{"id":863,"date":"2015-02-23T21:55:38","date_gmt":"2015-02-23T21:55:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/publicspeaking1xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=863"},"modified":"2016-08-16T19:42:19","modified_gmt":"2016-08-16T19:42:19","slug":"chapter-6-introduction","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/chapter\/chapter-6-introduction\/","title":{"raw":"Objectives, Outline, and Introduction","rendered":"Objectives, Outline, and Introduction"},"content":{"raw":"<h2>Chapter 6:\u00a0Critical Thinking &amp; Reasoning<\/h2>\r\nBy Terri Russ, J.D., Ph.D.\r\nSaint Mary's College, Notre Dame, IN\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\nAfter reading this chapter, you should be able to:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Understand and explain the importance of critical thinking<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Identify the core skills associated with critical thinking<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Demonstrate the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Construct a logically sound and well-reasoned argument<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Avoid the various fallacies that can arise through the misuse of logic<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Apply chapter concepts in final questions and activities<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Chapter Outline<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Critical Thinking<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Critical Thinking Defined<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Critical Thinking Traits and Skills<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The Value of Critical Thinking<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Logic and the Role of Arguments<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Defining Arguments<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Defining Deduction<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Defining Induction<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Understanding Fallacies<\/b><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Formal Fallacies<\/strong>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Bad Reasons Fallacy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Masked Man Fallacy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fallacy of Quantitative Logic<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><b>Informal Fallacies<\/b>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Accident Fallacy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Ad Hominem<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fallacy of Ambiguity<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fallacies of Appeal<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Begging the Question<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Black and White Fallacy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fallacy of Composition<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fallacy of Division<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Non causa, pro causa Fallacy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Red Herring Fallacy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Slippery Slope Fallacy<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Weak Analogy Fallacy<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Review Questions and Activities<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Glossary<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>References<\/strong><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_886\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/224\/2015\/02\/20113637\/Filos_segundo_logo.jpg\"><img class=\"wp-image-886 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/224\/2015\/02\/20113637\/Filos_segundo_logo-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Gears in a head\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Filos_segundo_logo.JPG\" target=\"_blank\">\"Filos segundo logo\"<\/a> by Filosofias filosoficas. <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">CC-BY<\/a>.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nAs we meander through our daily routines, we are surrounded by numerous messages and people trying to get our attention and convince us to do something. We sign into our e-mail accounts and are bombarded with sales pitches to help us get rich quick or promise to fix all of our embarrassing physical problems. We drive to school and see billboards touting tantalizing restaurants or pitching local political candidates. We converse with our friends and family about current events like the crazy car thief who tried to avoid the police by driving down train tracks right into an oncoming train. \u00a0Throughout all of these exchanges, we must constantly strive to make sense of the messages and determine which are true and which are not true, which are probably and which are improbable, which are intended and which are unintended. When we do this we practice <strong>critical thinking<\/strong>. \u00a0We evaluate the <strong>arguments<\/strong> presented and determine if their <strong>logic<\/strong> is sound or if they rely on <strong>fallacies<\/strong> to build their case. In this chapter you will learn how to use critical thinking in all areas of your life, including preparing and presenting speeches. You will also learn how to construct a logical argument that avoids the pitfalls of fallacious thinking.","rendered":"<h2>Chapter 6:\u00a0Critical Thinking &amp; Reasoning<\/h2>\n<p>By Terri Russ, J.D., Ph.D.<br \/>\nSaint Mary&#8217;s College, Notre Dame, IN<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<p>After reading this chapter, you should be able to:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Understand and explain the importance of critical thinking<\/li>\n<li>Identify the core skills associated with critical thinking<\/li>\n<li>Demonstrate the difference between deductive and inductive reasoning<\/li>\n<li>Construct a logically sound and well-reasoned argument<\/li>\n<li>Avoid the various fallacies that can arise through the misuse of logic<\/li>\n<li>Apply chapter concepts in final questions and activities<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Chapter Outline<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><b>Critical Thinking<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Critical Thinking Defined<\/li>\n<li>Critical Thinking Traits and Skills<\/li>\n<li>The Value of Critical Thinking<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Logic and the Role of Arguments<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Defining Arguments<\/li>\n<li>Defining Deduction<\/li>\n<li>Defining Induction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Understanding Fallacies<\/b><\/li>\n<li><strong>Formal Fallacies<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Bad Reasons Fallacy<\/li>\n<li>Masked Man Fallacy<\/li>\n<li>Fallacy of Quantitative Logic<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Informal Fallacies<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li>Accident Fallacy<\/li>\n<li>Ad Hominem<\/li>\n<li>Fallacy of Ambiguity<\/li>\n<li>Fallacies of Appeal<\/li>\n<li>Begging the Question<\/li>\n<li>Black and White Fallacy<\/li>\n<li>Fallacy of Composition<\/li>\n<li>Fallacy of Division<\/li>\n<li>Non causa, pro causa Fallacy<\/li>\n<li>Red Herring Fallacy<\/li>\n<li>Slippery Slope Fallacy<\/li>\n<li>Weak Analogy Fallacy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Review Questions and Activities<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Glossary<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>References<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_886\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><a href=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/224\/2015\/02\/20113637\/Filos_segundo_logo.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-886\" class=\"wp-image-886 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images-archive-read-only\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/224\/2015\/02\/20113637\/Filos_segundo_logo-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"Gears in a head\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-886\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Filos_segundo_logo.JPG\" target=\"_blank\">&#8220;Filos segundo logo&#8221;<\/a> by Filosofias filosoficas. <a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/deed.en\" target=\"_blank\">CC-BY<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As we meander through our daily routines, we are surrounded by numerous messages and people trying to get our attention and convince us to do something. We sign into our e-mail accounts and are bombarded with sales pitches to help us get rich quick or promise to fix all of our embarrassing physical problems. We drive to school and see billboards touting tantalizing restaurants or pitching local political candidates. We converse with our friends and family about current events like the crazy car thief who tried to avoid the police by driving down train tracks right into an oncoming train. \u00a0Throughout all of these exchanges, we must constantly strive to make sense of the messages and determine which are true and which are not true, which are probably and which are improbable, which are intended and which are unintended. When we do this we practice <strong>critical thinking<\/strong>. \u00a0We evaluate the <strong>arguments<\/strong> presented and determine if their <strong>logic<\/strong> is sound or if they rely on <strong>fallacies<\/strong> to build their case. In this chapter you will learn how to use critical thinking in all areas of your life, including preparing and presenting speeches. You will also learn how to construct a logical argument that avoids the pitfalls of fallacious thinking.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-863\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Chapter 6 Objectives, Outline, and Introduction. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Terri Russ, J.D., Ph.D.. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Saint Mary&#039;s College, Notre Dame, IN. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/publicspeakingproject.org\/psvirtualtext.html\">http:\/\/publicspeakingproject.org\/psvirtualtext.html<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: The Public Speaking Project. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives <\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Filos Segundo Logo. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Filosofias filosoficas. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Filos_segundo_logo.JPG%20\">http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Filos_segundo_logo.JPG%20<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":277,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Chapter 6 Objectives, Outline, and Introduction\",\"author\":\"Terri Russ, J.D., Ph.D.\",\"organization\":\"Saint Mary\\'s College, Notre Dame, IN\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/publicspeakingproject.org\/psvirtualtext.html\",\"project\":\"The Public Speaking Project\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-nd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Filos Segundo Logo\",\"author\":\"Filosofias filosoficas\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Filos_segundo_logo.JPG \",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-863","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":133,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/863","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/277"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/863\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2153,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/863\/revisions\/2153"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/133"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/863\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=863"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=863"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=863"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=863"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}