{"id":1717,"date":"2014-10-21T04:11:20","date_gmt":"2014-10-21T04:11:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/apvccs\/?post_type=chapter&p=1717"},"modified":"2017-02-16T22:10:14","modified_gmt":"2017-02-16T22:10:14","slug":"glossary-module-2","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/cuny-csi-ap1\/chapter\/glossary-module-2\/","title":{"raw":"Glossary: The Chemical Level of Organization","rendered":"Glossary: The Chemical Level of Organization"},"content":{"raw":"acid:<\/strong> compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+<\/sup>) in solution\r\n\r\nactivation energy:<\/strong> amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed\r\n\r\nadenosine triphosphate (ATP):<\/strong> nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer\r\n\r\namino acid:<\/strong> building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain\r\n\r\nanion:<\/strong> atom with a negative charge\r\n\r\natom:<\/strong> smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element\r\n\r\natomic number:<\/strong> number of protons in the nucleus of an atom\r\n\r\nbase:<\/strong> compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+<\/sup>) in solution\r\n\r\nbond:<\/strong> electrical force linking atoms\r\n\r\nbuffer:<\/strong> solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids\r\n\r\ncarbohydrate:<\/strong> class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio\r\n\r\ncatalyst:<\/strong> substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process\r\n\r\ncation:<\/strong> atom with a positive charge\r\n\r\nchemical energy:<\/strong> form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken\r\n\r\ncolloid:<\/strong> liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light\r\n\r\ncompound:<\/strong> substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds\r\n\r\nconcentration:<\/strong> number of particles within a given space\r\n\r\ncovalent bond:<\/strong> chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells\r\n\r\ndecomposition reaction:<\/strong> type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms\r\n\r\ndenaturation:<\/strong> change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means\r\n\r\ndeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):<\/strong> deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information\r\n\r\ndisaccharide:<\/strong> pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond\r\n\r\ndisulfide bond:<\/strong> covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine\r\n\r\nelectron shell:<\/strong> area of space a given distance from an atom\u2019s nucleus in which electrons are grouped\r\n\r\nelectron:<\/strong> subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom\u2019s nucleus\r\n\r\nelement:<\/strong> substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means\r\n\r\nenzyme:<\/strong> protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions\r\n\r\nexchange reaction:<\/strong> type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components\r\n\r\nfunctional group:<\/strong> group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms\r\n\r\nhydrogen bond:<\/strong> dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom\r\n\r\ninorganic compound:<\/strong> substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen\r\n\r\nionic bond:<\/strong> attraction between an anion and a cation\r\n\r\nion:<\/strong> atom with an overall positive or negative charge\r\n\r\nisotope:<\/strong> one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other\r\n\r\nkinetic energy:<\/strong> energy that matter possesses because of its motion\r\n\r\nlipid:<\/strong> class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water\r\n\r\nmacromolecule:<\/strong> large molecule formed by covalent bonding\r\n\r\nmass number:<\/strong> sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom\r\n\r\nmatter:<\/strong> physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass\r\n\r\nmolecule:<\/strong> two or more atoms covalently bonded together\r\n\r\nmonosaccharide:<\/strong> monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar\r\n\r\nneutron:<\/strong> heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom\u2019s nucleus\r\n\r\nnucleotide:<\/strong> class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base\r\n\r\norganic compound:<\/strong> substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen\r\n\r\npH:<\/strong> negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+<\/sup>) concentration of a solution\r\n\r\npeptide bond:<\/strong> covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids\r\n\r\nperiodic table of the elements:<\/strong> arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table\r\n\r\nphospholipid:<\/strong> a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride\r\n\r\nphosphorylation:<\/strong> addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound\r\n\r\npolar molecule:<\/strong> molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond\r\n\r\npolysaccharide:<\/strong> compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds\r\n\r\npotential energy:<\/strong> stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components\r\n\r\nproduct:<\/strong> one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction\r\n\r\nprostaglandin:<\/strong> lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes\r\n\r\nprotein:<\/strong> class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds\r\n\r\nproton:<\/strong> heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom\u2019s nucleus\r\n\r\npurine:<\/strong> nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine\r\n\r\npyrimidine:<\/strong> nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil\r\n\r\nradioactive isotope:<\/strong> unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes\r\n\r\nreactant:<\/strong> one or more substances that enter into the reaction\r\n\r\nribonucleic acid (RNA):<\/strong> ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein\r\n\r\nsolution:<\/strong> homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent\r\n\r\nsteroid:<\/strong> (also, sterol) lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules\r\n\r\nsubstrate:<\/strong> reactant in an enzymatic reaction\r\n\r\nsuspension:<\/strong> liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time\r\n\r\nsynthesis reaction:<\/strong> type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule\r\n\r\ntriglyceride:<\/strong> lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains\r\n\r\nvalence shell:<\/strong> outermost electron shell of an atom","rendered":"

acid:<\/strong> compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+<\/sup>) in solution<\/p>\n

activation energy:<\/strong> amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed<\/p>\n

adenosine triphosphate (ATP):<\/strong> nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer<\/p>\n

amino acid:<\/strong> building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain<\/p>\n

anion:<\/strong> atom with a negative charge<\/p>\n

atom:<\/strong> smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element<\/p>\n

atomic number:<\/strong> number of protons in the nucleus of an atom<\/p>\n

base:<\/strong> compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+<\/sup>) in solution<\/p>\n

bond:<\/strong> electrical force linking atoms<\/p>\n

buffer:<\/strong> solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids<\/p>\n

carbohydrate:<\/strong> class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio<\/p>\n

catalyst:<\/strong> substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process<\/p>\n

cation:<\/strong> atom with a positive charge<\/p>\n

chemical energy:<\/strong> form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, and released as they are broken<\/p>\n

colloid:<\/strong> liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light<\/p>\n

compound:<\/strong> substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds<\/p>\n

concentration:<\/strong> number of particles within a given space<\/p>\n

covalent bond:<\/strong> chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells<\/p>\n

decomposition reaction:<\/strong> type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms<\/p>\n

denaturation:<\/strong> change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means<\/p>\n

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA):<\/strong> deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information<\/p>\n

disaccharide:<\/strong> pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond<\/p>\n

disulfide bond:<\/strong> covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine<\/p>\n

electron shell:<\/strong> area of space a given distance from an atom\u2019s nucleus in which electrons are grouped<\/p>\n

electron:<\/strong> subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom\u2019s nucleus<\/p>\n

element:<\/strong> substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means<\/p>\n

enzyme:<\/strong> protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions<\/p>\n

exchange reaction:<\/strong> type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components<\/p>\n

functional group:<\/strong> group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms<\/p>\n

hydrogen bond:<\/strong> dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom<\/p>\n

inorganic compound:<\/strong> substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen<\/p>\n

ionic bond:<\/strong> attraction between an anion and a cation<\/p>\n

ion:<\/strong> atom with an overall positive or negative charge<\/p>\n

isotope:<\/strong> one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other<\/p>\n

kinetic energy:<\/strong> energy that matter possesses because of its motion<\/p>\n

lipid:<\/strong> class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water<\/p>\n

macromolecule:<\/strong> large molecule formed by covalent bonding<\/p>\n

mass number:<\/strong> sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom<\/p>\n

matter:<\/strong> physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass<\/p>\n

molecule:<\/strong> two or more atoms covalently bonded together<\/p>\n

monosaccharide:<\/strong> monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar<\/p>\n

neutron:<\/strong> heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom\u2019s nucleus<\/p>\n

nucleotide:<\/strong> class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base<\/p>\n

organic compound:<\/strong> substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen<\/p>\n

pH:<\/strong> negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+<\/sup>) concentration of a solution<\/p>\n

peptide bond:<\/strong> covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids<\/p>\n

periodic table of the elements:<\/strong> arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows in the table<\/p>\n

phospholipid:<\/strong> a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride<\/p>\n

phosphorylation:<\/strong> addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound<\/p>\n

polar molecule:<\/strong> molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond<\/p>\n

polysaccharide:<\/strong> compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds<\/p>\n

potential energy:<\/strong> stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components<\/p>\n

product:<\/strong> one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction<\/p>\n

prostaglandin:<\/strong> lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes<\/p>\n

protein:<\/strong> class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds<\/p>\n

proton:<\/strong> heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom\u2019s nucleus<\/p>\n

purine:<\/strong> nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine<\/p>\n

pyrimidine:<\/strong> nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil<\/p>\n

radioactive isotope:<\/strong> unstable, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes<\/p>\n

reactant:<\/strong> one or more substances that enter into the reaction<\/p>\n

ribonucleic acid (RNA):<\/strong> ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein<\/p>\n

solution:<\/strong> homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent<\/p>\n

steroid:<\/strong> (also, sterol) lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules<\/p>\n

substrate:<\/strong> reactant in an enzymatic reaction<\/p>\n

suspension:<\/strong> liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time<\/p>\n

synthesis reaction:<\/strong> type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule<\/p>\n

triglyceride:<\/strong> lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains<\/p>\n

valence shell:<\/strong> outermost electron shell of an atom<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t

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