general premise to a specific conclusion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Demographics<\/strong><\/td>\nStatistical information that reflects the make-up of a group, often including age, sex, ethnic or cultural background, socioeconomic status, religion, and political affiliation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Direct Method Pattern<\/strong><\/td>\nA speech designed to present a claim with a list of several supporting pieces of data.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ethos<\/strong><\/td>\nThe audience\u2019s perception of a speaker\u2019s credibility and moral character.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Evaluation Criteria<\/strong><\/td>\nA set of standards for judging the merit of a proposition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fallacies<\/strong><\/td>\nErrors in reasoning that occur when a speaker fails to use appropriate or applicable evidence for their argument.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hostile Audience<\/strong><\/td>\nAn audience that is opposed to the speaker or to the persuasive proposition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Identification<\/strong><\/td>\nA connection that is fostered between the speaker and their audience by highlighting shared attributes or attitudes.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Inductive Reasoning<\/strong><\/td>\nThe process of formulating an argument by moving from specific instances to a generalization.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Logos<\/strong><\/td>\nThe logical means of proving an argument.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Monroe\u2019s Motivated Sequence<\/strong><\/td>\nAn organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech through five sequential steps.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Neutral Audience<\/strong><\/td>\nAn audience that is neither open nor opposed to the persuasive proposition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Pathos<\/strong><\/td>\nThe use of emotional appeals to persuade an audience.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Persuasion<\/strong><\/td>\nThe art of influencing or reinforcing people\u2019s beliefs, attitudes, values, or actions.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Persuasive Speeches<\/strong><\/td>\nSpeeches which aim to convince an audience to think or behave in a particular way.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proposition of Fact<\/strong><\/td>\nAn argument that seeks to establish whether something is true or false.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proposition of Policy<\/strong><\/td>\nAn argument that seeks to establish an appropriate course of action.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proposition of Value<\/strong><\/td>\nAn argument that seeks to establish the relative worth of something.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Receptive Audience<\/strong><\/td>\nAn audience that is generally supportive of, or open to, the persuasive proposition.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Refutation Pattern<\/strong><\/td>\nA speech designed to anticipate the negative response of an audience, to bring attention to the tensions between the two sides of the argument, and to explain why the audience should change their views.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Speeches to Actuate<\/strong><\/td>\nPersuasive speeches which seek to change or motivate particular behaviors.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Speeches to Convince<\/strong><\/td>\nPersuasive speeches which seek to establish agreement about a particular topic.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Status Quo<\/strong><\/td>\nThe current situation.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Syllogisms<\/strong><\/td>\nReasoning beginning with a major premise, then moving to a minor premise, before establishing a specific claim.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Warrant<\/strong><\/td>\nThe (often unstated) connection between data and claim.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

References<\/h2>\n

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (2012). Racial Profiling. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.aclu.org\/racial-justice\/racial-profiling<\/p>\n

Angelides, P. (2011, June 28). The real causes of the economic crisis? They’re history. The Washington <\/em> Post.<\/em> Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/the-real-causes-of-the-economic-crisis-theyre-history\/2011\/06\/27\/AG2nK4pH_stor y.html<\/p>\n

Applebaum, E. & Berhardt, A. (2004, December 18). Employers also benefit from a higher minimum wage. Brennan Center for Justice<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.brennancenter.org\/content\/resource\/employers_also_benefit_from_a_higher_minimum_wage\/<\/p>\n

Aral, S. & Walker, D. (2012, 20 July). Identifying influential and susceptible members of social networks. Science, 327<\/em> (6092), 337 – 341. Retrieved from: www.sciencemag.org\/content\/early\/2012\/06\/20\/science.1215842.short<\/p>\n

Avlon, J. (2010, September 2). America’s 9 worst demagogues. The Daily <\/em> Beast.<\/em> Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2010\/09\/02\/glenn-beck-and-the-history-of-americas-worst- demagogues.html<\/p>\n

Beebe, S.A. & Beebe, S.J. (2003). Public <\/em> Speaking: An Audience Centered <\/em> Approach<\/em> (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson.<\/p>\n

Begala, P. (2012, May 28). Paul Begala: The Right hates spending, unless it pockets the cash. The Daily Beast<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www. thedailybeast.com\/newsweek\/2012\/05\/27\/paul-begala-the-right-hates-spending-unless-it-pockets-the-cash.html<\/p>\n

Bingham, A. (2011, July 22). Postal Service pushes to end Saturday delivery. ABC News<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/blogs\/politics\/2011\/07\/postal-service-pushes-to-end-saturday-delivery\/<\/p>\n

Blackman, S. (2009, September 3). Tired consumers more susceptible to advertising. CBS Money Watch<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/8301-505125_162-31041103\/tired-consumers-more-susceptible-to-advertising\/<\/p>\n

Braet, A.C. (1992). Ethos, pathos, and logos in Aristotle’s rhetoric: A re-examination. Argumentation, 6<\/em> (3), pp. 307-320.<\/p>\n

Brill, R. (2003, July 21). Why do clouds turn gray before it rains? Scientific <\/em>American<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.scientificamerican.com\/article.cfm?id=why-do-clouds-turn-gray-b<\/p>\n

Brooks, D. (2011, November 17). TED 2001: David Brooks explains why there is no reason without emotion. Huffington Post<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2011\/03\/14\/ted-david-brooks_n_835476.html<\/p>\n

Campbell, K.K. & Huxman, S.S. (2009). The Rhetorical Act: Thinking, <\/em>Speaking, and Writing Critically<\/em>. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.<\/p>\n

Caplan, A. (2005). The time has come to let Terri Schiavo die: Politicians, courts must allow husband to make final decision. NBC News<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.msnbc.msn.com\/id\/7231440\/ns\/health-health_care\/t\/time-has-come-let-terri-schiavo-die\/#.UD_oVSL4LP8<\/p>\n

Car and Driver (2011, December). 2012 10Best Cars. Car and Driver. <\/em>Retrieved from:http:\/\/www.caranddriver.com\/features\/2012-10best-cars-feature<\/p>\n

Catholic Culture. (2005). The death of Terri Schiavo. Catholic World News. <\/em>Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.catholicculture.org\/news\/features\/index.cfm?recnum=37860<\/p>\n

Cerminara, K. & Goodman, K. (2012). Schiavo Timeline. Retrieved from University of Miami Ethics Program: www.miami.edu\/index.php\/ethics\/projects\/schiavo\/schiavo_timeline\/<\/p>\n

DeGrazia, D. (2009). Moral vegetarianism from a very broad basis. Journal of Moral Philosophy, <\/em>6<\/em>. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.gwu.edu\/~philosop\/faculty\/documents\/DeGraziaMoral.pdf<\/p>\n

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photo credits<\/strong><\/h3>\n

p. 1 Judi Chamberlin by Tom Olin\u00a0http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Judi_Chamberlin_2000_From_Privileges_to_Rights.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 2 NASUWT officer speaking by Sam Saunders http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a7\/NASUWT _officer_speaking_at_Bristol_public_sector_pensions_rally_in_ November_2011.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 2 Air Pollution by US Environmental Protection Agency http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:AirPollutionSource.jpg p. 3 California Traffic by Downtowngal http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1b\/Interstate _10_looking_east_from_Crenshaw_Boulevard.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 4 McLaren F1 by Jagvar http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/MclarenF 1.JPG<\/p>\n

p. 4 USPS mailboxes by Erasergirl http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:USPS_mailboxes.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 5 Jade Raymond by Gamescore Blog http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jade_Raymond_-_E3_2007_2.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 5 Audience member at USO show by .S. Air Force Master Sgt. Adam M. Stump http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Defense.gov_photo_essay_081112-F-6684S-757.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 6 Children at play by Nils Fretwurst http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Children_play_in_push_car.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 6 Credit cards by Lotus Head http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4f\/Credit- cards.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 7 Danny Shine by Acapeloahddub http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Danny_Shine_Speaker %27s_Corner.JPG<\/p>\n

p. 8 Dining booth by Wayne Truong http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Dining_Booth.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 9 Deepwater Horizon fire by US Coast Guard http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/67\/Deepwater_Horizon_fire_2010-04-21.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 9 Nancy Brinker by Nancy Brinker http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Nancy_Brinker.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 10 Speaker\u2019s Corner speaker by Deborah MacLean http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Speakers-Corner- Speaker-1987.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 12 Roman Rackwitz by Romrack http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Roman_Rackwitz_Pres entation.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 13 Jeanette Chong-Aruldoss by Terence Lee http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jeanette_Chong-Aruldoss_at_a_Reform_Party_rally,_Speakers%27_Corner,_Singapore_-_20110115.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 14 Bonnie Franklin by Pattymooney http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Actress_Bonnie_Franklin_Speaks_at_March_For_Women%27s_Lives_2004.jpg<\/p>\n

p. 14 Martin_Kingham by pfctdayelise http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Martin_Kingham,_CF MEU.JPG<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

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Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
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