Learning Objectives
- (0.2.1) – Real numbers and number line
- (0.2.2) – Sets of numbers as subsets
- (0.2.3) – Add and subtract real numbers
- Add real numbers with the same and different signs
- Subtract real numbers with the same and different signs
- (0.2.4) – Multiply and divide real numbers
- Multiply real numbers.
- Divide real numbers
- (0.2.5) – Use properties of real numbers
- Commutative properties
- Associative properties
- Distributive property
- Identity properties
- Inverse properties
(0.2.1) – Real numbers and the number line
Given any number n, we know that n is either rational or irrational. It cannot be both. The sets of rational and irrational numbers together make up the set of real numbers. As we saw with integers, the real numbers can be divided into three subsets: negative real numbers, zero, and positive real numbers. Each subset includes fractions, decimals, and irrational numbers according to their algebraic sign (+ or –). Zero is considered neither positive nor negative.
The real numbers can be visualized on a horizontal number line with an arbitrary point chosen as 0, with negative numbers to the left of 0 and positive numbers to the right of 0. A fixed unit distance is then used to mark off each integer (or other basic value) on either side of 0. Any real number corresponds to a unique position on the number line.The converse is also true: Each location on the number line corresponds to exactly one real number. This is known as a one-to-one correspondence. We refer to this as the real number line.
The real number line
Example: Classifying Real Numbers
Classify each number as either positive or negative and as either rational or irrational. Does the number lie to the left or the right of 0 on the number line?
- [latex]-\frac{10}{3}[/latex]
- [latex]-6\pi[/latex]
- [latex]0.616161\dots[/latex]
- [latex] 0.13 [/latex]
Try It
Classify each number as either positive or negative and as either rational or irrational. Does the number lie to the left or the right of 0 on the number line?
- [latex]2\pi[/latex]
- [latex]-11.411411411\dots [/latex]
- [latex]\frac{47}{19}[/latex]
- [latex]6.210735[/latex]
(0.2.2) – Sets of Numbers as Subsets
Beginning with the natural numbers, we have expanded each set to form a larger set, meaning that there is a subset relationship between the sets of numbers we have encountered so far. These relationships become more obvious when seen as a diagram.
Sets of numbers. N: the set of natural numbers W: the set of whole numbers I: the set of integers Q: the set of rational numbers Q´: the set of irrational numbers
A General Note: Sets of Numbers
The set of natural numbers includes the numbers used for counting: [latex]\{1,2,3,\dots\}[/latex].
The set of whole numbers is the set of natural numbers plus zero: [latex]\{0,1,2,3,\dots\}[/latex].
The set of integers adds the negative natural numbers to the set of whole numbers: [latex]\{\dots,-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,\dots\}[/latex].
The set of rational numbers includes fractions written as [latex]\{\frac{m}{n}|m\text{ and }n\text{ are integers and }n\ne 0\}[/latex].
The set of irrational numbers is the set of numbers that are not rational, are nonrepeating, and are nonterminating: [latex]\{h|h\text{ is not a rational number}\}[/latex].
The ability to work comfortably with negative numbers is essential to success in algebra. For this reason we will do a quick review of adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing integers. Integers are all the positive whole numbers, zero, and their opposites (negatives). As this is intended to be a review of integers, the descriptions and examples will not be as detailed as a normal lesson.
(0.2.3) – Adding and Subtracting Real Numbers
When adding integers we have two cases to consider. The first case is whether the signs match (both positive or both negative). If the signs match, we will add the numbers together and keep the sign.
If the signs don’t match (one positive and one negative number) we will subtract the numbers (as if they were all positive) and then use the sign from the larger number. This means if the larger number is positive, the answer is positive. If the larger number is negative, the answer is negative.
To add two numbers with the same sign (both positive or both negative)
- Add their absolute values (without the [latex]+[/latex] or [latex]-[/latex] sign)
- Give the sum the same sign.
To add two numbers with different signs (one positive and one negative)
- Find the difference of their absolute values. (Note that when you find the difference of the absolute values, you always subtract the lesser absolute value from the greater one.)
- Give the sum the same sign as the number with the greater absolute value.
Example
Find [latex]23–73[/latex].
Another way to think about subtracting is to think about the distance between the two numbers on the number line. In the example below, [latex]382[/latex] is to the right of 0 by [latex]382[/latex] units, and [latex]−93[/latex] is to the left of 0 by 93 units. The distance between them is the sum of their distances to 0: [latex]382+93[/latex].
Example
Find [latex]382–\left(−93\right)[/latex].
The following video explains how to subtract two signed integers.
Example
Find [latex]-\frac{3}{7}-\frac{6}{7}+\frac{2}{7}[/latex]
In the following video you will see an example of how to add three fractions with a common denominator that have different signs.
Example
Evaluate [latex]27.832+(−3.06)[/latex]. When you add decimals, remember to line up the decimal points so you are adding tenths to tenths, hundredths to hundredths, and so on.
In the following video are examples of adding and subtracting decimals with different signs.
(0.2.4) – Multiply and Divide Real Numbers
Multiplication and division are inverse operations, just as addition and subtraction are. You may recall that when you divide fractions, you multiply by the reciprocal. Inverse operations “undo” each other.
Multiply Real Numbers
Multiplying real numbers is not that different from multiplying whole numbers and positive fractions. However, you haven’t learned what effect a negative sign has on the product.
With whole numbers, you can think of multiplication as repeated addition. Using the number line, you can make multiple jumps of a given size. For example, the following picture shows the product [latex]3\cdot4[/latex] as 3 jumps of 4 units each.
So to multiply [latex]3(−4)[/latex], you can face left (toward the negative side) and make three “jumps” forward (in a negative direction).
The product of a positive number and a negative number (or a negative and a positive) is negative.
The Product of a Positive Number and a Negative Number
To multiply a positive number and a negative number, multiply their absolute values. The product is negative.
Example
Find [latex]−3.8(0.6)[/latex].
The following video contains examples of how to multiply decimal numbers with different signs.
The Product of Two Numbers with the Same Sign (both positive or both negative)
To multiply two positive numbers, multiply their absolute values. The product is positive.
To multiply two negative numbers, multiply their absolute values. The product is positive.
Example
Find [latex] ~\left( -\frac{3}{4} \right)\left( -\frac{2}{5} \right)[/latex]
The following video shows examples of multiplying two signed fractions, including simplification of the answer.
To summarize:
- positive [latex]\cdot[/latex] positive: The product is positive.
- negative [latex]\cdot[/latex] negative: The product is positive.
- negative [latex]\cdot[/latex] positive: The product is negative.
- positive [latex]\cdot[/latex] negative: The product is negative.
You can see that the product of two negative numbers is a positive number. So, if you are multiplying more than two numbers, you can count the number of negative factors.
Multiplying More Than Two Negative Numbers
If there are an even number (0, 2, 4, …) of negative factors to multiply, the product is positive.
If there are an odd number (1, 3, 5, …) of negative factors, the product is negative.
Example
Find [latex]3(−6)(2)(−3)(−1)[/latex].
The following video contains examples of multiplying more than two signed integers.
Divide Real Numbers
You may remember that when you divided fractions, you multiplied by the reciprocal. Reciprocal is another name for the multiplicative inverse (just as opposite is another name for additive inverse).
An easy way to find the multiplicative inverse is to just “flip” the numerator and denominator as you did to find the reciprocal. Here are some examples:
- The reciprocal of [latex]\frac{4}{9}[/latex] is [latex] \frac{9}{4}[/latex]because [latex]\frac{4}{9}\left(\frac{9}{4}\right)=\frac{36}{36}=1[/latex].
- The reciprocal of 3 is [latex]\frac{1}{3}[/latex] because [latex]\frac{3}{1}\left(\frac{1}{3}\right)=\frac{3}{3}=1[/latex].
- The reciprocal of [latex]-\frac{5}{6}[/latex] is [latex]\frac{-6}{5}[/latex] because [latex]-\frac{5}{6}\left( -\frac{6}{5} \right)=\frac{30}{30}=1[/latex].
- The reciprocal of 1 is 1 as [latex]1(1)=1[/latex].
When you divided by positive fractions, you learned to multiply by the reciprocal. You also do this to divide real numbers.
Think about dividing a bag of 26 marbles into two smaller bags with the same number of marbles in each. You can also say each smaller bag has one half of the marbles.
[latex] 26\div 2=26\left( \frac{1}{2} \right)=13[/latex]
Notice that 2 and [latex] \frac{1}{2}[/latex] are reciprocals.
Try again, dividing a bag of 36 marbles into smaller bags.
| Number of bags | Dividing by number of bags | Multiplying by reciprocal |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | [latex]\frac{36}{3}=12[/latex] | [latex] 36\left( \frac{1}{3} \right)=\frac{36}{3}=\frac{12(3)}{3}=12[/latex] |
| 4 | [latex]\frac{36}{4}=9[/latex] | [latex]36\left(\frac{1}{4}\right)=\frac{36}{4}=\frac{9\left(4\right)}{4}=9[/latex] |
| 6 | [latex]\frac{36}{6}=6[/latex] | [latex]36\left(\frac{1}{6}\right)=\frac{36}{6}=\frac{6\left(6\right)}{6}=6[/latex] |
Dividing by a number is the same as multiplying by its reciprocal. (That is, you use the reciprocal of the divisor, the second number in the division problem.)
Example
Find [latex] 28\div \frac{4}{3}[/latex]
Now let’s see what this means when one or more of the numbers is negative. A number and its reciprocal have the same sign. Since division is rewritten as multiplication using the reciprocal of the divisor, and taking the reciprocal doesn’t change any of the signs, division follows the same rules as multiplication.
Rules of Division
When dividing, rewrite the problem as multiplication using the reciprocal of the divisor as the second factor.
When one number is positive and the other is negative, the quotient is negative.
When both numbers are negative, the quotient is positive.
When both numbers are positive, the quotient is positive.
Example
Find [latex]24\div\left(-\frac{5}{6}\right)[/latex].
Example
Find [latex] 4\,\left( -\frac{2}{3} \right)\,\div \left( -6 \right)[/latex]
The following video explains how to divide signed fractions.
Remember that a fraction bar also indicates division, so a negative sign in front of a fraction goes with the numerator, the denominator, or the whole fraction: [latex]-\frac{3}{4}=\frac{-3}{4}=\frac{3}{-4}[/latex].
In each case, the overall fraction is negative because there’s only one negative in the division.
(0.2.5) – Use Properties of Real Numbers
For some activities we perform, the order of certain operations does not matter, but the order of other operations does. For example, it does not make a difference if we put on the right shoe before the left or vice-versa. However, it does matter whether we put on shoes or socks first. The same thing is true for operations in mathematics.
Commutative Properties
The commutative property of addition states that numbers may be added in any order without affecting the sum.
We can better see this relationship when using real numbers.
Similarly, the commutative property of multiplication states that numbers may be multiplied in any order without affecting the product.
Again, consider an example with real numbers.
It is important to note that neither subtraction nor division is commutative. For example, [latex]17 - 5[/latex] is not the same as [latex]5 - 17[/latex]. Similarly, [latex]20\div 5\ne 5\div 20[/latex].
Associative Properties
The associative property of multiplication tells us that it does not matter how we group numbers when multiplying. We can move the grouping symbols to make the calculation easier, and the product remains the same.
Consider this example.
The associative property of addition tells us that numbers may be grouped differently without affecting the sum.
This property can be especially helpful when dealing with negative integers. Consider this example.
Are subtraction and division associative? Review these examples.
As we can see, neither subtraction nor division is associative.
Distributive Property
The distributive property states that the product of a factor times a sum is the sum of the factor times each term in the sum.
This property combines both addition and multiplication (and is the only property to do so). Let us consider an example.
Note that 4 is outside the grouping symbols, so we distribute the 4 by multiplying it by 12, multiplying it by –7, and adding the products.
To be more precise when describing this property, we say that multiplication distributes over addition. The reverse is not true, as we can see in this example.
Multiplication does not distribute over subtraction, and division distributes over neither addition nor subtraction.
A special case of the distributive property occurs when a sum of terms is subtracted.
For example, consider the difference [latex]12-\left(5+3\right)[/latex]. We can rewrite the difference of the two terms 12 and [latex]\left(5+3\right)[/latex] by turning the subtraction expression into addition of the opposite. So instead of subtracting [latex]\left(5+3\right)[/latex], we add the opposite.
Now, distribute [latex]-1[/latex] and simplify the result.
This seems like a lot of trouble for a simple sum, but it illustrates a powerful result that will be useful once we introduce algebraic terms. To subtract a sum of terms, change the sign of each term and add the results. With this in mind, we can rewrite the last example.
Identity Properties
The identity property of addition states that there is a unique number, called the additive identity (0) that, when added to a number, results in the original number.
The identity property of multiplication states that there is a unique number, called the multiplicative identity (1) that, when multiplied by a number, results in the original number.
For example, we have [latex]\left(-6\right)+0=-6[/latex] and [latex]23\cdot 1=23[/latex]. There are no exceptions for these properties; they work for every real number, including 0 and 1.
Inverse Properties
The inverse property of addition states that, for every real number a, there is a unique number, called the additive inverse (or opposite), denoted−a, that, when added to the original number, results in the additive identity, 0.
For example, if [latex]a=-8[/latex], the additive inverse is 8, since [latex]\left(-8\right)+8=0[/latex].
The inverse property of multiplication holds for all real numbers except 0 because the reciprocal of 0 is not defined. The property states that, for every real number a, there is a unique number, called the multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal), denoted [latex]\frac{1}{a}[/latex], that, when multiplied by the original number, results in the multiplicative identity, 1.
For example, if [latex]a=-\frac{2}{3}[/latex], the reciprocal, denoted [latex]\frac{1}{a}[/latex], is [latex]-\frac{3}{2}[/latex] because
A General Note: Properties of Real Numbers
The following properties hold for real numbers a, b, and c.
| Addition | Multiplication | |
|---|---|---|
| Commutative Property | [latex]a+b=b+a[/latex] | [latex]a\cdot b=b\cdot a[/latex] |
| Associative Property | [latex]a+\left(b+c\right)=\left(a+b\right)+c[/latex] | [latex]a\left(bc\right)=\left(ab\right)c[/latex] |
| Distributive Property | [latex]a\cdot \left(b+c\right)=a\cdot b+a\cdot c[/latex] | |
| Identity Property | There exists a unique real number called the additive identity, 0, such that, for any real number a
[latex]a+0=a[/latex]
|
There exists a unique real number called the multiplicative identity, 1, such that, for any real number a
[latex]a\cdot 1=a[/latex]
|
| Inverse Property | Every real number a has an additive inverse, or opposite, denoted –a, such that
[latex]a+\left(-a\right)=0[/latex]
|
Every nonzero real number a has a multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal, denoted [latex]\frac{1}{a}[/latex], such that
[latex]a\cdot \left(\frac{1}{a}\right)=1[/latex]
|
Example: Using Properties of Real Numbers
Use the properties of real numbers to rewrite and simplify each expression. State which properties apply.
- [latex]3\cdot 6+3\cdot 4[/latex]
- [latex]\left(5+8\right)+\left(-8\right)[/latex]
- [latex]6-\left(15+9\right)[/latex]
- [latex]\frac{4}{7}\cdot \left(\frac{2}{3}\cdot \frac{7}{4}\right)[/latex]
- [latex]100\cdot \left[0.75+\left(-2.38\right)\right][/latex]
Try It
Use the properties of real numbers to rewrite and simplify each expression. State which properties apply.
- [latex]\left(-\frac{23}{5}\right)\cdot \left[11\cdot \left(-\frac{5}{23}\right)\right][/latex]
- [latex]5\cdot \left(6.2+0.4\right)[/latex]
- [latex]18-\left(7 - 15\right)[/latex]
- [latex]6\cdot \left(-3\right)+6\cdot 3[/latex]
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