We previously saw that the Quotient Property of Exponents has two forms depending on whether the exponent in the numerator or denominator was larger.

Define and use the negative exponent rule

We now propose another question about exponents.  Given a quotient like [latex] \displaystyle \frac{{{2}^{m}}}{{{2}^{n}}}[/latex] what happens when n is larger than m? We will need to use the negative rule of exponents to simplify the expression so that it is easier to understand.

Let’s look at an example to clarify this idea. Given the expression:

[latex]\frac{{h}^{3}}{{h}^{5}}[/latex]

Expand the numerator and denominator, all the terms in the numerator will cancel to [latex]1[/latex], leaving two hs multiplied in the denominator, and a numerator of [latex]1[/latex].

We could have also applied the quotient rule from the last section, to obtain the following result:

[latex]\begin{array}{r}\frac{h^{3}}{h^{5}}\,\,\,=\,\,\,h^{3-5}\\\\=\,\,\,h^{-2}\,\,\end{array}[/latex]

Putting the answers together, we have [latex]{h}^{-2}=\frac{1}{{h}^{2}}[/latex]. This is true when h, or any variable, is a real number and is not zero.

Now that we have defined negative exponents, the Quotient Property of Exponents needs only one form, [latex]{\Large\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{n}}}={a}^{m-n}[/latex], where [latex]a\ne 0[/latex] and m and n are integers.

When the exponent in the denominator is larger than the exponent in the numerator, the exponent of the quotient will be negative. If the result gives us a negative exponent, the negative exponent tells us to re-write the expression by taking the reciprocal of the base and then changing the sign of the exponent. We rewrite it by using the definition of negative exponents, [latex]{a}^{-n}={\Large\frac{1}{{a}^{n}}}[/latex].  Any expression that has negative exponents is not considered to be in simplest form, so we will use the definition of a negative exponent and other properties of exponents to write an expression with only positive exponents.

When simplifying any expression with exponents, we must be careful to correctly identify the base that is raised to each exponent.

We must be careful to follow the order of operations. In the next example, parts 1 and 2 look similar, but we get different results.

When there is a product and an exponent we have to be careful to apply the exponent to the correct quantity. According to the order of operations, expressions in parentheses are simplified before exponents are applied. We’ll see how this works in the next example.

Let’s looks at some examples of how this rule applies under different circumstances.

In the following video you will see examples of simplifying expressions with negative exponents.

Simplify Expressions with Zero Exponents

A special case of the Quotient Property is when the exponents of the numerator and denominator are equal, such as an expression like [latex]\Large\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{m}}[/latex]. From earlier work with fractions, we know that

[latex]\Large\frac{2}{2}\normalsize =\Large\frac{17}{17}\normalsize =\Large\frac{-43}{-43}\normalsize =1[/latex]

In words, a number divided by itself is [latex]1[/latex]. So [latex]\Large\frac{x}{x}\normalsize =1[/latex], for any [latex]x[/latex] ( [latex]x\ne 0[/latex] ), since any number divided by itself is [latex]1[/latex].

The Quotient Property of Exponents shows us how to simplify [latex]\Large\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{n}}[/latex] by subtracting exponents. What if [latex]m=n[/latex] ?

Now we will simplify [latex]\Large\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{m}}[/latex] in two ways to lead us to the definition of the zero exponent.
Consider first [latex]\Large\frac{8}{8}[/latex], which we know is [latex]1[/latex].

We see [latex]\Large\frac{{a}^{m}}{{a}^{m}}[/latex] simplifies to a [latex]{a}^{0}[/latex] and to [latex]1[/latex] . So [latex]{a}^{0}=1[/latex].  At this time, we will define both the exponent of 0 and the exponent of 1.

In this text, we assume any variable that we raise to the zero power is not zero.  The sole exception is the expression [latex]{0}^{0}[/latex]. This appears later in more advanced courses, but for now, we will consider the value to be undefined, or DNE (Does Not Exist).

Now that we have defined the zero exponent, we can expand all the Properties of Exponents to include whole number exponents.
What about raising an expression to the zero power? Let’s look at [latex]{\left(2x\right)}^{0}[/latex]. We can use the product to a power rule to rewrite this expression.

This tells us that any non-zero expression raised to the zero power is one.

Now let’s compare the difference between the previous example, where the entire expression was raised to a zero exponent, and what happens when only one factor is raised to a zero exponent.

Now you can try a similar problem to make sure you see the difference between raising an entire expression to a zero power and having only one factor raised to a zero power.

In the next video we show some different examples of how you can apply the zero exponent rule.

As done previously, to evaluate expressions containing exponents of [latex]0[/latex] or [latex]1[/latex], substitute the value of the variable into the expression and simplify.

In the following video there is an example of evaluating an expression with an exponent of zero, as well as simplifying when you get a result of a zero exponent.

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