{"id":1110,"date":"2015-07-10T22:39:13","date_gmt":"2015-07-10T22:39:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.candelalearning.com\/earthscienceck12\/?post_type=chapter&p=1110"},"modified":"2015-07-10T22:48:25","modified_gmt":"2015-07-10T22:48:25","slug":"p","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/earthscienceck12\/chapter\/p\/","title":{"raw":"P","rendered":"P"},"content":{"raw":"\n
\n
\n P-waves\n <\/dt>\n
\n Primary waves; arrive first at a seismograph.\n <\/dd>\n
\n paleogeography\n <\/dt>\n
\n The arrangement of the continents; ancient geography.\n <\/dd>\n
\n paleontologist\n <\/dt>\n
\n A scientist who studies Earth\u2019s past life forms.\n <\/dd>\n
\n parallax\n <\/dt>\n
\n A method used by astronomers to calculate the distance to nearby stars, using the apparent shift relative to distant stars.\n <\/dd>\n
\n parasitism\n <\/dt>\n
\n A symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species benefits and one species is harmed.\n <\/dd>\n
\n parent isotope\n <\/dt>\n
\n An unstable isotope that will undergo radioactive decay.\n <\/dd>\n
\n partial melting\n <\/dt>\n
\n The melting of some, but not all, of the minerals in a rock, depending on temperature.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pathogen\n <\/dt>\n
\n Disease causing organisms.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pedalfer\n <\/dt>\n
\n Fertile, dark soil that forms in mid latitude, forested regions.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pedocal\n <\/dt>\n
\n Less fertile soil that forms in drier, grassland regions.\n <\/dd>\n
\n penumbra\n <\/dt>\n
\n Outer part of shadow that remains partially lit during an eclipse.\n <\/dd>\n
\n permafrost\n <\/dt>\n
\n Permanently frozen ground that is found in the polar regions.\n <\/dd>\n
\n permeability\n <\/dt>\n
\n The interconnectedness of the pores within a rock or sediment.\n <\/dd>\n
\n permeable\n <\/dt>\n
\n A material with interconnecting holes so that water can move through it easily.\n <\/dd>\n
\n permineralization\n <\/dt>\n
\n Fossilization in which minerals in water deposit into empty spaces in an organism.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pesticide\n <\/dt>\n
\n A chemical that kills a certain pest that would otherwise eat or harm plants that humans want to grow.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pH scale\n <\/dt>\n
\n A scale that measures the acidity of a solution. A pH of 7 is neutral. Smaller numbers are more acidic and larger numbers are more alkaline.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photic zone\n <\/dt>\n
\n The upper 200 m of the ocean, where sunlight penetrates.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photochemical smog\n <\/dt>\n
\n This type of air pollution results from a chemical reaction between pollutants in the presence of sunshine.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photon\n <\/dt>\n
\n A particle of light.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photosphere\n <\/dt>\n
\n The visible surface of the Sun.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photosynthesis\n <\/dt>\n
\n The process in which plants produce simple sugars (food energy) from carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.\n <\/dd>\n
\n physical model\n <\/dt>\n
\n A physical representation of an object or system.\n <\/dd>\n
\n phytoplankton\n <\/dt>\n
\n Tiny plants that photosynthesize and create food energy and oxygen.\n <\/dd>\n
\n placer\n <\/dt>\n
\n Valuable metal found in modern or ancient stream gravels.\n <\/dd>\n
\n planet\n <\/dt>\n
\n A round celestial object orbiting a star that has cleared its neighboring region of planetesimals.\n <\/dd>\n
\n planetary rings\n <\/dt>\n
\n Rings of dust and rock encircling a planet in a thin plane.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plankton\n <\/dt>\n
\n A diverse group of tiny animals and plants that freely drift in the water.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plasma\n <\/dt>\n
\n A high energy, high temperature form of matter. Electrons are removed from atoms, leaving each atom with a positive electrical charge.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plastic deformation\n <\/dt>\n
\n Strain in which the rock deforms but does not return to its original shape when the strain is removed.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plate\n <\/dt>\n
\n A slab of Earth's lithosphere that can move around on the planet's surface.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plate boundary\n <\/dt>\n
\n A location where two plates come together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plate tectonics\n <\/dt>\n
\n The theory that the Earth's surface is divided into lithospheric plates that move on the planet's surface. Plate tectonics is driven by convection currents within Earth's mantle.\n <\/dd>\n
\n platform\n <\/dt>\n
\n A craton and its overlying younger sedimentary rocks.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plucking\n <\/dt>\n
\n Removal of blocks of underlying bedrock as meltwater seeps into cracks and freezes.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pluton\n <\/dt>\n
\n An igneous intrusive rock body that has cooled in the crust.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar front\n <\/dt>\n
\n The meeting zone between cold continental air and warmer subtropical air at around 50o<\/sup>N and 50o<\/sup>S.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar molecule\n <\/dt>\n
\n A molecule with an unevenly distributed electrical charge.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar orbit\n <\/dt>\n
\n A satellite orbit that goes over the North and South Poles, perpendicular to Earth's spin.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar orbit satellite\n <\/dt>\n
\n Orbit that moves over Earth's North and South poles as Earth rotates underneath so that the entire planet can be viewed in less than one day.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)\n <\/dt>\n
\n Clouds that form in the stratosphere when it is especially cold; PSCs are necessary for the breakup of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).\n <\/dd>\n
\n pond\n <\/dt>\n
\n A small body of freshwater, with no stream draining it; fed by an underground spring.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pool\n <\/dt>\n
\n A deep, slow-moving part of a stream, usually wider than elsewhere on the stream.\n <\/dd>\n
\n population\n <\/dt>\n
\n All the individuals of a species that occur together in a given place and time.\n <\/dd>\n
\n porosity\n <\/dt>\n
\n The small holes that exist between grains in a rock or sediment.\n <\/dd>\n
\n porphyritic\n <\/dt>\n
\n Igneous rock texture in which visible crystals are found in a matrix of tiny crystals.\n <\/dd>\n
\n potential energy\n <\/dt>\n
\n Energy stored within a physical system that has the potential to do work.\n <\/dd>\n
\n precipitate\n <\/dt>\n
\n Solid substance that separates out of a liquid to form a solid, usually when the liquid evaporates.\n <\/dd>\n
\n precipitation\n <\/dt>\n
\n Water that falls from the sky as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.\n <\/dd>\n
\n predator\n <\/dt>\n
\n An animal that kills and eats other animals.\n <\/dd>\n
\n prey\n <\/dt>\n
\n An animal that could be killed and eaten by a predator.\n <\/dd>\n
\n primary productivity\n <\/dt>\n
\n The creation of food energy.\n <\/dd>\n
\n producer\n <\/dt>\n
\n An organism that converts energy into chemical energy that it can use for food. Most producers use photosynthesis but a very small number use chemosynthesis.\n <\/dd>\n
\n projection\n <\/dt>\n
\n A way to represent a 3-dimensional surface in two dimensions.\n <\/dd>\n
\n prokaryote\n <\/dt>\n
\n An organism that lacks a cell nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.\n <\/dd>\n
\n proton\n <\/dt>\n
\n A positively charged particle in a nucleus.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pyroclastic flow\n <\/dt>\n
\n Hot ash, gas, and rock that race down a volcano\u2019s slopes during an eruption.\n <\/dd>\n <\/dl>\n<\/body>","rendered":"
\n
\n P-waves\n <\/dt>\n
\n Primary waves; arrive first at a seismograph.\n <\/dd>\n
\n paleogeography\n <\/dt>\n
\n The arrangement of the continents; ancient geography.\n <\/dd>\n
\n paleontologist\n <\/dt>\n
\n A scientist who studies Earth\u2019s past life forms.\n <\/dd>\n
\n parallax\n <\/dt>\n
\n A method used by astronomers to calculate the distance to nearby stars, using the apparent shift relative to distant stars.\n <\/dd>\n
\n parasitism\n <\/dt>\n
\n A symbiotic relationship between two species in which one species benefits and one species is harmed.\n <\/dd>\n
\n parent isotope\n <\/dt>\n
\n An unstable isotope that will undergo radioactive decay.\n <\/dd>\n
\n partial melting\n <\/dt>\n
\n The melting of some, but not all, of the minerals in a rock, depending on temperature.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pathogen\n <\/dt>\n
\n Disease causing organisms.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pedalfer\n <\/dt>\n
\n Fertile, dark soil that forms in mid latitude, forested regions.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pedocal\n <\/dt>\n
\n Less fertile soil that forms in drier, grassland regions.\n <\/dd>\n
\n penumbra\n <\/dt>\n
\n Outer part of shadow that remains partially lit during an eclipse.\n <\/dd>\n
\n permafrost\n <\/dt>\n
\n Permanently frozen ground that is found in the polar regions.\n <\/dd>\n
\n permeability\n <\/dt>\n
\n The interconnectedness of the pores within a rock or sediment.\n <\/dd>\n
\n permeable\n <\/dt>\n
\n A material with interconnecting holes so that water can move through it easily.\n <\/dd>\n
\n permineralization\n <\/dt>\n
\n Fossilization in which minerals in water deposit into empty spaces in an organism.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pesticide\n <\/dt>\n
\n A chemical that kills a certain pest that would otherwise eat or harm plants that humans want to grow.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pH scale\n <\/dt>\n
\n A scale that measures the acidity of a solution. A pH of 7 is neutral. Smaller numbers are more acidic and larger numbers are more alkaline.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photic zone\n <\/dt>\n
\n The upper 200 m of the ocean, where sunlight penetrates.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photochemical smog\n <\/dt>\n
\n This type of air pollution results from a chemical reaction between pollutants in the presence of sunshine.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photon\n <\/dt>\n
\n A particle of light.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photosphere\n <\/dt>\n
\n The visible surface of the Sun.\n <\/dd>\n
\n photosynthesis\n <\/dt>\n
\n The process in which plants produce simple sugars (food energy) from carbon dioxide, water, and energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.\n <\/dd>\n
\n physical model\n <\/dt>\n
\n A physical representation of an object or system.\n <\/dd>\n
\n phytoplankton\n <\/dt>\n
\n Tiny plants that photosynthesize and create food energy and oxygen.\n <\/dd>\n
\n placer\n <\/dt>\n
\n Valuable metal found in modern or ancient stream gravels.\n <\/dd>\n
\n planet\n <\/dt>\n
\n A round celestial object orbiting a star that has cleared its neighboring region of planetesimals.\n <\/dd>\n
\n planetary rings\n <\/dt>\n
\n Rings of dust and rock encircling a planet in a thin plane.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plankton\n <\/dt>\n
\n A diverse group of tiny animals and plants that freely drift in the water.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plasma\n <\/dt>\n
\n A high energy, high temperature form of matter. Electrons are removed from atoms, leaving each atom with a positive electrical charge.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plastic deformation\n <\/dt>\n
\n Strain in which the rock deforms but does not return to its original shape when the strain is removed.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plate\n <\/dt>\n
\n A slab of Earth’s lithosphere that can move around on the planet’s surface.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plate boundary\n <\/dt>\n
\n A location where two plates come together.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plate tectonics\n <\/dt>\n
\n The theory that the Earth’s surface is divided into lithospheric plates that move on the planet’s surface. Plate tectonics is driven by convection currents within Earth’s mantle.\n <\/dd>\n
\n platform\n <\/dt>\n
\n A craton and its overlying younger sedimentary rocks.\n <\/dd>\n
\n plucking\n <\/dt>\n
\n Removal of blocks of underlying bedrock as meltwater seeps into cracks and freezes.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pluton\n <\/dt>\n
\n An igneous intrusive rock body that has cooled in the crust.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar front\n <\/dt>\n
\n The meeting zone between cold continental air and warmer subtropical air at around 50o<\/sup>N and 50o<\/sup>S.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar molecule\n <\/dt>\n
\n A molecule with an unevenly distributed electrical charge.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar orbit\n <\/dt>\n
\n A satellite orbit that goes over the North and South Poles, perpendicular to Earth’s spin.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar orbit satellite\n <\/dt>\n
\n Orbit that moves over Earth’s North and South poles as Earth rotates underneath so that the entire planet can be viewed in less than one day.\n <\/dd>\n
\n polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)\n <\/dt>\n
\n Clouds that form in the stratosphere when it is especially cold; PSCs are necessary for the breakup of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).\n <\/dd>\n
\n pond\n <\/dt>\n
\n A small body of freshwater, with no stream draining it; fed by an underground spring.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pool\n <\/dt>\n
\n A deep, slow-moving part of a stream, usually wider than elsewhere on the stream.\n <\/dd>\n
\n population\n <\/dt>\n
\n All the individuals of a species that occur together in a given place and time.\n <\/dd>\n
\n porosity\n <\/dt>\n
\n The small holes that exist between grains in a rock or sediment.\n <\/dd>\n
\n porphyritic\n <\/dt>\n
\n Igneous rock texture in which visible crystals are found in a matrix of tiny crystals.\n <\/dd>\n
\n potential energy\n <\/dt>\n
\n Energy stored within a physical system that has the potential to do work.\n <\/dd>\n
\n precipitate\n <\/dt>\n
\n Solid substance that separates out of a liquid to form a solid, usually when the liquid evaporates.\n <\/dd>\n
\n precipitation\n <\/dt>\n
\n Water that falls from the sky as rain, snow, sleet, or hail.\n <\/dd>\n
\n predator\n <\/dt>\n
\n An animal that kills and eats other animals.\n <\/dd>\n
\n prey\n <\/dt>\n
\n An animal that could be killed and eaten by a predator.\n <\/dd>\n
\n primary productivity\n <\/dt>\n
\n The creation of food energy.\n <\/dd>\n
\n producer\n <\/dt>\n
\n An organism that converts energy into chemical energy that it can use for food. Most producers use photosynthesis but a very small number use chemosynthesis.\n <\/dd>\n
\n projection\n <\/dt>\n
\n A way to represent a 3-dimensional surface in two dimensions.\n <\/dd>\n
\n prokaryote\n <\/dt>\n
\n An organism that lacks a cell nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.\n <\/dd>\n
\n proton\n <\/dt>\n
\n A positively charged particle in a nucleus.\n <\/dd>\n
\n pyroclastic flow\n <\/dt>\n
\n Hot ash, gas, and rock that race down a volcano\u2019s slopes during an eruption.\n <\/dd>\n<\/dl>\n\n\t\t\t
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