{"id":346,"date":"2016-05-19T21:10:03","date_gmt":"2016-05-19T21:10:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=346"},"modified":"2016-11-08T00:33:01","modified_gmt":"2016-11-08T00:33:01","slug":"text-parts-of-a-sentence","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/chapter\/text-parts-of-a-sentence\/","title":{"raw":"Parts of a Sentence","rendered":"Parts of a Sentence"},"content":{"raw":"<blockquote>I like the construction of sentences and the juxtaposition of words\u2014not just how they sound or what they mean, but even what they look like.\r\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2014author Don DeLillo<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n<h2>Subject and Predicate<\/h2>\r\nEvery sentence has\u00a0a subject and a predicate.\u00a0The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or phrase or clause the sentence is about:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Einstein's general <strong>theory<\/strong> of relativity has been subjected to many tests of validity over the years.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Although a majority of caffeine drinkers think of it as a stimulant, heavy <strong>users<\/strong> of caffeine say the substance relaxes them.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Notice that the introductory phrase, \"Although a majority of caffeine drinkers think of it as a stimulant,\" is not a part of the subject or the predicate.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In a secure landfill, the <strong>soil<\/strong> on top and the <strong>cover<\/strong> block storm water intrusion into the landfill.\u00a0<em>(compound subject)<\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>There are two subjects in this sentence: <em>soil<\/em> and <em>cover<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Surrounding the secure landfill on all sides are impermeable barrier <strong>walls<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>(inverted sentence pattern)<\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In an inverted sentence, the predicate comes before the subject. You won't run into this sentence structure very often as it is pretty rare.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThe predicate is the rest of the sentence after the subject:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The pressure in a pressured water reactor <strong>varies from system to system.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>In contrast, a boiling water reactor <strong>operates at constant pressure.<\/strong><\/li>\r\n \t<li>The pressure <strong>is maintained at about 2250 pounds per square inch<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>then<strong> lowered to form steam at about 600 pounds per square inch.<\/strong> <em>(compound predicate)<\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>There are two predicates in this sentence: \"is maintained at about 2250 pounds per square inch\" and \"lowered to form steam at about 600 pounds per square inch\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the subject and predicate of each sentence:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Daniel and I are going to go to Hawaii for three weeks.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Raquel will\u00a0watch the dogs while we're on vacation.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She\u00a0will feed the dogs and will make sure they get enough exercise.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"510252\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"510252\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>\"Daniel and I\" is the subject. The rest of the sentence, \"are going to go to Hawaii for three weeks,\" is the predicate.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"Raquel\" is the subject. The rest of the sentence, \"will\u00a0watch the dogs while we're on vacation,\" is the predicate.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"She\" is the subject. The rest of the sentence, \"will feed the dogs and will make sure they get enough exercise,\" is the predicate. This\u00a0is a compound predicate: it has two different actions in it.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>will feed the dogs<\/li>\r\n \t<li>will make sure they get enough exercise<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nA predicate\u00a0can include the verb, a direct object, and an indirect object.\r\n<h2>Direct Object<\/h2>\r\nA direct object\u2014a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun\u2014takes the action of the main verb. A direct object can be identified by putting <em>what?<\/em>, <em>which?<\/em>, or <em>whom?<\/em> in its place.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The housing assembly of a mechanical pencil contains the mechanical <strong>workings<\/strong> of the pencil.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Lavoisier used curved glass <strong>discs<\/strong> fastened together at their rims, with wine filling the space between, to focus the sun's rays to attain temperatures of 3000\u00b0 F.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The dust and smoke lofted into the air by nuclear explosions might cool the earth's <strong>atmosphere<\/strong> some number of degrees.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>A 20 percent fluctuation in average global temperature could reduce biological <strong>activity<\/strong>, shift weather <strong>patterns<\/strong>, and ruin <strong>agriculture<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>(compound direct object)<\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In this compound, each direct object has a different verb:\u00a0<em>reduce activity<\/em>,\u00a0<em>shift patterns<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>ruin agriculture<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>On Mariners 6 and 7, the two-axis scan platforms provided much more <strong>capability<\/strong> and <strong>flexibility<\/strong> for the scientific payload than those of Mariner 4.\u00a0<em>(compound direct object)<\/em>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>In this compound, the objects (<em>capability<\/em> and\u00a0<em>flexibility<\/em>) are objects of the same verb:\u00a0<em>provided<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Indirect Object<\/h2>\r\nAn indirect object\u2014a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun\u2014receives the action expressed in the sentence. It can be identified by inserting <em>to<\/em> or <em>for<\/em>.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The company is designing\u00a0senior <strong>citizens<\/strong> a new walkway to the park area.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The company is not designing new models of senior citizens; they are designing a new walkway\u00a0<em>for<\/em> senior citizens. Thus, senior citizens is the indirect object of this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Walkway<\/em>\u00a0is the direct object of this sentence, since it is the thing being designed.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Please\u00a0send\u00a0the personnel <strong>office<\/strong> a resume so we can further review your candidacy.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>You are not being asked to send the office somewhere; you're being asked to send a resume\u00a0<em>to<\/em> the office. Thus, the personnel office is the indirect object of this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Resume<\/em>\u00a0is the direct object of this sentence, since it is the thing you should send.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIdentify the objects in the following sentences. Are they direct or indirect objects?\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>We all got together to throw Caitlin\u00a0a surprise birthday party.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Francisco got the\u00a0decorations.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Harrison sent\u00a0her\u00a0a card.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"963665\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"963665\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li><em>Caitlin<\/em> is an indirect object;\u00a0<em>party<\/em> is a direct object.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>We're\u00a0<em>throwing<\/em> a party for Caitlin.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Decorations <\/em>is a direct object.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>He\u00a0<em>got<\/em>\u00a0decorations.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>Her<\/em>\u00a0is an indirect\u00a0object; <i>card<\/i>\u00a0is a direct object.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Harrison <em>sent<\/em> the card to her.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Phrases and Clauses<\/h2>\r\nPhrases and clauses are groups of words that act as a unit and perform a single function within a sentence. A phrase may have a partial subject or verb but not both; a dependent clause has both a subject and a verb (but is not a complete sentence). Here are a few examples (not all phrases are highlighted because some are embedded in others):\r\n<table>\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th>Phrases<\/th>\r\n<th>Clauses<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Electricity has to do <strong>with those physical phenomena<\/strong> involving electrical charges and their effects when <strong>in motion<\/strong> and when <strong>at rest<\/strong>.(<em>involving electrical charges and their effects<\/em> is also a phrase.)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Electricity manifests itself as a force of attraction, independent of gravitational and short-range nuclear attraction, <strong>when two oppositely charged bodies are brought close to one another<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>In 1833<\/strong>, Faraday's experimentation\u00a0<strong>with electrolysis<\/strong> indicated a natural unit <strong>of electrical charge<\/strong>, thus\u00a0<strong>pointing to a discrete rather than continuous charge<\/strong>.\u00a0(<em>to a discrete rather than continuous charge<\/em> is also a phrase.)<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Since the frequency is the speed of sound divided by the wavelength<\/strong>, a shorter wavelength means a higher wavelength.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">The symbol that denotes a connection <strong>to the grounding conductor<\/strong> is three parallel horizontal lines, each of the lower ones <strong>being shorter than the one above it<\/strong>.<\/td>\r\n<td valign=\"top\">Nuclear units planned or in construction have a total capacity of 186,998 KW, <strong>which, if current plans hold, will bring nuclear capacity to about 22% of all electrical capacity by 1995<\/strong>.\u00a0(<em>if current plans hold<\/em> is a clause within a clause)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nThere are two types of clauses: dependent and independent. A dependent clauses is dependent on something else: it cannot stand on its own. An independent clause, on the other hand, is free to stand by itself.\r\n\r\nSo how can you tell if a clause is dependent or independent?\u00a0Let's take a look at two the clauses from the table above:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>when two oppositely charged bodies are brought close to one another<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Since the frequency is the speed of sound divided by the wavelength<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThese are both dependent clauses. As we learned in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/chapter\/text-conjunctions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Conjunctions<\/a>, any clause with a subordinating conjunction is a dependent clause.\u00a0For example \"I was a little girl in 1995\" is an independent clause, but \"Because I was a little girl in 1995\" is a dependent clause. Subordinating conjunctions\u00a0include the following:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>after<\/td>\r\n<td>although<\/td>\r\n<td>as<\/td>\r\n<td>as far as<\/td>\r\n<td>as if<\/td>\r\n<td>as long as<\/td>\r\n<td>as soon as<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as though<\/td>\r\n<td>because<\/td>\r\n<td>before<\/td>\r\n<td>even if<\/td>\r\n<td>even though<\/td>\r\n<td>every time<\/td>\r\n<td>if<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>in order that<\/td>\r\n<td>since<\/td>\r\n<td>so<\/td>\r\n<td>so that<\/td>\r\n<td>than<\/td>\r\n<td>though<\/td>\r\n<td>unless<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>until<\/td>\r\n<td>when<\/td>\r\n<td>whenever<\/td>\r\n<td>where<\/td>\r\n<td>whereas<\/td>\r\n<td>wherever<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0while<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nLet's look at the other clause from our examples:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>which, if current plans hold, will bring nuclear capacity to about 22% of all electrical capacity by 1995<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nThis clause starts with the relative pronoun\u00a0<em>which\u00a0<\/em>(see <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/chapter\/text-pronouns\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Pronouns<\/a> for more information on these). Any clause prefaced with a relative pronoun becomes a dependent clause.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\r\nIn each of the following sentences, identify their phrases, dependent clauses,\u00a0and\u00a0independent clauses:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Because Dante won the\u00a0steamboat competition, he let Maxwell win the rowing\u00a0race.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>That truck with the missing tires\u00a0looks really\u00a0old.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Why can't I read <em>The Martian<\/em>?<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Swimming across the English Channel in nearly twenty-three hours,\u00a0La\u00eds set a new personal record.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Whenever I see Alice and Armando's Instagram account,\u00a0<em>The Two of Us<\/em>, I'm overwhelmed with feelings.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[practice-area rows=\"4\"][\/practice-area]\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"674149\"]Show Answer[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"674149\"]\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is made up of a dependent clause and an independent clause. There are two\u00a0phrases within the sentence.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"Because Dante won the steamboat competition\"\u00a0is a dependent clause; the conjunction\u00a0<em>because<\/em>\u00a0turns an independent clause into a dependent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"He let Maxwell win the rowing race\" is an independent clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Here are the phrases:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"the steamboat competition\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"win the rowing race\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is made up of a single\u00a0independent clause. \"That truck with the missing tires\" is a phrase.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is made up of a single independent clause.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is made up of a phrase and an independent clause:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"Swimming across the English Channel in nearly twenty-three hours\"\u00a0is a phrase; there is only a subject, not a verb. (Remember, <em>swimming<\/em> in this phrase is a gerund, which acts as a noun, not a verb!)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"La\u00eds set a new personal record\" is an independent clause.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This sentence is made up of a dependent clause and an independent clause. There are also three\u00a0phrases within the sentence.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"Whenever I see Alice and Armando's Instagram account, <em>The Two of Us<\/em>\" is a dependent clause; the conjunction <em>whenever<\/em>\u00a0turns an independent clause into a dependent.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"I'm overwhelmed with feelings\" is an independent clause<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Here are the phrases:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\"Alice and Armando's Instagram account, <em>The Two of Us<\/em>\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"<em>The Two of Us<\/em>\"<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\"overwhelmed with feelings\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<blockquote><p>I like the construction of sentences and the juxtaposition of words\u2014not just how they sound or what they mean, but even what they look like.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2014author Don DeLillo<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>Subject and Predicate<\/h2>\n<p>Every sentence has\u00a0a subject and a predicate.\u00a0The subject of a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or phrase or clause the sentence is about:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Einstein&#8217;s general <strong>theory<\/strong> of relativity has been subjected to many tests of validity over the years.<\/li>\n<li>Although a majority of caffeine drinkers think of it as a stimulant, heavy <strong>users<\/strong> of caffeine say the substance relaxes them.\n<ul>\n<li>Notice that the introductory phrase, &#8220;Although a majority of caffeine drinkers think of it as a stimulant,&#8221; is not a part of the subject or the predicate.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>In a secure landfill, the <strong>soil<\/strong> on top and the <strong>cover<\/strong> block storm water intrusion into the landfill.\u00a0<em>(compound subject)<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>There are two subjects in this sentence: <em>soil<\/em> and <em>cover<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Surrounding the secure landfill on all sides are impermeable barrier <strong>walls<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>(inverted sentence pattern)<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>In an inverted sentence, the predicate comes before the subject. You won&#8217;t run into this sentence structure very often as it is pretty rare.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The predicate is the rest of the sentence after the subject:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The pressure in a pressured water reactor <strong>varies from system to system.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>In contrast, a boiling water reactor <strong>operates at constant pressure.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The pressure <strong>is maintained at about 2250 pounds per square inch<\/strong><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>then<strong> lowered to form steam at about 600 pounds per square inch.<\/strong> <em>(compound predicate)<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>There are two predicates in this sentence: &#8220;is maintained at about 2250 pounds per square inch&#8221; and &#8220;lowered to form steam at about 600 pounds per square inch&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the subject and predicate of each sentence:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Daniel and I are going to go to Hawaii for three weeks.<\/li>\n<li>Raquel will\u00a0watch the dogs while we&#8217;re on vacation.<\/li>\n<li>She\u00a0will feed the dogs and will make sure they get enough exercise.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q510252\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q510252\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>&#8220;Daniel and I&#8221; is the subject. The rest of the sentence, &#8220;are going to go to Hawaii for three weeks,&#8221; is the predicate.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;Raquel&#8221; is the subject. The rest of the sentence, &#8220;will\u00a0watch the dogs while we&#8217;re on vacation,&#8221; is the predicate.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;She&#8221; is the subject. The rest of the sentence, &#8220;will feed the dogs and will make sure they get enough exercise,&#8221; is the predicate. This\u00a0is a compound predicate: it has two different actions in it.\n<ul>\n<li>will feed the dogs<\/li>\n<li>will make sure they get enough exercise<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>A predicate\u00a0can include the verb, a direct object, and an indirect object.<\/p>\n<h2>Direct Object<\/h2>\n<p>A direct object\u2014a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun\u2014takes the action of the main verb. A direct object can be identified by putting <em>what?<\/em>, <em>which?<\/em>, or <em>whom?<\/em> in its place.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The housing assembly of a mechanical pencil contains the mechanical <strong>workings<\/strong> of the pencil.<\/li>\n<li>Lavoisier used curved glass <strong>discs<\/strong> fastened together at their rims, with wine filling the space between, to focus the sun&#8217;s rays to attain temperatures of 3000\u00b0 F.<\/li>\n<li>The dust and smoke lofted into the air by nuclear explosions might cool the earth&#8217;s <strong>atmosphere<\/strong> some number of degrees.<\/li>\n<li>A 20 percent fluctuation in average global temperature could reduce biological <strong>activity<\/strong>, shift weather <strong>patterns<\/strong>, and ruin <strong>agriculture<\/strong>.\u00a0<em>(compound direct object)<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>In this compound, each direct object has a different verb:\u00a0<em>reduce activity<\/em>,\u00a0<em>shift patterns<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>ruin agriculture<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>On Mariners 6 and 7, the two-axis scan platforms provided much more <strong>capability<\/strong> and <strong>flexibility<\/strong> for the scientific payload than those of Mariner 4.\u00a0<em>(compound direct object)<\/em>\n<ul>\n<li>In this compound, the objects (<em>capability<\/em> and\u00a0<em>flexibility<\/em>) are objects of the same verb:\u00a0<em>provided<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Indirect Object<\/h2>\n<p>An indirect object\u2014a noun, pronoun, phrase, or clause acting as a noun\u2014receives the action expressed in the sentence. It can be identified by inserting <em>to<\/em> or <em>for<\/em>.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The company is designing\u00a0senior <strong>citizens<\/strong> a new walkway to the park area.\n<ul>\n<li>The company is not designing new models of senior citizens; they are designing a new walkway\u00a0<em>for<\/em> senior citizens. Thus, senior citizens is the indirect object of this sentence.<\/li>\n<li><em>Walkway<\/em>\u00a0is the direct object of this sentence, since it is the thing being designed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Please\u00a0send\u00a0the personnel <strong>office<\/strong> a resume so we can further review your candidacy.\n<ul>\n<li>You are not being asked to send the office somewhere; you&#8217;re being asked to send a resume\u00a0<em>to<\/em> the office. Thus, the personnel office is the indirect object of this sentence.<\/li>\n<li><em>Resume<\/em>\u00a0is the direct object of this sentence, since it is the thing you should send.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>Identify the objects in the following sentences. Are they direct or indirect objects?<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>We all got together to throw Caitlin\u00a0a surprise birthday party.<\/li>\n<li>Francisco got the\u00a0decorations.<\/li>\n<li>Harrison sent\u00a0her\u00a0a card.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q963665\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q963665\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li><em>Caitlin<\/em> is an indirect object;\u00a0<em>party<\/em> is a direct object.\n<ul>\n<li>We&#8217;re\u00a0<em>throwing<\/em> a party for Caitlin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>Decorations <\/em>is a direct object.\n<ul>\n<li>He\u00a0<em>got<\/em>\u00a0decorations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>Her<\/em>\u00a0is an indirect\u00a0object; <i>card<\/i>\u00a0is a direct object.\n<ul>\n<li>Harrison <em>sent<\/em> the card to her.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Phrases and Clauses<\/h2>\n<p>Phrases and clauses are groups of words that act as a unit and perform a single function within a sentence. A phrase may have a partial subject or verb but not both; a dependent clause has both a subject and a verb (but is not a complete sentence). Here are a few examples (not all phrases are highlighted because some are embedded in others):<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Phrases<\/th>\n<th>Clauses<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">Electricity has to do <strong>with those physical phenomena<\/strong> involving electrical charges and their effects when <strong>in motion<\/strong> and when <strong>at rest<\/strong>.(<em>involving electrical charges and their effects<\/em> is also a phrase.)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Electricity manifests itself as a force of attraction, independent of gravitational and short-range nuclear attraction, <strong>when two oppositely charged bodies are brought close to one another<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>In 1833<\/strong>, Faraday&#8217;s experimentation\u00a0<strong>with electrolysis<\/strong> indicated a natural unit <strong>of electrical charge<\/strong>, thus\u00a0<strong>pointing to a discrete rather than continuous charge<\/strong>.\u00a0(<em>to a discrete rather than continuous charge<\/em> is also a phrase.)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\"><strong>Since the frequency is the speed of sound divided by the wavelength<\/strong>, a shorter wavelength means a higher wavelength.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\">The symbol that denotes a connection <strong>to the grounding conductor<\/strong> is three parallel horizontal lines, each of the lower ones <strong>being shorter than the one above it<\/strong>.<\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\">Nuclear units planned or in construction have a total capacity of 186,998 KW, <strong>which, if current plans hold, will bring nuclear capacity to about 22% of all electrical capacity by 1995<\/strong>.\u00a0(<em>if current plans hold<\/em> is a clause within a clause)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>There are two types of clauses: dependent and independent. A dependent clauses is dependent on something else: it cannot stand on its own. An independent clause, on the other hand, is free to stand by itself.<\/p>\n<p>So how can you tell if a clause is dependent or independent?\u00a0Let&#8217;s take a look at two the clauses from the table above:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>when two oppositely charged bodies are brought close to one another<\/li>\n<li>Since the frequency is the speed of sound divided by the wavelength<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These are both dependent clauses. As we learned in <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/chapter\/text-conjunctions\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Conjunctions<\/a>, any clause with a subordinating conjunction is a dependent clause.\u00a0For example &#8220;I was a little girl in 1995&#8221; is an independent clause, but &#8220;Because I was a little girl in 1995&#8221; is a dependent clause. Subordinating conjunctions\u00a0include the following:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>after<\/td>\n<td>although<\/td>\n<td>as<\/td>\n<td>as far as<\/td>\n<td>as if<\/td>\n<td>as long as<\/td>\n<td>as soon as<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as though<\/td>\n<td>because<\/td>\n<td>before<\/td>\n<td>even if<\/td>\n<td>even though<\/td>\n<td>every time<\/td>\n<td>if<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>in order that<\/td>\n<td>since<\/td>\n<td>so<\/td>\n<td>so that<\/td>\n<td>than<\/td>\n<td>though<\/td>\n<td>unless<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>until<\/td>\n<td>when<\/td>\n<td>whenever<\/td>\n<td>where<\/td>\n<td>whereas<\/td>\n<td>wherever<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0while<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look at the other clause from our examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>which, if current plans hold, will bring nuclear capacity to about 22% of all electrical capacity by 1995<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>This clause starts with the relative pronoun\u00a0<em>which\u00a0<\/em>(see <a href=\"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/waymaker-level2-english\/chapter\/text-pronouns\/\" target=\"_blank\">Text: Pronouns<\/a> for more information on these). Any clause prefaced with a relative pronoun becomes a dependent clause.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Practice<\/h3>\n<p>In each of the following sentences, identify their phrases, dependent clauses,\u00a0and\u00a0independent clauses:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Because Dante won the\u00a0steamboat competition, he let Maxwell win the rowing\u00a0race.<\/li>\n<li>That truck with the missing tires\u00a0looks really\u00a0old.<\/li>\n<li>Why can&#8217;t I read <em>The Martian<\/em>?<\/li>\n<li>Swimming across the English Channel in nearly twenty-three hours,\u00a0La\u00eds set a new personal record.<\/li>\n<li>Whenever I see Alice and Armando&#8217;s Instagram account,\u00a0<em>The Two of Us<\/em>, I&#8217;m overwhelmed with feelings.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><textarea aria-label=\"Your Answer\" rows=\"4\"><\/textarea><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q674149\">Show Answer<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q674149\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">\n<ol>\n<li>This sentence is made up of a dependent clause and an independent clause. There are two\u00a0phrases within the sentence.\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Because Dante won the steamboat competition&#8221;\u00a0is a dependent clause; the conjunction\u00a0<em>because<\/em>\u00a0turns an independent clause into a dependent.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;He let Maxwell win the rowing race&#8221; is an independent clause.<\/li>\n<li>Here are the phrases:\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;the steamboat competition&#8221;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;win the rowing race&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>This sentence is made up of a single\u00a0independent clause. &#8220;That truck with the missing tires&#8221; is a phrase.<\/li>\n<li>This sentence is made up of a single independent clause.<\/li>\n<li>This sentence is made up of a phrase and an independent clause:\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Swimming across the English Channel in nearly twenty-three hours&#8221;\u00a0is a phrase; there is only a subject, not a verb. (Remember, <em>swimming<\/em> in this phrase is a gerund, which acts as a noun, not a verb!)<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;La\u00eds set a new personal record&#8221; is an independent clause.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>This sentence is made up of a dependent clause and an independent clause. There are also three\u00a0phrases within the sentence.\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Whenever I see Alice and Armando&#8217;s Instagram account, <em>The Two of Us<\/em>&#8221; is a dependent clause; the conjunction <em>whenever<\/em>\u00a0turns an independent clause into a dependent.<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;I&#8217;m overwhelmed with feelings&#8221; is an independent clause<\/li>\n<li>Here are the phrases:\n<ul>\n<li>&#8220;Alice and Armando&#8217;s Instagram account, <em>The Two of Us<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;<em>The Two of Us<\/em>&#8220;<\/li>\n<li>&#8220;overwhelmed with feelings&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-346\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Text: Parts of a Sentence. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":17,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Text: Parts of a Sentence\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence\",\"author\":\"David McMurrey\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-346","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":2020,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/346","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/346\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2129,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/346\/revisions\/2129"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/2020"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/346\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=346"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=346"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=346"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-ccny-introtocollegecomp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=346"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}