{"id":1035,"date":"2020-01-17T17:39:43","date_gmt":"2020-01-17T17:39:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/coreqenglish1\/chapter\/text-conjunctions\/"},"modified":"2025-02-27T23:09:04","modified_gmt":"2025-02-27T23:09:04","slug":"text-conjunctions","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/text-conjunctions\/","title":{"raw":"Conjunctions","rendered":"Conjunctions"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Correctly identify and use conjunctions in a sentence<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nConjunctions are the words that join together sentences, phrases, and other words. Conjunctions are divided into several categories, each of which follows different rules.\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis SchoolHouse rock video on conjunctions has withstood the test of time\u2014made in 1973, it remains relevant and entertaining today. Watch it for an overview of what conjunctions are and what they do.\r\n\r\n<iframe title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LjdCFat9rjI\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/SchoolhouseRock-Grammar-ConjunctionJunctionMusicVideo_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Schoolhouse Rock: Grammar- Conjunction Junction Music Video\" here (opens in new window).<\/a>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2><span id=\"Coordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<img class=\"alignright wp-image-2396\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143209\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.30.58-AM-300x256.png\" alt=\"A compass.\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" \/>The most common conjunctions are\u00a0<em>and<\/em>,\u00a0<em>or<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>but<\/em>. These are all\u00a0<strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>. Coordinating conjunctions\u00a0are conjunctions that join -or coordinate- two or more\u00a0equivalent\u00a0items (such as words, phrases, or sentences).\r\n\r\nThe acronym <i>FANBOYS<\/i> can be used to remember the most common coordinating conjunctions:\u00a0<i>for<\/i>, <i>and<\/i>, <i>nor<\/i>, <i>but<\/i>, <i>or<\/i>,\u00a0<i>yet<\/i>, and <i>so<\/i>.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h3>\r\nHere are some examples of coordinating conjunctions used in sentences:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Nuclear-powered artificial hearts proved to be complicated, bulky, <strong>and<\/strong> expensive. (Here, the conjunction connects three items in a list, so we need commas.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Any external injury\u00a0<strong>or<\/strong> internal injury puts patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding. (Here, the conjunction connects two equivalent items but not independent clauses, so we do not use a comma.)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>The current from the storage batteries can power lights, <strong>but<\/strong> the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter. (Here, the conjunction connects two equivalent items -independent clauses that could stand on their own - so a comma is needed).<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs you can see from the examples above, a comma only appears before these conjunctions sometimes. So how can you tell if you need a comma or not? There are three\u00a0general rules to help you decide.\r\n<h3>Rule 1: Joining Two Complete Ideas<\/h3>\r\nLet's look back at one of our example sentences:\r\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The current from the storage batteries can power lights, but the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/p>\r\nThere are two complete ideas in this sentence (a complete idea has both a\u00a0subject and a verb).\u00a0Because each of these ideas <strong>could\u00a0stand alone as a sentence<\/strong>, the coordinating conjunction that joins them must be preceded by a comma. Otherwise you have a run-on sentence.\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\nRun-on sentences are one of the most common errors in college-level writing. Here's some key information to remember:\r\n\r\n<strong>Correct:<\/strong> One standalone sentence is fine, but two standalone sentences can be joined with a comma and coordinating conjunction.\r\n\r\n<strong>Incorrect (comma splice):<\/strong> One standalone sentence is fine, two standalone sentences with just a comma and no coordinating conjunction is a comma splice. (The coordinating conjunction is missing here.)\r\n\r\n<strong>Incorrect (run-on):<\/strong> One standalone sentence is fine two standalone sentences together with no comma and no coordinating conjunction are a run on. (We need the coordinating conjunction and the comma here!)\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Rule 2: Joining Two Similar Items<\/h3>\r\nWhat if there is only one complete idea but two subjects or two verbs? Consider the following examples:\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Any external injury or internal injury puts patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well and tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\nThe first sentence has two subjects:\u00a0<em>external injury<\/em> and\u00a0<em>internal injury<\/em>. They are joined with the conjunction\u00a0<em>or<\/em>. The second sentence has two verbs:\u00a0<em>did not fit well<\/em> and\u00a0<em>tended to obstruct<\/em>. They are joined with the conjunction <em>and<\/em>.\u00a0We DO NOT use a comma with a coordinating conjunction when we are joining two subjects or two verbs, only when we are joining two complete ideas (or sentences that could stand on their own).\r\n<h3>Rule 3: Joining Three or More Similar Items<\/h3>\r\nWhat do you do if there are three or more items?\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Joining 3+ items<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Anna loves to run, David loves to hike, and Luz loves to dance.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Fishing, hunting, and gathering were once the only ways for people to get food.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Emanuel has a very careful schedule planned for tomorrow. He needs to work, study, exercise, eat, and clean.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs you can see in the examples above, there is a comma after each item, including the item just before the conjunction (<em>and<\/em>). There is a bit of contention about that final comma, but most styles prefer to include it (it's called the serial comma).\r\n<h2><em><img class=\"alignright wp-image-2397\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143438\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.34.17-AM-300x237.png\" alt=\"Two thought bubbles.\" width=\"189\" height=\"150\" \/><\/em>Adverbial Conjunctions<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Adverbial conjunctions<\/strong>, or conjunctive adverbs, link two separate thoughts or sentences. When used to interrupt thoughts, a comma is required on either side of the conjunction.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The first artificial hearts were made of smooth silicone rubber, which apparently caused excessive clotting and, <strong>therefore<\/strong>, uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: interrupting adverbial conjunctions<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Incorrect:<\/strong> My sister therefore, is going to be the first transgender supreme court justice.\r\n\r\n<strong>Correct: <\/strong>My sister, therefore, is going to be the first transgender supreme court justice.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen used to separate complete ideas (independent clauses, which each contain a subject and a verb), a semicolon is required before the conjunction and a comma after.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The Kedeco produces 1200 watts in 17 mph winds using a 16-foot rotor; <strong>on the other hand<\/strong>, the Dunlite produces 2000 watts in 25 mph winds.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This is a complete sentence; however, this is also a complete sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Incorrect:<\/strong> Mexican-Americans are described by a variety of names in the United States, for example, Latine, Chicano, and Hispanic are all terms used to describe Americans of Mexican descent. (connecting)\r\n\r\n<strong>Correct:<\/strong> Mexican-Americans are described by a variety of names in the United States<strong>;<\/strong> for example, Latinx, Chicano, and Hispanic are all terms used to describe Americans of Mexican descent.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nBe careful to think about whether the adverbial conjunction is interrupting (like <em>therefore<\/em>\u00a0above) or connecting (like <em>on the other hand<\/em> or <em>for example<\/em>).\r\n\r\nAdverbial conjunctions include the following words; however, it is important to note that this is by no means a complete list.<b><img class=\"alignright wp-image-1243\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/13151138\/noun_106372_cc-e1468422722864.png\" alt=\"A balanced scale.\" width=\"150\" height=\"152\" \/><\/b>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>therefore<\/td>\r\n<td>however<\/td>\r\n<td>in other words<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>thus<\/td>\r\n<td>then<\/td>\r\n<td>otherwise<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\r\n<td>on the other hand<\/td>\r\n<td>in fact<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<h2><span id=\"Correlative_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Correlative Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<b>Correlative conjunctions<\/b>\u00a0are word pairs that work together to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.\r\n\r\nThe table below shows some examples of correlative conjunctions used in sentences:\r\n<table style=\"height: 280px;\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 28px; width: 132.516px;\">Correlative Conjunction<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 28px; width: 387.484px;\">Example<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 132.516px;\">either\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0or<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 387.484px;\">You <b>either<\/b> do your work <b>or<\/b> prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 132.516px;\">neither\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0nor<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 387.484px;\"><b>Neither<\/b> the basketball team <b>nor<\/b> the football team is doing well.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 42px; width: 132.516px;\" rowspan=\"2\">not only\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0but (also)<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 387.484px;\">He is <b>not only<\/b> handsome\u00a0<b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> brilliant. (Not only A but also B)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 387.484px;\"><b>Not only<\/b> is he handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B)<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 132.516px;\">both\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0and<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 387.484px;\"><b>Both<\/b> the cross-country team <b>and<\/b> the swimming team are doing well.<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nBe careful! Correlative conjunctions can give you subject and verb agreement issues.\r\n\r\n<strong>Correct:<\/strong> Neither the teacher nor the students are happy.\r\n\r\n<strong>Incorrect:<\/strong> Neither <em>the teachers<\/em> nor <em>the student<\/em> are happy.\r\n\r\nThe verb m matches the closest the subject. We reviewed this in the Verbs section.\r\n<h2><span id=\"Subordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Subordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\r\n<b>Subordinating conjunctions <\/b>are conjunctions that join an independent clause and a dependent clause.\u00a0The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language are shown in the table below:\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>after<\/td>\r\n<td>although<\/td>\r\n<td>as<\/td>\r\n<td>as far as<\/td>\r\n<td>as if<\/td>\r\n<td>as long as<\/td>\r\n<td>as soon as<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>as though<\/td>\r\n<td>because<\/td>\r\n<td>before<\/td>\r\n<td>even if<\/td>\r\n<td>even though<\/td>\r\n<td>every time<\/td>\r\n<td>if<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>in order that<\/td>\r\n<td>since<\/td>\r\n<td>so<\/td>\r\n<td>so that<\/td>\r\n<td>than<\/td>\r\n<td>though<\/td>\r\n<td>unless<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>until<\/td>\r\n<td>when<\/td>\r\n<td>whenever<\/td>\r\n<td>where<\/td>\r\n<td>whereas<\/td>\r\n<td>wherever<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0while<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Subordinating conjunctions<\/h3>\r\nHere are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, <strong>when<\/strong> blood enters the ventricles, and systole, <strong>when<\/strong> the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Whenever<\/strong> an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She did the favor\u00a0<strong>so that<\/strong> he would owe her one.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"287\">Let's take a step back and look for a pattern in comma usage. Commas aren\u2019t based on whether a subordinating conjunction is present\u2014they depend on the placement of the clauses.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"356\" data-end=\"542\">Some clauses add extra information that isn\u2019t necessary for the main meaning of the sentence. These <strong data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"472\">nonessential<\/strong> clauses need commas to separate them from the rest of the sentence.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example: Nonessential clauses<\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"560\"><strong data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"558\">Example: <\/strong>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, when blood enters the ventricles, and systole, when the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"737\" data-end=\"772\"><strong data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"770\">Without extra information: <\/strong>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole and systole.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"1006\">In the first sentence, the extra details about <em data-start=\"894\" data-end=\"900\">when<\/em> blood enters and exits the heart are helpful but not essential. That\u2019s why they\u2019re set off with commas.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<p data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1173\">A <strong data-start=\"1075\" data-end=\"1095\">dependent clause<\/strong> cannot stand alone as a full sentence, while an <strong data-start=\"1144\" data-end=\"1166\">independent clause<\/strong> can.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Dependent and independent clauses<\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"1175\" data-end=\"1206\"><strong data-start=\"1177\" data-end=\"1204\">Example: <\/strong>Whenever an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"1308\" data-end=\"1414\">As seen in the example above, when a dependent clause comes <em data-start=\"1347\" data-end=\"1355\">before<\/em> an independent clause, it should be followed by a comma.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"1443\" data-end=\"1648\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1443\" data-end=\"1528\"><strong data-start=\"1447\" data-end=\"1492\">A complete sentence (Independent clause):<\/strong> <em data-start=\"1493\" data-end=\"1526\">The atom is positively charged.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1648\"><strong data-start=\"1533\" data-end=\"1580\">Not a complete sentence (Dependent clause):<\/strong> <em data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1646\">Whenever an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1716\" data-end=\"1798\">If a <strong data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"1749\">dependent clause follows<\/strong> an independent clause, <strong data-start=\"1773\" data-end=\"1785\">no comma<\/strong> is needed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1800\" data-end=\"1834\"><strong data-start=\"1802\" data-end=\"1832\">Example (No Comma Needed): <\/strong>She did the favor so that he would owe her one.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nBut if the dependent clause comes first, you do use a comma:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1952\" data-end=\"1983\"><strong data-start=\"1954\" data-end=\"1981\">Example (Comma Needed): <\/strong>So that he would owe her one, she did the favor.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaway: Comma usage and placement<\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"2062\" data-end=\"2106\"><strong data-start=\"2064\" data-end=\"2104\">Dependent clause first \u2192 Use a comma<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2107\" data-end=\"2208\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2107\" data-end=\"2208\"><em data-start=\"2109\" data-end=\"2206\">Whenever an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"2210\" data-end=\"2251\"><strong data-start=\"2212\" data-end=\"2249\">Dependent clause after \u2192 No comma<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2305\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2305\"><em data-start=\"2254\" data-end=\"2303\">She did the favor so that he would owe her one.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"2307\" data-end=\"2374\"><strong data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2372\">Extra (nonessential) information \u2192 Use commas on both sides<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"2375\" data-end=\"2551\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"2375\" data-end=\"2551\"><em data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2549\">The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, when blood enters the ventricles, and systole, when the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\r\nIf you feel like you need some additional help understanding the difference between independent and dependent clauses (which is key to using subordinating conjunctions), check out this video.\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IKrRuDWEP68&amp;feature=youtu.be\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/SubordinatingConjunctions_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Subordinating Conjunctions\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\n[embed]https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622574259907648\/embed[\/embed]\r\n\r\n[reveal-answer q=\"769106\"]Explain Answers[\/reveal-answer]\r\n[hidden-answer a=\"769106\"]Here are the sentences with suggested conjunctions. These are not the only possible solutions. If you answered something different, compare your reasoning with the explanation provided below.\r\n<ol>\r\n \t<li>Karni's\u00a0roommate, Joana, decided to drive to work<strong>;\u00a0therefore,<\/strong>\u00a0Karni\u00a0rode into the city with her.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>As the punctuation currently exists (a semicolon followed by a comma), the sentence needs an adverbial conjunction. However, using\u00a0<em>therefore<\/em> here feels a little stuffy. If you change the semicolon to a comma and remove\u00a0the second comma, you can then use the coordinating conjunction\u00a0<em>so<\/em> instead, which feels more natural: \".\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0,\u00a0so Karni rode into the city with her.\"<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>They\u00a0needed to turn left on 140th Street, <strong>but<\/strong> that street\u00a0was under construction.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction\u00a0<em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Before<\/strong> Karni\u00a0could say anything,\u00a0<strong>however<\/strong>, Joana\u00a0had already found an alternate route.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since there is no comma after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here.\u00a0<em>Before<\/em> makes the most sense here.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Since this blank appears in the middle of an idea, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here.\u00a0<em>However<\/em> makes the most sense.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>No sooner<\/strong> did Karni arrive at work\u00a0<strong>than<\/strong>\u00a0her boss told her she would be working with her coworker Ian on her next project.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates the two things happened at the same time, so\u00a0<em>no sooner .\u00a0.\u00a0. than<\/em> is the correct option here.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Karni was really impressed by Ian's professional accomplishments,\u00a0<strong>but <\/strong>she\u00a0was anxious about working with him.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Karni thought Ian was annoying, unpredictable,\u00a0<strong>and<\/strong>\u00a0reckless.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>and <\/em>has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>However<\/strong>, Karni was willing to put aside her opinions to get the job done.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is followed by a comma, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here. <em>However<\/em> makes the sense here.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>She\u00a0knew Ian\u00a0would put in his best effort <strong>while <\/strong>they worked together<strong>, so<\/strong>\u00a0she felt she could do no less\u2014<strong>even if<\/strong> he frustrated her.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Since there is no comma before or after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here. <em>While<\/em>\u00a0makes the most sense here, but\u00a0<em>as long as<\/em> or\u00a0<em>if<\/em>\u00a0would also work.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>so<\/em>\u00a0has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\r\n \t<li>This blank is a little trickier; it is preceded by a dash, which can stand in for a lot of different punctuation marks. A subordinating conjunction is likely the best solution. We've used\u00a0<em>even if<\/em> here, but there are a lot of possibilities, including <em>even though<\/em>.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Personal relationships are often\u00a0<strong>as <\/strong>important\u00a0<strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0professional skills.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates two things of equal importance, so <em>as<\/em> .\u00a0.\u00a0. <em>as<\/em>\u00a0is the correct option here.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n[\/hidden-answer]\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Correctly identify and use conjunctions in a sentence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Conjunctions are the words that join together sentences, phrases, and other words. Conjunctions are divided into several categories, each of which follows different rules.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This SchoolHouse rock video on conjunctions has withstood the test of time\u2014made in 1973, it remains relevant and entertaining today. Watch it for an overview of what conjunctions are and what they do.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"YouTube video player\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/LjdCFat9rjI\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><span data-mce-type=\"bookmark\" style=\"display: inline-block; width: 0px; overflow: hidden; line-height: 0;\" class=\"mce_SELRES_start\">\ufeff<\/span><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/SchoolhouseRock-Grammar-ConjunctionJunctionMusicVideo_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Schoolhouse Rock: Grammar- Conjunction Junction Music Video&#8221; here (opens in new window).<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Coordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Coordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2396\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143209\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.30.58-AM-300x256.png\" alt=\"A compass.\" width=\"176\" height=\"150\" \/>The most common conjunctions are\u00a0<em>and<\/em>,\u00a0<em>or<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>but<\/em>. These are all\u00a0<strong>coordinating conjunctions<\/strong>. Coordinating conjunctions\u00a0are conjunctions that join -or coordinate- two or more\u00a0equivalent\u00a0items (such as words, phrases, or sentences).<\/p>\n<p>The acronym <i>FANBOYS<\/i> can be used to remember the most common coordinating conjunctions:\u00a0<i>for<\/i>, <i>and<\/i>, <i>nor<\/i>, <i>but<\/i>, <i>or<\/i>,\u00a0<i>yet<\/i>, and <i>so<\/i>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Coordinating Conjunctions<\/h3>\n<p>Here are some examples of coordinating conjunctions used in sentences:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nuclear-powered artificial hearts proved to be complicated, bulky, <strong>and<\/strong> expensive. (Here, the conjunction connects three items in a list, so we need commas.)<\/li>\n<li>Any external injury\u00a0<strong>or<\/strong> internal injury puts patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding. (Here, the conjunction connects two equivalent items but not independent clauses, so we do not use a comma.)<\/li>\n<li>The current from the storage batteries can power lights, <strong>but<\/strong> the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter. (Here, the conjunction connects two equivalent items -independent clauses that could stand on their own &#8211; so a comma is needed).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>As you can see from the examples above, a comma only appears before these conjunctions sometimes. So how can you tell if you need a comma or not? There are three\u00a0general rules to help you decide.<\/p>\n<h3>Rule 1: Joining Two Complete Ideas<\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s look back at one of our example sentences:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\">The current from the storage batteries can power lights, but the current for appliances must be modified within an inverter.<\/p>\n<p>There are two complete ideas in this sentence (a complete idea has both a\u00a0subject and a verb).\u00a0Because each of these ideas <strong>could\u00a0stand alone as a sentence<\/strong>, the coordinating conjunction that joins them must be preceded by a comma. Otherwise you have a run-on sentence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p>Run-on sentences are one of the most common errors in college-level writing. Here&#8217;s some key information to remember:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Correct:<\/strong> One standalone sentence is fine, but two standalone sentences can be joined with a comma and coordinating conjunction.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Incorrect (comma splice):<\/strong> One standalone sentence is fine, two standalone sentences with just a comma and no coordinating conjunction is a comma splice. (The coordinating conjunction is missing here.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Incorrect (run-on):<\/strong> One standalone sentence is fine two standalone sentences together with no comma and no coordinating conjunction are a run on. (We need the coordinating conjunction and the comma here!)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Rule 2: Joining Two Similar Items<\/h3>\n<p>What if there is only one complete idea but two subjects or two verbs? Consider the following examples:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Any external injury or internal injury puts patients at risk of uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\n<li>In the 1960s, artificial heart devices did not fit well and tended to obstruct the flow of venous blood into the right atrium.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The first sentence has two subjects:\u00a0<em>external injury<\/em> and\u00a0<em>internal injury<\/em>. They are joined with the conjunction\u00a0<em>or<\/em>. The second sentence has two verbs:\u00a0<em>did not fit well<\/em> and\u00a0<em>tended to obstruct<\/em>. They are joined with the conjunction <em>and<\/em>.\u00a0We DO NOT use a comma with a coordinating conjunction when we are joining two subjects or two verbs, only when we are joining two complete ideas (or sentences that could stand on their own).<\/p>\n<h3>Rule 3: Joining Three or More Similar Items<\/h3>\n<p>What do you do if there are three or more items?<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Joining 3+ items<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Anna loves to run, David loves to hike, and Luz loves to dance.<\/li>\n<li>Fishing, hunting, and gathering were once the only ways for people to get food.<\/li>\n<li>Emanuel has a very careful schedule planned for tomorrow. He needs to work, study, exercise, eat, and clean.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>As you can see in the examples above, there is a comma after each item, including the item just before the conjunction (<em>and<\/em>). There is a bit of contention about that final comma, but most styles prefer to include it (it&#8217;s called the serial comma).<\/p>\n<h2><em><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-2397\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/06\/22143438\/Screen-Shot-2016-06-22-at-10.34.17-AM-300x237.png\" alt=\"Two thought bubbles.\" width=\"189\" height=\"150\" \/><\/em>Adverbial Conjunctions<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Adverbial conjunctions<\/strong>, or conjunctive adverbs, link two separate thoughts or sentences. When used to interrupt thoughts, a comma is required on either side of the conjunction.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The first artificial hearts were made of smooth silicone rubber, which apparently caused excessive clotting and, <strong>therefore<\/strong>, uncontrolled bleeding.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: interrupting adverbial conjunctions<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Incorrect:<\/strong> My sister therefore, is going to be the first transgender supreme court justice.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Correct: <\/strong>My sister, therefore, is going to be the first transgender supreme court justice.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>When used to separate complete ideas (independent clauses, which each contain a subject and a verb), a semicolon is required before the conjunction and a comma after.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Kedeco produces 1200 watts in 17 mph winds using a 16-foot rotor; <strong>on the other hand<\/strong>, the Dunlite produces 2000 watts in 25 mph winds.<\/li>\n<li>This is a complete sentence; however, this is also a complete sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Incorrect:<\/strong> Mexican-Americans are described by a variety of names in the United States, for example, Latine, Chicano, and Hispanic are all terms used to describe Americans of Mexican descent. (connecting)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Correct:<\/strong> Mexican-Americans are described by a variety of names in the United States<strong>;<\/strong> for example, Latinx, Chicano, and Hispanic are all terms used to describe Americans of Mexican descent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Be careful to think about whether the adverbial conjunction is interrupting (like <em>therefore<\/em>\u00a0above) or connecting (like <em>on the other hand<\/em> or <em>for example<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>Adverbial conjunctions include the following words; however, it is important to note that this is by no means a complete list.<b><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-1243\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/106\/2016\/07\/13151138\/noun_106372_cc-e1468422722864.png\" alt=\"A balanced scale.\" width=\"150\" height=\"152\" \/><\/b><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>therefore<\/td>\n<td>however<\/td>\n<td>in other words<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>thus<\/td>\n<td>then<\/td>\n<td>otherwise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>nevertheless<\/td>\n<td>on the other hand<\/td>\n<td>in fact<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2><span id=\"Correlative_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Correlative Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Correlative conjunctions<\/b>\u00a0are word pairs that work together to join words and groups of words of equal weight in a sentence.<\/p>\n<p>The table below shows some examples of correlative conjunctions used in sentences:<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 280px;\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<th style=\"height: 28px; width: 132.516px;\">Correlative Conjunction<\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 28px; width: 387.484px;\">Example<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 132.516px;\">either\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0or<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 387.484px;\">You <b>either<\/b> do your work <b>or<\/b> prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do, or prepare)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 132.516px;\">neither\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0nor<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 387.484px;\"><b>Neither<\/b> the basketball team <b>nor<\/b> the football team is doing well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 14px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 42px; width: 132.516px;\" rowspan=\"2\">not only\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0but (also)<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 14px; width: 387.484px;\">He is <b>not only<\/b> handsome\u00a0<b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> brilliant. (Not only A but also B)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 387.484px;\"><b>Not only<\/b> is he handsome, <b>but<\/b> <b>also<\/b> he is brilliant. (Not only is he A, but also he is B)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 28px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 132.516px;\">both\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0and<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 28px; width: 387.484px;\"><b>Both<\/b> the cross-country team <b>and<\/b> the swimming team are doing well.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Be careful! Correlative conjunctions can give you subject and verb agreement issues.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Correct:<\/strong> Neither the teacher nor the students are happy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Incorrect:<\/strong> Neither <em>the teachers<\/em> nor <em>the student<\/em> are happy.<\/p>\n<p>The verb m matches the closest the subject. We reviewed this in the Verbs section.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Subordinating_conjunctions\" class=\"mw-headline\">Subordinating Conjunctions<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><b>Subordinating conjunctions <\/b>are conjunctions that join an independent clause and a dependent clause.\u00a0The most common subordinating conjunctions in the English language are shown in the table below:<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>after<\/td>\n<td>although<\/td>\n<td>as<\/td>\n<td>as far as<\/td>\n<td>as if<\/td>\n<td>as long as<\/td>\n<td>as soon as<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>as though<\/td>\n<td>because<\/td>\n<td>before<\/td>\n<td>even if<\/td>\n<td>even though<\/td>\n<td>every time<\/td>\n<td>if<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>in order that<\/td>\n<td>since<\/td>\n<td>so<\/td>\n<td>so that<\/td>\n<td>than<\/td>\n<td>though<\/td>\n<td>unless<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>until<\/td>\n<td>when<\/td>\n<td>whenever<\/td>\n<td>where<\/td>\n<td>whereas<\/td>\n<td>wherever<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0while<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Subordinating conjunctions<\/h3>\n<p>Here are some examples of subordinating conjunctions:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, <strong>when<\/strong> blood enters the ventricles, and systole, <strong>when<\/strong> the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Whenever<\/strong> an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.<\/li>\n<li>She did the favor\u00a0<strong>so that<\/strong> he would owe her one.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"287\">Let&#8217;s take a step back and look for a pattern in comma usage. Commas aren\u2019t based on whether a subordinating conjunction is present\u2014they depend on the placement of the clauses.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"356\" data-end=\"542\">Some clauses add extra information that isn\u2019t necessary for the main meaning of the sentence. These <strong data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"472\">nonessential<\/strong> clauses need commas to separate them from the rest of the sentence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example: Nonessential clauses<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"560\"><strong data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"558\">Example: <\/strong>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, when blood enters the ventricles, and systole, when the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"737\" data-end=\"772\"><strong data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"770\">Without extra information: <\/strong>The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole and systole.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"1006\">In the first sentence, the extra details about <em data-start=\"894\" data-end=\"900\">when<\/em> blood enters and exits the heart are helpful but not essential. That\u2019s why they\u2019re set off with commas.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1173\">A <strong data-start=\"1075\" data-end=\"1095\">dependent clause<\/strong> cannot stand alone as a full sentence, while an <strong data-start=\"1144\" data-end=\"1166\">independent clause<\/strong> can.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Dependent and independent clauses<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1175\" data-end=\"1206\"><strong data-start=\"1177\" data-end=\"1204\">Example: <\/strong>Whenever an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"1308\" data-end=\"1414\">As seen in the example above, when a dependent clause comes <em data-start=\"1347\" data-end=\"1355\">before<\/em> an independent clause, it should be followed by a comma.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"1443\" data-end=\"1648\">\n<li data-start=\"1443\" data-end=\"1528\"><strong data-start=\"1447\" data-end=\"1492\">A complete sentence (Independent clause):<\/strong> <em data-start=\"1493\" data-end=\"1526\">The atom is positively charged.<\/em><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1648\"><strong data-start=\"1533\" data-end=\"1580\">Not a complete sentence (Dependent clause):<\/strong> <em data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1646\">Whenever an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1716\" data-end=\"1798\">If a <strong data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"1749\">dependent clause follows<\/strong> an independent clause, <strong data-start=\"1773\" data-end=\"1785\">no comma<\/strong> is needed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1800\" data-end=\"1834\"><strong data-start=\"1802\" data-end=\"1832\">Example (No Comma Needed): <\/strong>She did the favor so that he would owe her one.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>But if the dependent clause comes first, you do use a comma:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"1952\" data-end=\"1983\"><strong data-start=\"1954\" data-end=\"1981\">Example (Comma Needed): <\/strong>So that he would owe her one, she did the favor.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaway: Comma usage and placement<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2062\" data-end=\"2106\"><strong data-start=\"2064\" data-end=\"2104\">Dependent clause first \u2192 Use a comma<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2107\" data-end=\"2208\">\n<li data-start=\"2107\" data-end=\"2208\"><em data-start=\"2109\" data-end=\"2206\">Whenever an electron acquires enough energy to leave its orbit, the atom is positively charged.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2210\" data-end=\"2251\"><strong data-start=\"2212\" data-end=\"2249\">Dependent clause after \u2192 No comma<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2305\">\n<li data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2305\"><em data-start=\"2254\" data-end=\"2303\">She did the favor so that he would owe her one.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"2307\" data-end=\"2374\"><strong data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2372\">Extra (nonessential) information \u2192 Use commas on both sides<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"2375\" data-end=\"2551\">\n<li data-start=\"2375\" data-end=\"2551\"><em data-start=\"2377\" data-end=\"2549\">The heart undergoes two cardiac cycle periods: diastole, when blood enters the ventricles, and systole, when the ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of the heart.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Watch IT<\/h3>\n<p>If you feel like you need some additional help understanding the difference between independent and dependent clauses (which is key to using subordinating conjunctions), check out this video.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" id=\"oembed-1\" title=\"Subordinating conjunctions | The parts of speech | Grammar | Khan Academy\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/IKrRuDWEP68?feature=oembed&#38;rel=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/SubordinatingConjunctions_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Subordinating Conjunctions&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290622574259907648\/embed\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"500\" height=\"750\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<div class=\"qa-wrapper\" style=\"display: block\"><span class=\"show-answer collapsed\" style=\"cursor: pointer\" data-target=\"q769106\">Explain Answers<\/span><\/p>\n<div id=\"q769106\" class=\"hidden-answer\" style=\"display: none\">Here are the sentences with suggested conjunctions. These are not the only possible solutions. If you answered something different, compare your reasoning with the explanation provided below.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Karni&#8217;s\u00a0roommate, Joana, decided to drive to work<strong>;\u00a0therefore,<\/strong>\u00a0Karni\u00a0rode into the city with her.\n<ul>\n<li>As the punctuation currently exists (a semicolon followed by a comma), the sentence needs an adverbial conjunction. However, using\u00a0<em>therefore<\/em> here feels a little stuffy. If you change the semicolon to a comma and remove\u00a0the second comma, you can then use the coordinating conjunction\u00a0<em>so<\/em> instead, which feels more natural: &#8220;.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0,\u00a0so Karni rode into the city with her.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>They\u00a0needed to turn left on 140th Street, <strong>but<\/strong> that street\u00a0was under construction.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction\u00a0<em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Before<\/strong> Karni\u00a0could say anything,\u00a0<strong>however<\/strong>, Joana\u00a0had already found an alternate route.\n<ul>\n<li>Since there is no comma after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here.\u00a0<em>Before<\/em> makes the most sense here.<\/li>\n<li>Since this blank appears in the middle of an idea, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here.\u00a0<em>However<\/em> makes the most sense.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>No sooner<\/strong> did Karni arrive at work\u00a0<strong>than<\/strong>\u00a0her boss told her she would be working with her coworker Ian on her next project.\n<ul>\n<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates the two things happened at the same time, so\u00a0<em>no sooner .\u00a0.\u00a0. than<\/em> is the correct option here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Karni was really impressed by Ian&#8217;s professional accomplishments,\u00a0<strong>but <\/strong>she\u00a0was anxious about working with him.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>but<\/em> has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Karni thought Ian was annoying, unpredictable,\u00a0<strong>and<\/strong>\u00a0reckless.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>and <\/em>has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>However<\/strong>, Karni was willing to put aside her opinions to get the job done.\n<ul>\n<li>Since the blank is followed by a comma, we know we need an adverbial conjunction here. <em>However<\/em> makes the sense here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>She\u00a0knew Ian\u00a0would put in his best effort <strong>while <\/strong>they worked together<strong>, so<\/strong>\u00a0she felt she could do no less\u2014<strong>even if<\/strong> he frustrated her.\n<ul>\n<li>Since there is no comma before or after the first blank, we know we need a subordinating conjunction here. <em>While<\/em>\u00a0makes the most sense here, but\u00a0<em>as long as<\/em> or\u00a0<em>if<\/em>\u00a0would also work.<\/li>\n<li>Since the blank is preceded by a comma, a coordinating conjunction should go here. The conjunction <em>so<\/em>\u00a0has the most appropriate meaning in this sentence.<\/li>\n<li>This blank is a little trickier; it is preceded by a dash, which can stand in for a lot of different punctuation marks. A subordinating conjunction is likely the best solution. We&#8217;ve used\u00a0<em>even if<\/em> here, but there are a lot of possibilities, including <em>even though<\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Personal relationships are often\u00a0<strong>as <\/strong>important\u00a0<strong>as<\/strong>\u00a0professional skills.\n<ul>\n<li>The two blanks in this sentence indicate a correlative conjunction. The sentence indicates two things of equal importance, so <em>as<\/em> .\u00a0.\u00a0. <em>as<\/em>\u00a0is the correct option here.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1035\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Conjunction (grammar). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David McMurrey. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\">https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Correlative conjunctions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: David Rheinstrom. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/correlative-conjunctions\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/correlative-conjunctions<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of compass. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Douglas Santos. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=coordinate&#038;i=223910\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=coordinate&#038;i=223910<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of thought bubbles. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: icon 54. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=thoughts&#038;i=393828\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=thoughts&#038;i=393828<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of balanced scales. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Juan Pablo Bravo. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106372\/\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106372\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of unbalanced scales. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Juan Pablo Bravo. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Noun Project. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106371\/\">https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106371\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Subordinate Conjunctions. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Khan Academy. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/parts-of-speech-the-preposition-and-the-conjunction\/introduction-to-conjunctions\/v\/subordinating-conjunctions\">https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/parts-of-speech-the-preposition-and-the-conjunction\/introduction-to-conjunctions\/v\/subordinating-conjunctions<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Schoolhouse Rock: Grammar - Conjunction Junction Music Video. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/LjdCFat9rjI\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/LjdCFat9rjI<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":14,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Conjunction (grammar)\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conjunction_(grammar)\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Basic Patterns and Elements of the Sentence\",\"author\":\"David McMurrey\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.prismnet.com\/~hcexres\/textbook\/twsent.html\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and Adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Correlative conjunctions\",\"author\":\"David Rheinstrom\",\"organization\":\"Khan Academy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/partsofspeech\/conjunctions\/v\/correlative-conjunctions\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of compass\",\"author\":\"Douglas Santos\",\"organization\":\"The Noun Project\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=coordinate&i=223910\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of thought bubbles\",\"author\":\"icon 54\",\"organization\":\"The Noun Project\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/search\/?q=thoughts&i=393828\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of balanced scales\",\"author\":\"Juan Pablo Bravo\",\"organization\":\"The Noun Project\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106372\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Image of unbalanced scales\",\"author\":\"Juan Pablo Bravo\",\"organization\":\"The Noun Project\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/thenounproject.com\/term\/balance\/106371\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Schoolhouse Rock: Grammar - Conjunction Junction Music Video\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/LjdCFat9rjI\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"other\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Subordinate Conjunctions\",\"author\":\"Khan Academy\",\"organization\":\"Khan Academy\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.khanacademy.org\/humanities\/grammar\/parts-of-speech-the-preposition-and-the-conjunction\/introduction-to-conjunctions\/v\/subordinating-conjunctions\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"Standard YouTube License\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"fba6534b-a8e8-44dc-ad37-8e0dcc466c00, b45c8860-eb28-4255-beb1-6301f796c3f1","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1035","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":1021,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1035","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1035\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6373,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1035\/revisions\/6373"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/1021"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1035\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1035"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1035"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1035"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1035"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}