{"id":1097,"date":"2015-07-10T22:39:01","date_gmt":"2015-07-10T22:39:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/earthscienceck12\/?post_type=chapter&p=1097"},"modified":"2015-07-10T22:48:55","modified_gmt":"2015-07-10T22:48:55","slug":"c","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/earthscienceck12\/chapter\/c\/","title":{"raw":"C","rendered":"C"},"content":{"raw":"\n
\n
\n C horizon\n <\/dt>\n
\n The lowest layer of soil; partially altered bedrock.\n <\/dd>\n
\n caldera\n <\/dt>\n
\n Circular-shaped hole into which a volcano collapses during an eruption.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cap-and-trade\n <\/dt>\n
\n A monetary system that encourages conservation and development of alternative energy sources. A cap is put on a nation's allowed carbon emissions and nations can trade for rights to emit carbon pollution.\n <\/dd>\n
\n capillary action\n <\/dt>\n
\n Water moves from wet to dry regions in soil.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbohydrate\n <\/dt>\n
\n Organic compound that supplies energy to the body; includes sugars, starches and cellulose.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbon sequestration\n <\/dt>\n
\n Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, so that it does not act as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbon sink\n <\/dt>\n
\n A reservoir for carbon that absorbs more carbon dioxide than it produces.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbon source\n <\/dt>\n
\n An area of an ecosystem that emits more carbon dioxide than it absorbs.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbon tax\n <\/dt>\n
\n A tax placed on energy sources that emit carbon to discourage their use and to raise funds to research alternative energy sources.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carnivore\n <\/dt>\n
\n Animals that only eat other animals for food.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carrying capacity\n <\/dt>\n
\n The number of individuals of a given species a particular environment can support.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cast\n <\/dt>\n
\n A mold filled with sediment and hardened to create a replica of the original fossil.\n <\/dd>\n
\n catadioptric telescope\n <\/dt>\n
\n Telescopes that use a combination of mirrors and lenses to focus light.\n <\/dd>\n
\n catalyst\n <\/dt>\n
\n A substance that increases (or decreases) the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction.\n <\/dd>\n
\n catalytic converter\n <\/dt>\n
\n Found on modern motor vehicles, these devices use a catalyst to break apart pollutants.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cementation\n <\/dt>\n
\n When fluids deposit ions to create a cement that hardens loose sediments.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chaparral\n <\/dt>\n
\n Scrubby woody plants and widely scattered trees typical of the Mediterranean climate.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical bond\n <\/dt>\n
\n The force that holds two atoms together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical compound\n <\/dt>\n
\n A substance in which the atoms of two or more elements bond together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical energy\n <\/dt>\n
\n Energy that is stored in the chemical bonds in molecules.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical sedimentary rocks\n <\/dt>\n
\n Rocks that form from the hardening of chemical precipitates.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical weathering\n <\/dt>\n
\n Weathering that changes the chemical composition of minerals that form at high temperatures and pressures to minerals that are stable at the Earth\u2019s surface.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemosynthesis\n <\/dt>\n
\n The breakdown of chemicals to produce food energy.\n <\/dd>\n
\n Chinook winds (Foehn winds)\n <\/dt>\n
\n Winds that form when low pressure draws air over a mountain range.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chromosphere\n <\/dt>\n
\n Thin layer of the Sun\u2019s atmosphere that lies directly above the photosphere; glows red.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cinder cone\n <\/dt>\n
\n A small volcano composed of small rock fragments piled on top of one another.\n <\/dd>\n
\n clastic\n <\/dt>\n
\n Fragments or clasts of preexisting rock; a sedimentary rock made of clasts.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cleavage\n <\/dt>\n
\n The tendency of a mineral to break along certain planes to make smooth surfaces.\n <\/dd>\n
\n climate\n <\/dt>\n
\n The long-term average of weather.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cloud\n <\/dt>\n
\n Tiny water or ice particles that are grouped together in the atmosphere.\n <\/dd>\n
\n coal\n <\/dt>\n
\n A solid fossil fuel from ancient dead organisms used for electricity.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cold front\n <\/dt>\n
\n A front in which a cold air mass pushes a warm air mass upward.\n <\/dd>\n
\n column\n <\/dt>\n
\n A cave deposit formed by the merging of a stalactite and a stalagmite.\n <\/dd>\n
\n comet\n <\/dt>\n
\n A small, icy, dusty object with a bright tail in orbit around the Sun.\n <\/dd>\n
\n commensalism\n <\/dt>\n
\n A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is not harmed.\n <\/dd>\n
\n community\n <\/dt>\n
\n All of the populations of organisms in an ecosystem.\n <\/dd>\n
\n compaction\n <\/dt>\n
\n When sediments are squeezed together by the weight of sediments and rocks on top of them.\n <\/dd>\n
\n compass\n <\/dt>\n
\n Hand-held device with a magnetic needle used to find magnetic north.\n <\/dd>\n
\n compass rose\n <\/dt>\n
\n Figure on a map or nautical chart for displaying locations of north, south, east, and west.\n <\/dd>\n
\n competence\n <\/dt>\n
\n A measure of the largest particle a stream can carry.\n <\/dd>\n
\n competition\n <\/dt>\n
\n A rivalry between two species, or individuals of the same species, for the same resources.\n <\/dd>\n
\n composite volcano\n <\/dt>\n
\n A large, steep-sided composed of alternating layers of ash and lava flows.\n <\/dd>\n
\n compression\n <\/dt>\n
\n Stresses that push toward each other, causing a decrease in the space a rock takes up.\n <\/dd>\n
\n conceptual model\n <\/dt>\n
\n An abstract, mental representation of an object or system.\n <\/dd>\n
\n condensation\n <\/dt>\n
\n The change in a substance from a gas to a liquid, releases energy.\n <\/dd>\n
\n conduction\n <\/dt>\n
\n The process in which energy moves from a location of higher temperature to a location of lower temperature as heat. The material does not move, just the heat.\n <\/dd>\n
\n confining stress\n <\/dt>\n
\n Stress from the weight of material above a buried object; reduces volume.\n <\/dd>\n
\n confluence\n <\/dt>\n
\n Where two streams join together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n conserve\n <\/dt>\n
\n To reduce the use of a natural resource so that it will last longer.\n <\/dd>\n
\n constellation\n <\/dt>\n
\n A group of stars that appear to form a pattern in the sky. Most often these stars are unrelated and are not near each other in space. Constellations are used to locate objects in space.\n <\/dd>\n
\n constructive forces\n <\/dt>\n
\n Forces that cause landforms to grow. Crustal deformation and volcanic eruptions are two examples.\n <\/dd>\n
\n consumer\n <\/dt>\n
\n An organism that uses other organisms for food energy.\n <\/dd>\n
\n consumptive water use\n <\/dt>\n
\n Water use in which the water is lost to the ecosystem.\n <\/dd>\n
\n contact metamorphism\n <\/dt>\n
\n Changes in a rock that result from temperature increases when a body of magma contacts a cooler existing rock.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continent\n <\/dt>\n
\n Land mass above sea level.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental arc\n <\/dt>\n
\n A line of volcanoes on a continent resulting from subduction beneath the continent.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental climate\n <\/dt>\n
\n A more variable climate dominated by a vast expanse of land.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental crust\n <\/dt>\n
\n The crust that makes up the continents; thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental divide\n <\/dt>\n
\n A divide that separates water that goes to different oceans.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental drift\n <\/dt>\n
\n The early 20th century hypothesis that the continents move about on Earth's surface.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental glacier\n <\/dt>\n
\n A sheet of ice covering a large area that is not confined to a valley.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental margin\n <\/dt>\n
\n Submerged, outer edge of the continent. It is the transition zone from land to deep sea where continental crust gives way to oceanic crust.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental rifting\n <\/dt>\n
\n A divergent plate boundary that breaks up a continent.\n <\/dd>\n
\n contour interval\n <\/dt>\n
\n The constant difference in elevation between two contour lines on a topographic map.\n <\/dd>\n
\n contour line\n <\/dt>\n
\n A line on a topographic map to show elevation.\n <\/dd>\n
\n control\n <\/dt>\n
\n Factors that are kept the same in an experiment so that only the independent variable is tested.\n <\/dd>\n
\n convection\n <\/dt>\n
\n The movement of material due to differences in temperature.\n <\/dd>\n
\n convection cell\n <\/dt>\n
\n A circular pattern of warm material rising and cool material sinking.\n <\/dd>\n
\n convection zone\n <\/dt>\n
\n Layer of the Sun that surrounds the radiative zone where energy moves as flowing cells of gas.\n <\/dd>\n
\n convergent plate boundary\n <\/dt>\n
\n A location where two lithospheric plates come together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n core\n <\/dt>\n
\n The innermost, densest layer of a celestial body. Earth's metallic core has an inner solid layer and an outer layer of liquid metal. The sun's core is where nuclear fusion takes place.\n <\/dd>\n
\n Coriolis effect\n <\/dt>\n
\n The apparent deflection of a freely moving object like water or air because of Earth's rotation.\n <\/dd>\n
\n corona\n <\/dt>\n
\n Outermost layer of the Sun; a plasma that extends millions of kilometers into space.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cosmology\n <\/dt>\n
\n The study of the universe.\n <\/dd>\n
\n covalent bond\n <\/dt>\n
\n Electrons shared between atoms.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crater\n <\/dt>\n
\n Bowl-shaped depressions on the surface of the Moon caused by impact from meteorites.\n <\/dd>\n
\n craton\n <\/dt>\n
\n The ancient Precambrian felsic continental crust that forms the cores of continents.\n <\/dd>\n
\n creep\n <\/dt>\n
\n Exceptionally slow movement of soil downhill.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crescent\n <\/dt>\n
\n Phase of the moon when it is less than half full but still slightly lit.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crest\n <\/dt>\n
\n The highest point of a wave.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cross-cutting relationships\n <\/dt>\n
\n One of Steno\u2019s principles that states that an intrusion or fault is younger than the rocks that it cuts through.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crude oil\n <\/dt>\n
\n Unrefined oil as it is taken from the ground; a fossil fuel.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crust\n <\/dt>\n
\n The rocky outer layer of the Earth's surface. The two types of crust are continental and oceanic.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crystal\n <\/dt>\n
\n A solid in which all the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crystallization\n <\/dt>\n
\n The formation of mineral grains from cooling magma.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cyanobacteria\n <\/dt>\n
\n Single celled prokaryotes that were extremely abundant in the Precambrian and that changed the atmosphere to one containing oxygen.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cyclone\n <\/dt>\n
\n Wind system that rotates around a low pressure center.\n <\/dd>\n <\/dl>\n<\/body>","rendered":"
\n
\n C horizon\n <\/dt>\n
\n The lowest layer of soil; partially altered bedrock.\n <\/dd>\n
\n caldera\n <\/dt>\n
\n Circular-shaped hole into which a volcano collapses during an eruption.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cap-and-trade\n <\/dt>\n
\n A monetary system that encourages conservation and development of alternative energy sources. A cap is put on a nation’s allowed carbon emissions and nations can trade for rights to emit carbon pollution.\n <\/dd>\n
\n capillary action\n <\/dt>\n
\n Water moves from wet to dry regions in soil.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbohydrate\n <\/dt>\n
\n Organic compound that supplies energy to the body; includes sugars, starches and cellulose.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbon sequestration\n <\/dt>\n
\n Removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, so that it does not act as a greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbon sink\n <\/dt>\n
\n A reservoir for carbon that absorbs more carbon dioxide than it produces.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbon source\n <\/dt>\n
\n An area of an ecosystem that emits more carbon dioxide than it absorbs.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carbon tax\n <\/dt>\n
\n A tax placed on energy sources that emit carbon to discourage their use and to raise funds to research alternative energy sources.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carnivore\n <\/dt>\n
\n Animals that only eat other animals for food.\n <\/dd>\n
\n carrying capacity\n <\/dt>\n
\n The number of individuals of a given species a particular environment can support.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cast\n <\/dt>\n
\n A mold filled with sediment and hardened to create a replica of the original fossil.\n <\/dd>\n
\n catadioptric telescope\n <\/dt>\n
\n Telescopes that use a combination of mirrors and lenses to focus light.\n <\/dd>\n
\n catalyst\n <\/dt>\n
\n A substance that increases (or decreases) the rate of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction.\n <\/dd>\n
\n catalytic converter\n <\/dt>\n
\n Found on modern motor vehicles, these devices use a catalyst to break apart pollutants.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cementation\n <\/dt>\n
\n When fluids deposit ions to create a cement that hardens loose sediments.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chaparral\n <\/dt>\n
\n Scrubby woody plants and widely scattered trees typical of the Mediterranean climate.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical bond\n <\/dt>\n
\n The force that holds two atoms together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical compound\n <\/dt>\n
\n A substance in which the atoms of two or more elements bond together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical energy\n <\/dt>\n
\n Energy that is stored in the chemical bonds in molecules.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical sedimentary rocks\n <\/dt>\n
\n Rocks that form from the hardening of chemical precipitates.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemical weathering\n <\/dt>\n
\n Weathering that changes the chemical composition of minerals that form at high temperatures and pressures to minerals that are stable at the Earth\u2019s surface.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chemosynthesis\n <\/dt>\n
\n The breakdown of chemicals to produce food energy.\n <\/dd>\n
\n Chinook winds (Foehn winds)\n <\/dt>\n
\n Winds that form when low pressure draws air over a mountain range.\n <\/dd>\n
\n chromosphere\n <\/dt>\n
\n Thin layer of the Sun\u2019s atmosphere that lies directly above the photosphere; glows red.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cinder cone\n <\/dt>\n
\n A small volcano composed of small rock fragments piled on top of one another.\n <\/dd>\n
\n clastic\n <\/dt>\n
\n Fragments or clasts of preexisting rock; a sedimentary rock made of clasts.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cleavage\n <\/dt>\n
\n The tendency of a mineral to break along certain planes to make smooth surfaces.\n <\/dd>\n
\n climate\n <\/dt>\n
\n The long-term average of weather.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cloud\n <\/dt>\n
\n Tiny water or ice particles that are grouped together in the atmosphere.\n <\/dd>\n
\n coal\n <\/dt>\n
\n A solid fossil fuel from ancient dead organisms used for electricity.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cold front\n <\/dt>\n
\n A front in which a cold air mass pushes a warm air mass upward.\n <\/dd>\n
\n column\n <\/dt>\n
\n A cave deposit formed by the merging of a stalactite and a stalagmite.\n <\/dd>\n
\n comet\n <\/dt>\n
\n A small, icy, dusty object with a bright tail in orbit around the Sun.\n <\/dd>\n
\n commensalism\n <\/dt>\n
\n A relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is not harmed.\n <\/dd>\n
\n community\n <\/dt>\n
\n All of the populations of organisms in an ecosystem.\n <\/dd>\n
\n compaction\n <\/dt>\n
\n When sediments are squeezed together by the weight of sediments and rocks on top of them.\n <\/dd>\n
\n compass\n <\/dt>\n
\n Hand-held device with a magnetic needle used to find magnetic north.\n <\/dd>\n
\n compass rose\n <\/dt>\n
\n Figure on a map or nautical chart for displaying locations of north, south, east, and west.\n <\/dd>\n
\n competence\n <\/dt>\n
\n A measure of the largest particle a stream can carry.\n <\/dd>\n
\n competition\n <\/dt>\n
\n A rivalry between two species, or individuals of the same species, for the same resources.\n <\/dd>\n
\n composite volcano\n <\/dt>\n
\n A large, steep-sided composed of alternating layers of ash and lava flows.\n <\/dd>\n
\n compression\n <\/dt>\n
\n Stresses that push toward each other, causing a decrease in the space a rock takes up.\n <\/dd>\n
\n conceptual model\n <\/dt>\n
\n An abstract, mental representation of an object or system.\n <\/dd>\n
\n condensation\n <\/dt>\n
\n The change in a substance from a gas to a liquid, releases energy.\n <\/dd>\n
\n conduction\n <\/dt>\n
\n The process in which energy moves from a location of higher temperature to a location of lower temperature as heat. The material does not move, just the heat.\n <\/dd>\n
\n confining stress\n <\/dt>\n
\n Stress from the weight of material above a buried object; reduces volume.\n <\/dd>\n
\n confluence\n <\/dt>\n
\n Where two streams join together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n conserve\n <\/dt>\n
\n To reduce the use of a natural resource so that it will last longer.\n <\/dd>\n
\n constellation\n <\/dt>\n
\n A group of stars that appear to form a pattern in the sky. Most often these stars are unrelated and are not near each other in space. Constellations are used to locate objects in space.\n <\/dd>\n
\n constructive forces\n <\/dt>\n
\n Forces that cause landforms to grow. Crustal deformation and volcanic eruptions are two examples.\n <\/dd>\n
\n consumer\n <\/dt>\n
\n An organism that uses other organisms for food energy.\n <\/dd>\n
\n consumptive water use\n <\/dt>\n
\n Water use in which the water is lost to the ecosystem.\n <\/dd>\n
\n contact metamorphism\n <\/dt>\n
\n Changes in a rock that result from temperature increases when a body of magma contacts a cooler existing rock.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continent\n <\/dt>\n
\n Land mass above sea level.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental arc\n <\/dt>\n
\n A line of volcanoes on a continent resulting from subduction beneath the continent.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental climate\n <\/dt>\n
\n A more variable climate dominated by a vast expanse of land.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental crust\n <\/dt>\n
\n The crust that makes up the continents; thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental divide\n <\/dt>\n
\n A divide that separates water that goes to different oceans.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental drift\n <\/dt>\n
\n The early 20th century hypothesis that the continents move about on Earth’s surface.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental glacier\n <\/dt>\n
\n A sheet of ice covering a large area that is not confined to a valley.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental margin\n <\/dt>\n
\n Submerged, outer edge of the continent. It is the transition zone from land to deep sea where continental crust gives way to oceanic crust.\n <\/dd>\n
\n continental rifting\n <\/dt>\n
\n A divergent plate boundary that breaks up a continent.\n <\/dd>\n
\n contour interval\n <\/dt>\n
\n The constant difference in elevation between two contour lines on a topographic map.\n <\/dd>\n
\n contour line\n <\/dt>\n
\n A line on a topographic map to show elevation.\n <\/dd>\n
\n control\n <\/dt>\n
\n Factors that are kept the same in an experiment so that only the independent variable is tested.\n <\/dd>\n
\n convection\n <\/dt>\n
\n The movement of material due to differences in temperature.\n <\/dd>\n
\n convection cell\n <\/dt>\n
\n A circular pattern of warm material rising and cool material sinking.\n <\/dd>\n
\n convection zone\n <\/dt>\n
\n Layer of the Sun that surrounds the radiative zone where energy moves as flowing cells of gas.\n <\/dd>\n
\n convergent plate boundary\n <\/dt>\n
\n A location where two lithospheric plates come together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n core\n <\/dt>\n
\n The innermost, densest layer of a celestial body. Earth’s metallic core has an inner solid layer and an outer layer of liquid metal. The sun’s core is where nuclear fusion takes place.\n <\/dd>\n
\n Coriolis effect\n <\/dt>\n
\n The apparent deflection of a freely moving object like water or air because of Earth’s rotation.\n <\/dd>\n
\n corona\n <\/dt>\n
\n Outermost layer of the Sun; a plasma that extends millions of kilometers into space.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cosmology\n <\/dt>\n
\n The study of the universe.\n <\/dd>\n
\n covalent bond\n <\/dt>\n
\n Electrons shared between atoms.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crater\n <\/dt>\n
\n Bowl-shaped depressions on the surface of the Moon caused by impact from meteorites.\n <\/dd>\n
\n craton\n <\/dt>\n
\n The ancient Precambrian felsic continental crust that forms the cores of continents.\n <\/dd>\n
\n creep\n <\/dt>\n
\n Exceptionally slow movement of soil downhill.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crescent\n <\/dt>\n
\n Phase of the moon when it is less than half full but still slightly lit.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crest\n <\/dt>\n
\n The highest point of a wave.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cross-cutting relationships\n <\/dt>\n
\n One of Steno\u2019s principles that states that an intrusion or fault is younger than the rocks that it cuts through.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crude oil\n <\/dt>\n
\n Unrefined oil as it is taken from the ground; a fossil fuel.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crust\n <\/dt>\n
\n The rocky outer layer of the Earth’s surface. The two types of crust are continental and oceanic.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crystal\n <\/dt>\n
\n A solid in which all the atoms are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern.\n <\/dd>\n
\n crystallization\n <\/dt>\n
\n The formation of mineral grains from cooling magma.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cyanobacteria\n <\/dt>\n
\n Single celled prokaryotes that were extremely abundant in the Precambrian and that changed the atmosphere to one containing oxygen.\n <\/dd>\n
\n cyclone\n <\/dt>\n
\n Wind system that rotates around a low pressure center.\n <\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n\n\t\t\t
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