{"id":880,"date":"2015-02-23T22:05:16","date_gmt":"2015-02-23T22:05:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/publicspeaking1xmaster\/?post_type=chapter&p=880"},"modified":"2016-08-16T20:32:48","modified_gmt":"2016-08-16T20:32:48","slug":"chapter-6-glossary","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/clinton-publicspeakingprinciples\/chapter\/chapter-6-glossary\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary and References","rendered":"Glossary and References"},"content":{"raw":"

Glossary<\/h2>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n
TERM<\/th>\r\nDEFINITION<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Accident Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when a generally true statement is applied to a specific case that is unusual.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Ambiguity Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when a word having more than one meaning appears in the argument.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Analysis<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe process of asking what is happening in a message through breaking it into its individual components and asking questions of each section.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Appeal to Authority<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when the truth of a proposition is thought to rest in the opinion of a famous other or authority.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Appeal to Ignorance<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when we argue something must be accepted because it cannot be proven otherwise.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Appeal to Pity<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when an argument attempts to win acceptance by focusing on the unfortunate consequences that will occur if it is not accepted.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Argument<\/strong><\/td>\r\nStatements that combine reasoning with evidence to support an assertion.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Bad Reasons Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when then we assume the conclusion of an argument to be bad because a part of the argument is bad.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Begging the Question<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of the argument is also used as one of the premises.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Black and White Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when the audience is only given two choices.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Composition Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when we assume that traits inherent in the parts are also present when the parts are combined into a whole.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Critical Thinking<\/strong><\/td>\r\nActive thinking in which we evaluate and analyze information in order to determine the best course of action.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Deduction<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn argument in which the truth of the premises of the argument guarantee the truth of its conclusion.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Division<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when we assume that the trait of a whole occurs when the whole is divided into its parts.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Evaluation<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe process of assessing the various claims and premises of an argument to determine their validity.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Evidence<\/strong><\/td>\r\nResearch, claims, or anything else that is used to support the validity of an assertion.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA flaw or error in reasoning.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Fallacy of Quantitative Logic<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when we misuse quantifying words such as \u201call\u201d or \u201csome.\u201d<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
False Analogy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when there exists a poor connection between two examples used in an argument.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
False Cause<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when there exists a flawed connection between two events.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Genetic Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when the individual is attacked.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Hearing<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe physiological process of receiving noise and sounds.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Imply<\/strong><\/td>\r\nTo suggest or convey an idea.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Induction<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn argument in which the truth of its propositions lend support to the conclusion.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Infer<\/strong><\/td>\r\nTo draw a conclusion that rests outside the message.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Interpretation<\/strong><\/td>\r\nExplaining and extrapolating the conclusions that we draw from a statement.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Listening<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe psychological process of attaching meaning to the sounds and noises we hear.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Masked Man Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when we substitute parties that are not identical within an argument.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Non<\/strong> sequitor<\/strong><\/td>\r\nAn argument where the conclusion may be true or false, but in which there exists a disconnect within the argument itself.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Premise<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA proposition (statement) supporting or helping to support a conclusion; an assumption that something is true.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Red Herring Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when an irrelevant issue is introduced into the argument.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Self-regulation<\/strong><\/td>\r\nThe process of reflecting on our pre-existing thoughts and biases and how they may influence what we think about an assertion.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Slippery Slope Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when we assume one action will initiate a chain of events that culminate in an undesirable event.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Strawman Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA fallacy that occurs when the actual argument appears to be refuted, but in reality a related point is addressed.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n
Syllogism<\/strong><\/td>\r\nA form of deductive argument in which the conclusion is inferred from the premises. Most syllogisms contain a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n

References<\/h2>\r\n

Aristotle. (1989). Prior Analytics<\/em> (Trans. Robin Smith). Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing.<\/p>\r\n

Beyer, B. K. (1995) Critical thinking<\/em>. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.<\/p>\r\n

Dewey, J. (1933). Experience and education<\/em>. New York: Macmillan, 1933.<\/p>\r\n

Elder, L. & Richard, P. (1996). Universal Intellectual Standards<\/em>. Dillon Beach, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.criticalthinking.org\/page.cfm?Pag eID=527&CategoryID=68<\/p>\r\n

Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction, The Delphi Report<\/em> (Executive Summary). Millbrae, CA: California Academic Press.<\/p>\r\n\r\n

photo credits<\/strong><\/h3>\r\np. 1 Gears in head http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Filos_segundo_logo.JPG By Filosofias Filosoficas\r\n\r\np. 2 John Dewey http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/co mmons\/9\/91\/John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg By Postdlf\r\n\r\np. 3 Martha Stewart http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Martha_Stewart_nrkbeta.jpg By Alh\u0302emiisto\r\n\r\np. 5 Seat belt http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Seat_belt_BX.jpg By Michiel 1972\r\n\r\np. 6 Sharia Law Billboard http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Sharia-law-Billboard.jpg By Matt57\r\n\r\np. 7 Toilet http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Decorative_toilet_seat.jpg By Bartux\r\n\r\np. 9 World Trade Center Bombing 1993 http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: WTC_1993_ATF_Commons.jpg By Smurfy\r\n\r\np. 12 U.S. Soldiers http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: US_Navy_060920-N-4097B- 026_Soldiers_from_the_U.S._Army%5E rsquo,s_Apache_Troop,_2nd_Squadron,_ 9th_Cavalry_Regiment_exit_a_home_in_ Muqdadiyah,_Iraq,_after_searching_it.jp g By The United States Navy\r\n\r\np. 13 Julianne Moore http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Julianne_Moore_March_for_Women%27 s_Lives_2004.jpg By Pattymooney\r\n\r\np. 14 Ghost http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Radiovector_-_ghost.jpg By Musilupa\r\n\r\np. 14 Star Trek \u201cLet that be your last battlefield.\u201d Posted on YouTube by gregorija1\r\n\r\nhttp:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vi7Q Q5pO7_A\r\n\r\np. 15 Blueberry muffin http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Muffin_NIH.jpg By 17 Drew","rendered":"

Glossary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
TERM<\/th>\nDEFINITION<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Accident Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when a generally true statement is applied to a specific case that is unusual.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ambiguity Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when a word having more than one meaning appears in the argument.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Analysis<\/strong><\/td>\nThe process of asking what is happening in a message through breaking it into its individual components and asking questions of each section.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Appeal to Authority<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when the truth of a proposition is thought to rest in the opinion of a famous other or authority.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Appeal to Ignorance<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when we argue something must be accepted because it cannot be proven otherwise.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Appeal to Pity<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when an argument attempts to win acceptance by focusing on the unfortunate consequences that will occur if it is not accepted.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Argument<\/strong><\/td>\nStatements that combine reasoning with evidence to support an assertion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Bad Reasons Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when then we assume the conclusion of an argument to be bad because a part of the argument is bad.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Begging the Question<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when the conclusion of the argument is also used as one of the premises.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Black and White Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when the audience is only given two choices.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Composition Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when we assume that traits inherent in the parts are also present when the parts are combined into a whole.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Critical Thinking<\/strong><\/td>\nActive thinking in which we evaluate and analyze information in order to determine the best course of action.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Deduction<\/strong><\/td>\nAn argument in which the truth of the premises of the argument guarantee the truth of its conclusion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Division<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when we assume that the trait of a whole occurs when the whole is divided into its parts.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Evaluation<\/strong><\/td>\nThe process of assessing the various claims and premises of an argument to determine their validity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Evidence<\/strong><\/td>\nResearch, claims, or anything else that is used to support the validity of an assertion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA flaw or error in reasoning.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Fallacy of Quantitative Logic<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when we misuse quantifying words such as \u201call\u201d or \u201csome.\u201d<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
False Analogy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when there exists a poor connection between two examples used in an argument.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
False Cause<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when there exists a flawed connection between two events.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Genetic Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when the individual is attacked.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Hearing<\/strong><\/td>\nThe physiological process of receiving noise and sounds.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Imply<\/strong><\/td>\nTo suggest or convey an idea.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Induction<\/strong><\/td>\nAn argument in which the truth of its propositions lend support to the conclusion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Infer<\/strong><\/td>\nTo draw a conclusion that rests outside the message.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Interpretation<\/strong><\/td>\nExplaining and extrapolating the conclusions that we draw from a statement.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Listening<\/strong><\/td>\nThe psychological process of attaching meaning to the sounds and noises we hear.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Masked Man Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when we substitute parties that are not identical within an argument.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Non<\/strong> sequitor<\/strong><\/td>\nAn argument where the conclusion may be true or false, but in which there exists a disconnect within the argument itself.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Premise<\/strong><\/td>\nA proposition (statement) supporting or helping to support a conclusion; an assumption that something is true.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Red Herring Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when an irrelevant issue is introduced into the argument.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Self-regulation<\/strong><\/td>\nThe process of reflecting on our pre-existing thoughts and biases and how they may influence what we think about an assertion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Slippery Slope Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when we assume one action will initiate a chain of events that culminate in an undesirable event.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Strawman Fallacy<\/strong><\/td>\nA fallacy that occurs when the actual argument appears to be refuted, but in reality a related point is addressed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Syllogism<\/strong><\/td>\nA form of deductive argument in which the conclusion is inferred from the premises. Most syllogisms contain a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

References<\/h2>\n

Aristotle. (1989). Prior Analytics<\/em> (Trans. Robin Smith). Cambridge, MA: Hackett Publishing.<\/p>\n

Beyer, B. K. (1995) Critical thinking<\/em>. Bloomington, IN: Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.<\/p>\n

Dewey, J. (1933). Experience and education<\/em>. New York: Macmillan, 1933.<\/p>\n

Elder, L. & Richard, P. (1996). Universal Intellectual Standards<\/em>. Dillon Beach, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking. Retrieved from: http:\/\/www.criticalthinking.org\/page.cfm?Pag eID=527&CategoryID=68<\/p>\n

Facione, P. A. (1990). Critical Thinking: A Statement of Expert Consensus for Purposes of Educational Assessment and Instruction, The Delphi Report<\/em> (Executive Summary). Millbrae, CA: California Academic Press.<\/p>\n

photo credits<\/strong><\/h3>\n

p. 1 Gears in head http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Filos_segundo_logo.JPG By Filosofias Filosoficas<\/p>\n

p. 2 John Dewey http:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/co mmons\/9\/91\/John_Dewey_in_1902.jpg By Postdlf<\/p>\n

p. 3 Martha Stewart http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Martha_Stewart_nrkbeta.jpg By Alh\u0302emiisto<\/p>\n

p. 5 Seat belt http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Seat_belt_BX.jpg By Michiel 1972<\/p>\n

p. 6 Sharia Law Billboard http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Sharia-law-Billboard.jpg By Matt57<\/p>\n

p. 7 Toilet http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Decorative_toilet_seat.jpg By Bartux<\/p>\n

p. 9 World Trade Center Bombing 1993 http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: WTC_1993_ATF_Commons.jpg By Smurfy<\/p>\n

p. 12 U.S. Soldiers http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: US_Navy_060920-N-4097B- 026_Soldiers_from_the_U.S._Army%5E rsquo,s_Apache_Troop,_2nd_Squadron,_ 9th_Cavalry_Regiment_exit_a_home_in_ Muqdadiyah,_Iraq,_after_searching_it.jp g By The United States Navy<\/p>\n

p. 13 Julianne Moore http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Julianne_Moore_March_for_Women%27 s_Lives_2004.jpg By Pattymooney<\/p>\n

p. 14 Ghost http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Radiovector_-_ghost.jpg By Musilupa<\/p>\n

p. 14 Star Trek \u201cLet that be your last battlefield.\u201d Posted on YouTube by gregorija1<\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vi7Q Q5pO7_A<\/p>\n

p. 15 Blueberry muffin http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File: Muffin_NIH.jpg By 17 Drew<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t

Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t
CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div>