Learning Outcomes
- Determine the amplitude and period of sinusoidal functions.
- Model equations and graph sinusoidal functions.
- Model periodic behavior.
- Model harmonic motion functions.
Determining the Amplitude and Period of a Sinusoidal Function
Any motion that repeats itself in a fixed time period is considered periodic motion and can be modeled by a sinusoidal function. The amplitude of a sinusoidal function is the distance from the midline to the maximum value, or from the midline to the minimum value. The midline is the average value. Sinusoidal functions oscillate above and below the midline, are periodic, and repeat values in set cycles. Recall from Graphs of the Sine and Cosine Functions that the period of the sine function and the cosine function is [latex]\text{ }2\pi .\text{ }[/latex] In other words, for any value of [latex]\text{ }x[/latex],
A General Note: Standard Form of Sinusoidal Equations
The general forms of a sinusoidal equation are given as
where [latex]\text{amplitude}=|A|,B[/latex] is related to period such that the [latex]\text{ period}=\frac{2\pi }{B},C\text{ }[/latex] is the phase shift such that [latex]\text{ }\frac{C}{B}\text{ }[/latex] denotes the horizontal shift, and [latex]\text{ }D\text{ }[/latex] represents the vertical shift from the graph’s parent graph.
Note that the models are sometimes written as [latex]\text{ }y=a\sin \left(\omega t\pm C\right)+D\text{ }[/latex] or [latex]\text{ }y=a\cos \left(\omega t\pm C\right)+D[/latex], and period is given as [latex]\text{ }\frac{2\pi }{\omega }[/latex].
The difference between the sine and the cosine graphs is that the sine graph begins with the average value of the function and the cosine graph begins with the maximum or minimum value of the function.
Example 1: Showing How the Properties of a Trigonometric Function Can Transform a Graph
Show the transformation of the graph of [latex]\text{ }y=\sin x\text{ }[/latex] into the graph of [latex]\text{ }y=2\sin \left(4x-\frac{\pi }{2}\right)+2[/latex].
Example 2: Finding the Amplitude and Period of a Function
Find the amplitude and period of the following functions and graph one cycle.
- [latex]y=2\sin \left(\frac{1}{4}x\right)[/latex]
- [latex]y=-3\sin \left(2x+\frac{\pi }{2}\right)[/latex]
- [latex]y=\cos x+3[/latex]
Try It
What are the amplitude and period of the function [latex]\text{ }y=3\cos \left(3\pi x\right)?[/latex]
Finding Equations and Graphing Sinusoidal Functions
One method of graphing sinusoidal functions is to find five key points. These points will correspond to intervals of equal length representing [latex]\text{ }\frac{1}{4}\text{ }[/latex] of the period. The key points will indicate the location of maximum and minimum values. If there is no vertical shift, they will also indicate x-intercepts. For example, suppose we want to graph the function [latex]\text{ }y=\cos \theta [/latex]. We know that the period is [latex]2\pi [/latex], so we find the interval between key points as follows.
Starting with [latex]\text{ }\theta =0[/latex], we calculate the first y-value, add the length of the interval [latex]\text{ }\frac{\pi }{2}\text{ }[/latex] to 0, and calculate the second y-value. We then add [latex]\text{ }\frac{\pi }{2}\text{ }[/latex] repeatedly until the five key points are determined. The last value should equal the first value, as the calculations cover one full period. Making a table similar to the one below, we can see these key points clearly on the graph shown in Figure 6.
| [latex]\theta [/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]\frac{\pi }{2}[/latex] | [latex]\pi [/latex] | [latex]\frac{3\pi }{2}[/latex] | [latex]2\pi [/latex] |
| [latex]y=\cos \theta [/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]-1[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] |
Figure 6
Example 3: Graphing Sinusoidal Functions Using Key Points
Graph the function [latex]\text{ }y=-4\cos \left(\pi x\right)\text{ }[/latex] using amplitude, period, and key points.
Try It
Graph the function [latex]\text{ }y=3\sin \left(3x\right)\text{ }[/latex] using the amplitude, period, and five key points.
Modeling Periodic Behavior
We will now apply these ideas to problems involving periodic behavior.
Example 4: Modeling an Equation and Sketching a Sinusoidal Graph to Fit Criteria
The average monthly temperatures for a small town in Oregon are given in the table below. Find a sinusoidal function of the form [latex]y=A\sin \left(Bt-C\right)+D[/latex] that fits the data (round to the nearest tenth) and sketch the graph.
| Month | Temperature, [latex]{}^{\text{o}}\text{F}[/latex] |
|---|---|
| January | 42.5 |
| February | 44.5 |
| March | 48.5 |
| April | 52.5 |
| May | 58 |
| June | 63 |
| July | 68.5 |
| August | 69 |
| September | 64.5 |
| October | 55.5 |
| November | 46.5 |
| December | 43.5 |
Example 5: Describing Periodic Motion
The hour hand of the large clock on the wall in Union Station measures 24 inches in length. At noon, the tip of the hour hand is 30 inches from the ceiling. At 3 PM, the tip is 54 inches from the ceiling, and at 6 PM, 78 inches. At 9 PM, it is again 54 inches from the ceiling, and at midnight, the tip of the hour hand returns to its original position 30 inches from the ceiling. Let [latex]y[/latex] equal the distance from the tip of the hour hand to the ceiling [latex]x[/latex] hours after noon. Find the equation that models the motion of the clock and sketch the graph.
Example 6: Determining a Model for Tides
The height of the tide in a small beach town is measured along a seawall. Water levels oscillate between 7 feet at low tide and 15 feet at high tide. On a particular day, low tide occurred at 6 AM and high tide occurred at noon. Approximately every 12 hours, the cycle repeats. Find an equation to model the water levels.
Try It
The daily temperature in the month of March in a certain city varies from a low of [latex]24^\circ\text{F}[/latex] to a high of [latex]40^\circ\text{F}[/latex]. Find a sinusoidal function to model daily temperature and sketch the graph. Approximate the time when the temperature reaches the freezing point [latex]32^\circ\text{F}[/latex]. Let [latex]t=0[/latex] correspond to noon.
Try It
Example 7: Interpreting the Periodic Behavior Equation
The average person’s blood pressure is modeled by the function [latex]f\left(t\right)=20\sin \left(160\pi t\right)+100[/latex], where [latex]f\left(t\right)[/latex] represents the blood pressure at time [latex]t[/latex], measured in minutes. Interpret the function in terms of period and frequency. Sketch the graph and find the blood pressure reading.
Modeling Harmonic Motion Functions
Harmonic motion is a form of periodic motion, but there are factors to consider that differentiate the two types. While general periodic motion applications cycle through their periods with no outside interference, harmonic motion requires a restoring force. Examples of harmonic motion include springs, gravitational force, and magnetic force.
Simple Harmonic Motion
A type of motion described as simple harmonic motion involves a restoring force but assumes that the motion will continue forever. Imagine a weighted object hanging on a spring, When that object is not disturbed, we say that the object is at rest, or in equilibrium. If the object is pulled down and then released, the force of the spring pulls the object back toward equilibrium and harmonic motion begins. The restoring force is directly proportional to the displacement of the object from its equilibrium point. When [latex]t=0,d=0[/latex].
A General Note: Simple Harmonic Motion
We see that simple harmonic motion equations are given in terms of displacement:
[latex]d=a\cos \left(\omega t\right)\text{ or }d=a\sin \left(\omega t\right)[/latex]
where [latex]|a|[/latex] is the amplitude, [latex]\frac{2\pi }{\omega }[/latex] is the period, and [latex]\frac{\omega }{2\pi }[/latex] is the frequency, or the number of cycles per unit of time.
Example 8: Finding the Displacement, Period, and Frequency, and Graphing a Function
For the given functions,
- Find the maximum displacement of an object.
- Find the period or the time required for one vibration.
- Find the frequency.
- Sketch the graph.
- [latex]y=5\sin \left(3t\right)[/latex]
- [latex]y=6\cos \left(\pi t\right)[/latex]
- [latex]y=5\cos \left(\frac{\pi }{2}t\right)[/latex]
Damped Harmonic Motion
In reality, a pendulum does not swing back and forth forever, nor does an object on a spring bounce up and down forever. Eventually, the pendulum stops swinging and the object stops bouncing and both return to equilibrium. Periodic motion in which an energy-dissipating force, or damping factor, acts is known as damped harmonic motion. Friction is typically the damping factor.
In physics, various formulas are used to account for the damping factor on the moving object. Some of these are calculus-based formulas that involve derivatives. For our purposes, we will use formulas for basic damped harmonic motion models.
A General Note: Damped Harmonic Motion
In damped harmonic motion, the displacement of an oscillating object from its rest position at time [latex]t[/latex] is given as
[latex]f\left(t\right)=a{e}^{-ct}\sin \left(\omega t\right)\text{or} f\left(t\right)=a{e}^{-ct}\cos \left(\omega t\right)[/latex]
where [latex]c[/latex] is a damping factor, [latex]|a|[/latex] is the initial displacement and [latex]\frac{2\pi }{\omega }[/latex] is the period.
Example 9: Modeling Damped Harmonic Motion
Model the equations that fit the two scenarios and use a graphing utility to graph the functions: Two mass-spring systems exhibit damped harmonic motion at a frequency of [latex]0.5[/latex] cycles per second. Both have an initial displacement of 10 cm. The first has a damping factor of [latex]0.5[/latex] and the second has a damping factor of [latex]0.1[/latex].
Example 10: Finding a Cosine Function that Models Damped Harmonic Motion
Find and graph a function of the form [latex]y=a{e}^{-ct}\cos \left(\omega t\right)[/latex] that models the information given.
- [latex]a=20,c=0.05,p=4[/latex]
- [latex]a=2,c=1.5,f=3[/latex]
Try It
The following equation represents a damped harmonic motion model: [latex]\text{ }f\left(t\right)=5{e}^{-6t}\cos \left(4t\right)[/latex]
Find the initial displacement, the damping constant, and the frequency.
Example 11: Finding a Sine Function that Models Damped Harmonic Motion
Find and graph a function of the form [latex]y=a{e}^{-ct}\sin \left(\omega t\right)[/latex] that models the information given.
- [latex]a=7,c=10,p=\frac{\pi }{6}[/latex]
- [latex]a=0.3,c=0.2,f=20[/latex]
Try It
Write the equation for damped harmonic motion given [latex]a=10,c=0.5[/latex], and [latex]p=2[/latex].
Try It
Example 12: Modeling the Oscillation of a Spring
A spring measuring 10 inches in natural length is compressed by 5 inches and released. It oscillates once every 3 seconds, and its amplitude decreases by 30% every second. Find an equation that models the position of the spring [latex]t[/latex] seconds after being released.
Try It
A mass suspended from a spring is raised a distance of 5 cm above its resting position. The mass is released at time [latex]t=0[/latex] and allowed to oscillate. After [latex]\frac{1}{3}[/latex] second, it is observed that the mass returns to its highest position. Find a function to model this motion relative to its initial resting position.
Example 13: Finding the Value of the Damping Constant c According to the Given Criteria
A guitar string is plucked and vibrates in damped harmonic motion. The string is pulled and displaced 2 cm from its resting position. After 3 seconds, the displacement of the string measures 1 cm. Find the damping constant.
Bounding Curves in Harmonic Motion
Harmonic motion graphs may be enclosed by bounding curves. When a function has a varying amplitude, such that the amplitude rises and falls multiple times within a period, we can determine the bounding curves from part of the function.
Example 14: Graphing an Oscillating Cosine Curve
Graph the function [latex]f\left(x\right)=\cos \left(2\pi x\right)\cos \left(16\pi x\right)[/latex].
Key Equations
| Standard form of sinusoidal equation | [latex]y=A\sin \left(Bt-C\right)+D\text{or}y=A\cos \left(Bt-C\right)+D[/latex] |
| Simple harmonic motion | [latex]d=a\cos \left(\omega t\right)\text{ or }d=a\sin \left(\omega t\right)[/latex] |
| Damped harmonic motion | [latex]f\left(t\right)=a{e}^{-c}{}^{t}\sin \left(\omega t\right)\text{or}f\left(t\right)=a{e}^{-ct}\cos \left(\omega t\right)[/latex] |
Key Concepts
- Sinusoidal functions are represented by the sine and cosine graphs. In standard form, we can find the amplitude, period, and horizontal and vertical shifts.
- Use key points to graph a sinusoidal function. The five key points include the minimum and maximum values and the midline values.
- Periodic functions can model events that reoccur in set cycles, like the phases of the moon, the hands on a clock, and the seasons in a year.
- Harmonic motion functions are modeled from given data. Similar to periodic motion applications, harmonic motion requires a restoring force. Examples include gravitational force and spring motion activated by weight.
- Damped harmonic motion is a form of periodic behavior affected by a damping factor. Energy dissipating factors, like friction, cause the displacement of the object to shrink.
- Bounding curves delineate the graph of harmonic motion with variable maximum and minimum values.
Glossary
- damped harmonic motion
- oscillating motion that resembles periodic motion and simple harmonic motion, except that the graph is affected by a damping factor, an energy dissipating influence on the motion, such as friction
- simple harmonic motion
- a repetitive motion that can be modeled by periodic sinusoidal oscillation
Section 7.8 Homework Exercises
1. Explain what types of physical phenomena are best modeled by sinusoidal functions. What are the characteristics necessary?
2. What information is necessary to construct a trigonometric model of daily temperature? Give examples of two different sets of information that would enable modeling with an equation.
3. If we want to model cumulative rainfall over the course of a year, would a sinusoidal function be a good model? Why or why not?
4. Explain the effect of a damping factor on the graphs of harmonic motion functions.
For the following exercises, find a possible formula for the trigonometric function represented by the given table of values.
5.
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
| [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]-4[/latex] |
| [latex]3[/latex] | [latex]-1[/latex] |
| [latex]6[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
| [latex]9[/latex] | [latex]-1[/latex] |
| [latex]12[/latex] | [latex]-4[/latex] |
| [latex]15[/latex] | [latex]-1[/latex] |
| [latex]18[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
6.
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
| [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]5[/latex] |
| [latex]2[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] |
| [latex]4[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
| [latex]6[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] |
| [latex]8[/latex] | [latex]5[/latex] |
| [latex]10[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] |
| [latex]12[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
7.
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
| [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{\pi }{4}[/latex] | [latex]7[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{\pi }{2}[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{3\pi }{4}[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
| [latex]\pi [/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{5\pi }{4}[/latex] | [latex]7[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{3\pi }{2}[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
8.
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
| [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{\pi }{4}[/latex] | [latex]7[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{\pi }{2}[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{3\pi }{4}[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
| [latex]\pi [/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{5\pi }{4}[/latex] | [latex]7[/latex] |
| [latex]\frac{3\pi }{2}[/latex] | [latex]2[/latex] |
9.
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
| [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] |
| [latex]1[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
| [latex]2[/latex] | [latex]-7[/latex] |
| [latex]3[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
| [latex]4[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] |
| [latex]5[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
| [latex]6[/latex] | [latex]-7[/latex] |
10.
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
| [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]-2[/latex] |
| [latex]1[/latex] | [latex]4[/latex] |
| [latex]2[/latex] | [latex]10[/latex] |
| [latex]3[/latex] | [latex]4[/latex] |
| [latex]4[/latex] | [latex]-2[/latex] |
| [latex]5[/latex] | [latex]4[/latex] |
| [latex]6[/latex] | [latex]10[/latex] |
11.
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
| [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]5[/latex] |
| [latex]1[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
| [latex]2[/latex] | [latex]5[/latex] |
| [latex]3[/latex] | [latex]13[/latex] |
| [latex]4[/latex] | [latex]5[/latex] |
| [latex]5[/latex] | [latex]-3[/latex] |
| [latex]6[/latex] | [latex]5[/latex] |
12.
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
| [latex]-3[/latex] | [latex]-1-\sqrt{2}[/latex] |
| [latex]-2[/latex] | [latex]-1[/latex] |
| [latex]-1[/latex] | [latex]1-\sqrt{2}[/latex] |
| [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] |
| [latex]1[/latex] | [latex]\sqrt{2}-1[/latex] |
| [latex]2[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] |
| [latex]3[/latex] | [latex]\sqrt{2}+1[/latex] |
13.
| [latex]x[/latex] | [latex]y[/latex] |
| [latex]-1[/latex] | [latex]\sqrt{3}-2[/latex] |
| [latex]0[/latex] | [latex]0[/latex] |
| [latex]1[/latex] | [latex]2-\sqrt{3}[/latex] |
| [latex]2[/latex] | [latex]\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3}[/latex] |
| [latex]3[/latex] | [latex]1[/latex] |
| [latex]4[/latex] | [latex]\sqrt{3}[/latex] |
| [latex]5[/latex] | [latex]2+\sqrt{3}[/latex] |
For the following exercises, graph the given function, and then find a possible physical process that the equation could model.
14. [latex]f\left(x\right)=-30\cos \left(\frac{x\pi }{6}\right)-20{\cos }^{2}\left(\frac{x\pi }{6}\right)+80\left[0,12\right][/latex]
15. [latex]f\left(x\right)=-18\cos \left(\frac{x\pi }{12}\right)-5\sin \left(\frac{x\pi }{12}\right)+100[/latex] on the interval [latex]\left[0,24\right][/latex]
16. [latex]f\left(x\right)=10-\sin \left(\frac{x\pi }{6}\right)+24\tan \left(\frac{x\pi }{240}\right)[/latex] on the interval [latex]\left[0,80\right][/latex]
For the following exercise, construct a function modeling behavior and use a calculator to find desired results.
17. A city’s average yearly rainfall is currently 20 inches and varies seasonally by 5 inches. Due to unforeseen circumstances, rainfall appears to be decreasing by 15% each year. How many years from now would we expect rainfall to initially reach 0 inches? Note, the model is invalid once it predicts negative rainfall, so choose the first point at which it goes below 0.
For the following exercises, construct a sinusoidal function with the provided information, and then solve the equation for the requested values.
18. Outside temperatures over the course of a day can be modeled as a sinusoidal function. Suppose the high temperature of [latex]105\text{^\circ F}[/latex] occurs at 5PM and the average temperature for the day is [latex]85\text{^\circ F}\text{.}[/latex] Find the temperature, to the nearest degree, at 9AM.
19. Outside temperatures over the course of a day can be modeled as a sinusoidal function. Suppose the high temperature of [latex]84\text{^\circ F}[/latex] occurs at 6PM and the average temperature for the day is [latex]70\text{^\circ F}\text{.}[/latex] Find the temperature, to the nearest degree, at 7AM.
20. Outside temperatures over the course of a day can be modeled as a sinusoidal function. Suppose the temperature varies between [latex]47\text{^\circ F}[/latex] and [latex]63\text{^\circ F}[/latex] during the day and the average daily temperature first occurs at 10 AM. How many hours after midnight does the temperature first reach [latex]51\text{^\circ F?}[/latex]
21. Outside temperatures over the course of a day can be modeled as a sinusoidal function. Suppose the temperature varies between [latex]64^\circ\text{F}[/latex] and [latex]86^\circ\text{F}[/latex] during the day and the average daily temperature first occurs at 12 AM. How many hours after midnight does the temperature first reach [latex]70^\circ\text{F?}[/latex]
22. A Ferris wheel is 20 meters in diameter and boarded from a platform that is 2 meters above the ground. The six o’clock position on the Ferris wheel is level with the loading platform. The wheel completes 1 full revolution in 6 minutes. How much of the ride, in minutes and seconds, is spent higher than 13 meters above the ground?
23. A Ferris wheel is 45 meters in diameter and boarded from a platform that is 1 meter above the ground. The six o’clock position on the Ferris wheel is level with the loading platform. The wheel completes 1 full revolution in 10 minutes. How many minutes of the ride are spent higher than 27 meters above the ground? Round to the nearest second
24. The sea ice area around the North Pole fluctuates between about 6 million square kilometers on September 1 to 14 million square kilometers on March 1. Assuming a sinusoidal fluctuation, when are there less than 9 million square kilometers of sea ice? Give your answer as a range of dates, to the nearest day.
25. The sea ice area around the South Pole fluctuates between about 18 million square kilometers in September to 3 million square kilometers in March. Assuming a sinusoidal fluctuation, when are there more than 15 million square kilometers of sea ice? Give your answer as a range of dates, to the nearest day.
26. During a 90-day monsoon season, daily rainfall can be modeled by sinusoidal functions. If the rainfall fluctuates between a low of 2 inches on day 10 and 12 inches on day 55, during what period is daily rainfall more than 10 inches?
27. During a 90-day monsoon season, daily rainfall can be modeled by sinusoidal functions. A low of 4 inches of rainfall was recorded on day 30, and overall the average daily rainfall was 8 inches. During what period was daily rainfall less than 5 inches?
28. In a certain region, monthly precipitation peaks at 8 inches on June 1 and falls to a low of 1 inch on December 1. Identify the periods when the region is under flood conditions (greater than 7 inches) and drought conditions (less than 2 inches). Give your answer in terms of the nearest day.
29. In a certain region, monthly precipitation peaks at 24 inches in September and falls to a low of 4 inches in March. Identify the periods when the region is under flood conditions (greater than 22 inches) and drought conditions (less than 5 inches). Give your answer in terms of the nearest day.
For the following exercises, find the amplitude, period, and frequency of the given function.
30. The displacement [latex]h\left(t\right)[/latex] in centimeters of a mass suspended by a spring is modeled by the function [latex]h\left(t\right)=8\sin \left(6\pi t\right)[/latex], where [latex]t[/latex] is measured in seconds. Find the amplitude, period, and frequency of this displacement.
31. The displacement [latex]h\left(t\right)[/latex] in centimeters of a mass suspended by a spring is modeled by the function [latex]h\left(t\right)=11\sin \left(12\pi t\right)[/latex], where [latex]t[/latex] is measured in seconds. Find the amplitude, period, and frequency of this displacement.
32. The displacement [latex]h\left(t\right)[/latex] in centimeters of a mass suspended by a spring is modeled by the function [latex]h\left(t\right)=4\cos \left(\frac{\pi }{2}t\right)[/latex], where [latex]t[/latex] is measured in seconds. Find the amplitude, period, and frequency of this displacement.
For the following exercises, construct an equation that models the described behavior.
33. The displacement [latex]h\left(t\right)[/latex], in centimeters, of a mass suspended by a spring is modeled by the function [latex]h\left(t\right)=-5\cos \left(60\pi t\right)[/latex], where [latex]t[/latex] is measured in seconds. Find the amplitude, period, and frequency of this displacement.
For the following exercises, construct an equation that models the described behavior.
34. A deer population oscillates 19 above and below average during the year, reaching the lowest value in January. The average population starts at 800 deer and increases by 160 each year. Find a function that models the population, [latex]P[/latex], in terms of months since January, [latex]t[/latex].
35. A rabbit population oscillates 15 above and below average during the year, reaching the lowest value in January. The average population starts at 650 rabbits and increases by 110 each year. Find a function that models the population, [latex]P[/latex], in terms of months since January, [latex]t[/latex].
36. A muskrat population oscillates 33 above and below average during the year, reaching the lowest value in January. The average population starts at 900 muskrats and increases by 7% each month. Find a function that models the population, [latex]P[/latex], in terms of months since January, [latex]t[/latex].
37. A fish population oscillates 40 above and below average during the year, reaching the lowest value in January. The average population starts at 800 fish and increases by 4% each month. Find a function that models the population, [latex]P[/latex], in terms of months since January, [latex]t[/latex].
38. A spring attached to the ceiling is pulled 10 cm down from equilibrium and released. The amplitude decreases by 15% each second. The spring oscillates 18 times each second. Find a function that models the distance, [latex]D[/latex], the end of the spring is from equilibrium in terms of seconds, [latex]t[/latex], since the spring was released.
39. A spring attached to the ceiling is pulled 7 cm down from equilibrium and released. The amplitude decreases by 11% each second. The spring oscillates 20 times each second. Find a function that models the distance, [latex]D[/latex], the end of the spring is from equilibrium in terms of seconds, [latex]t[/latex], since the spring was released.
40. A spring attached to the ceiling is pulled 17 cm down from equilibrium and released. After 3 seconds, the amplitude has decreased to 13 cm. The spring oscillates 14 times each second. Find a function that models the distance, [latex]D[/latex], the end of the spring is from equilibrium in terms of seconds, [latex]t[/latex], since the spring was released.
41. A spring attached to the ceiling is pulled 19 cm down from equilibrium and released. After 4 seconds, the amplitude has decreased to 14 cm. The spring oscillates 13 times each second. Find a function that models the distance, [latex]D[/latex], the end of the spring is from equilibrium in terms of seconds, [latex]t[/latex], since the spring was released.
For the following exercises, create a function modeling the described behavior. Then, calculate the desired result using a calculator.
42. A certain lake currently has an average trout population of 20,000. The population naturally oscillates above and below average by 2,000 every year. This year, the lake was opened to fishermen. If fishermen catch 3,000 fish every year, how long will it take for the lake to have no more trout?
43. Whitefish populations are currently at 500 in a lake. The population naturally oscillates above and below by 25 each year. If humans overfish, taking 4% of the population every year, in how many years will the lake first have fewer than 200 whitefish?
44. A spring attached to a ceiling is pulled down 11 cm from equilibrium and released. After 2 seconds, the amplitude has decreased to 6 cm. The spring oscillates 8 times each second. Find when the spring first comes between [latex]-0.1[/latex] and [latex]0.1\text{ cm,}[/latex] effectively at rest.
45. A spring attached to a ceiling is pulled down 21 cm from equilibrium and released. After 6 seconds, the amplitude has decreased to 4 cm. The spring oscillates 20 times each second. Find when the spring first comes between [latex]-0.1[/latex] and [latex]0.1\text{ cm,}[/latex] effectively at rest.
46. Two springs are pulled down from the ceiling and released at the same time. The first spring, which oscillates 8 times per second, was initially pulled down 32 cm from equilibrium, and the amplitude decreases by 50% each second. The second spring, oscillating 18 times per second, was initially pulled down 15 cm from equilibrium and after 4 seconds has an amplitude of 2 cm. Which spring comes to rest first, and at what time? Consider “rest” as an amplitude less than [latex]0.1\text{ cm}\text{.}[/latex]
47. Two springs are pulled down from the ceiling and released at the same time. The first spring, which oscillates 14 times per second, was initially pulled down 2 cm from equilibrium, and the amplitude decreases by 8% each second. The second spring, oscillating 22 times per second, was initially pulled down 10 cm from equilibrium and after 3 seconds has an amplitude of 2 cm. Which spring comes to rest first, and at what time? Consider “rest” as an amplitude less than [latex]0.1\text{ cm}\text{.}[/latex]
48. A plane flies 1 hour at 150 mph at [latex]{22}^{\circ }[/latex] east of north, then continues to fly for 1.5 hours at 120 mph, this time at a bearing of [latex]{112}^{\circ }[/latex] east of north. Find the total distance from the starting point and the direct angle flown north of east.
49. A plane flies 2 hours at 200 mph at a bearing of [latex]\text{ }{60}^{\circ }[/latex], then continues to fly for 1.5 hours at the same speed, this time at a bearing of [latex]{150}^{\circ }[/latex]. Find the distance from the starting point and the bearing from the starting point. Hint: bearing is measured counterclockwise from north.
For the following exercises, find a function of the form [latex]y=a{b}^{x}+c\sin \left(\frac{\pi }{2}x\right)[/latex] that fits the given data.
50.
| [latex]x[/latex] | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| [latex]y[/latex] | 6 | 29 | 96 | 379 |
51.
| [latex]x[/latex] | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| [latex]y[/latex] | 6 | 34 | 150 | 746 |
52.
| [latex]x[/latex] | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| [latex]y[/latex] | 4 | 0 | 16 | -40 |
For the following exercises, find a function of the form [latex]y=a{b}^{x}\cos \left(\frac{\pi }{2}x\right)+c[/latex] that fits the given data.
53.
| [latex]x[/latex] | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| [latex]y[/latex] | 11 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
54.
| [latex]x[/latex] | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| [latex]y[/latex] | 4 | 1 | −11 | 1 |