{"id":1040,"date":"2020-01-17T17:39:44","date_gmt":"2020-01-17T17:39:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/coreqenglish1\/chapter\/text-hyphens-and-dashes\/"},"modified":"2025-02-04T19:01:59","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T19:01:59","slug":"hyphens-and-dashes","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/hyphens-and-dashes\/","title":{"raw":"Hyphens and Dashes","rendered":"Hyphens and Dashes"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Demonstrate the proper use of hyphens and dashes<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1768\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"222\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1768\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172059\/hyphen-1024x577.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"222\" height=\"125\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. A hyphen.[\/caption]\r\n<h2>Hyphens<\/h2>\r\n<div class=\"content clear-block\">\r\n\r\nThe Oxford Manual of Style once stated, \u201cIf you take hyphens seriously, you will surely go mad.\u201d Hyphens belong to that category of punctuation marks that will hurt your brain if you think about them too hard, and, like commas, people disagree about their use in certain situations. Nevertheless, you will have to use them regularly because of the nature of academic and professional writing.\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaway: The hyphen's function<\/h3>\r\nFundamentally, the hyphen is a joiner. It can join several different types of things:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>two nouns to make one complete word (kilogram-meter)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>an adjective and a noun to make a compound word (accident-prone)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>two words that, when linked, describe a noun (agreed-upon sum, two-dimensional object)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>a prefix with a noun (un-American)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>double numbers (twenty-four)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>numbers and units describing a noun (1000-foot face; a 10-meter difference)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>\u201cself\u201d words (self-employed, self-esteem)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>new word blends (cancer-causing, cost-effective)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>prefixes and suffixes to words, in particular when the writer wants to avoid doubling a vowel or tripling a consonant (anti-inflammatory; shell-like)<\/li>\r\n \t<li>multiple adjectives with the same noun (blue- and\u00a0yellow-green beads; four- and five-year-olds)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> A general rule for the hyphen is that the resulting word must act as one unit; therefore, the hyphen creates a new word that has a single meaning. Usually, you can tell whether a hyphen is necessary by applying common sense and mentally excluding one of the words in question, testing how the words would work together without the hyphen.\r\n\r\nFor example, the phrases \u201chigh-pressure system,\u201d \u201cwater-repellent surface,\u201d and \u201cfuel-efficient car\u201d would not make sense without hyphens, because you would not refer to a \u201chigh system,\u201d a \u201cwater surface,\u201d or a \u201cfuel car.\u201d\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAs you become attuned to proper hyphenation practices, you will recognize where hyphens fit best.\r\n<h3>Properly Used Hyphens<\/h3>\r\nBy convention, hyphens are not used after words ending in \u2013ly, nor when the words are so commonly used in combination that no ambiguity results. So, for example, above, we use no hyphen when discussing properly used hyphens.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Properly used Hyphens<\/h3>\r\n<table>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>small-scale study<\/td>\r\n<td>two-prong plug<\/td>\r\n<td>strength-to-weight ratio<\/td>\r\n<td>high-velocity flow<\/td>\r\n<td>frost-free lawn<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>self-employed worker<\/td>\r\n<td>one-third majority<\/td>\r\n<td>coarse-grained wood<\/td>\r\n<td>decision-making process<\/td>\r\n<td>blue-green algae<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>air-ice interface<\/td>\r\n<td>silver-stained cells<\/td>\r\n<td>protein-calorie malnutrition<\/td>\r\n<td>membrane-bound vesicles<\/td>\r\n<td>phase-contrast microscope<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>long-term-payment loan<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0cost-effective program<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0time-dependent variable<\/td>\r\n<td>radiation-sensitive sample<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0long-chain fatty acid<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>When Hyphens Are Not Needed<\/h3>\r\nBy convention, hyphens are not used after\u00a0words ending in -<em>ly<\/em>, nor when the words are so commonly used in combination that no ambiguity results.\u00a0So, for example, above, we use no hyphen when discussing properly used hyphens.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Unnecessary hyphens<\/h3>\r\nIn these examples, no hyphens are needed:\r\n<table width=\"400\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>finely tuned engine<\/td>\r\n<td>blood pressure<\/td>\r\n<td>sea level<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>real estate<\/td>\r\n<td>census taker<\/td>\r\n<td>atomic energy<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>civil rights law<\/td>\r\n<td>public utility plant<\/td>\r\n<td>carbon dioxide<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div><\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong> Phrases containing the word well like\u00a0well known are contested.\u00a0Well is an adverb (like finely and other adverbs that typically end in -ly). Thus many think a hyphen is unnecessary with well known. Others say that leaving out the hyphen may cause confusion and include it (well-known).\r\n\r\nThe standard in MLA is as follows: When it appears before the noun,\u00a0well known should be hyphenated. When it follows the noun, no hyphenation is needed.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">She is a well-known person.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The actor in the series is a well-known bodybuilder.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">She is well known.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">As she becomes more well known, her Instagram following will probably increase.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3>Prefixes and Suffixes<\/h3>\r\nMost prefixes do not need to be hyphenated; they are simply added in front of a noun, with no spaces and no joining punctuation necessary.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: PRefixes<\/h3>\r\nThe following is a list of common prefixes that do not require hyphenation when added to a noun:\r\n<table width=\"400\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>after<\/td>\r\n<td>anti<\/td>\r\n<td>bi<\/td>\r\n<td>bio<\/td>\r\n<td>co<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>cyber<\/td>\r\n<td>di<\/td>\r\n<td>down<\/td>\r\n<td>hetero<\/td>\r\n<td>homo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>infra<\/td>\r\n<td>inter<\/td>\r\n<td>macro<\/td>\r\n<td>micro<\/td>\r\n<td>mini<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>non<\/td>\r\n<td>photo<\/td>\r\n<td>poly<\/td>\r\n<td>stereo<\/td>\r\n<td>thermo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\nWhen prefixes are added to a proper noun, they\u00a0require a hyphen (e.g., <em>nonviolent<\/em>, but\u00a0<em>non-European<\/em>).\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\r\n\r\n<strong>Note:<\/strong> The prefix\u00a0<em>re<\/em> generally doesn't require a hyphen. However, when leaving out a hyphen will cause confusion, one should be added. Look at the following word pairs, for example:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><em>resign<\/em> (leave a position) v. <em>re-sign<\/em> (sign the paper again)<\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>recreation<\/em>\u00a0(an activity of leisure) v. <em>re-creation\u00a0<\/em>(create something again)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nCommon suffixes also do not require hyphenation, assuming no ambiguities of spelling or pronunciation arise. Typically, you do not need to hyphenate words ending in the following suffixes:\r\n<table width=\"400\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>able<\/td>\r\n<td>less<\/td>\r\n<td>fold<\/td>\r\n<td>like<\/td>\r\n<td>wise<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\nAmbiguities of spelling or pronunciation are exceptions.\r\n\r\nHer face is bell-like. (Using an \u201cl\u201d three times in a row would be messy).\r\n<h3>Commonly Used Word Blends<\/h3>\r\nAlso, especially in technical fields, some words commonly used in succession become joined into one. The resulting word\u2019s meaning is readily understood by technical readers, and no hyphen is necessary.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Word blends<\/h3>\r\nHere are some examples of such word blends, typically written as single words:\r\n<table width=\"400\" cellspacing=\"1\" cellpadding=\"1\">\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>blackbody<\/td>\r\n<td>groundwater<\/td>\r\n<td>airship<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>downdraft<\/td>\r\n<td>longwall<\/td>\r\n<td>upload<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td>setup<\/td>\r\n<td>runoff<\/td>\r\n<td>blowout<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0f800f86-e207-40ef-8560-19096fdc377c\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Dashes<\/h2>\r\nThe dash functions (like a colon) to add emphasis to the preceding material.\u00a0 In effect, a dash allows you to redefine what was just written, making it more explicit. You can also use a pair of dashes in place of parentheses, to frame an interruptive or parenthetical-type comment that you do not want to de-emphasize.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Em dashes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1769\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"220\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1769\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172125\/em-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"220\" height=\"123\" \/> <strong>Figure 2 <\/strong>. An em dash.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nJill Emery confirms that Muslim populations have typically been ruled by non-Muslims\u2014specifically Americans, Russians, Israelis, and the French. (The em dash here gives extra emphasis to the examples of non-Muslims (American, Russians, Israelis, and the French).<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The dissolution took 20 minutes\u2014much longer than anticipated\u2014but measurements were begun as soon as the process was completed. (The pair of em dashes here work like parentheses to add emphasis to the fact that 20 minutes was much longer than anticipated.)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> There is no \"dash\" button on a computer keyboard. Instead, create it by typing the hyphen button twice in a row; or use the \"symbol\" option in your word processor; or use the Mac shortcut option + shift + \u2014.<\/div>\r\n<h4>The En-dash<\/h4>\r\nThere is also an \u201cen dash\u201d\u2014whose length is that of an N, between that of the hyphen and the em dash, and it's best used with dates and numbers. It\u00a0can also be used for flight or train routes.\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: En Dashes<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_1770\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"220\"]<img class=\"wp-image-1770\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172226\/en-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. An en dash.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nJuly 6\u2013September 17\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The date range began on July 6 and ended on September 17.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Barack Obama (1961\u2013)\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">This indicates the year the former president was born as well as the fact he is still alive.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">pp. 148\u201356\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">This indicates pages 148 through 156. With number ranges, you can remove the first digit of the second number if it\u2019s the same as the first number\u2019s.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The London\u2013Paris train will be running thirty minutes late today.\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li aria-level=\"1\">This indicates that the departing location is London and the destination location is Paris.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> Like the em dash, the en dash is not on the standard computer keyboard. \u00a0Select it from word processor\u2019s symbol map (or if you have a Mac, you can type <strong>option<\/strong> +\u00a0<strong>-<\/strong>), or it may even be inserted automatically by your word processor when you type inclusive numbers or dates with a hyphen between them.\u00a0In most contexts, a hyphen can serve as an en dash, but in professional publications\u2014especially in the humanities\u2014an en dash is correct.<\/div>\r\nWhen you type the hyphen, en dash, and em dash, no spaces should appear on either side of the punctuation mark.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d7cb7945-ec6f-4e46-9713-98f744869f2b\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/739b8d52-0dbf-4483-91b1-4b2469398b52\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/372437e3-64b0-4f2a-a517-f26b6f2d6bf4\r\n\r\nClick through this presentation and answer the questions to test your understanding of when to use dashes and hyphens.\r\n\r\n[embed]https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290909726859410368\/embed[\/embed]\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Demonstrate the proper use of hyphens and dashes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_1768\" style=\"width: 232px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1768\" class=\"wp-image-1768\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172059\/hyphen-1024x577.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"222\" height=\"125\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1768\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. A hyphen.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Hyphens<\/h2>\n<div class=\"content clear-block\">\n<p>The Oxford Manual of Style once stated, \u201cIf you take hyphens seriously, you will surely go mad.\u201d Hyphens belong to that category of punctuation marks that will hurt your brain if you think about them too hard, and, like commas, people disagree about their use in certain situations. Nevertheless, you will have to use them regularly because of the nature of academic and professional writing.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaway: The hyphen&#8217;s function<\/h3>\n<p>Fundamentally, the hyphen is a joiner. It can join several different types of things:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>two nouns to make one complete word (kilogram-meter)<\/li>\n<li>an adjective and a noun to make a compound word (accident-prone)<\/li>\n<li>two words that, when linked, describe a noun (agreed-upon sum, two-dimensional object)<\/li>\n<li>a prefix with a noun (un-American)<\/li>\n<li>double numbers (twenty-four)<\/li>\n<li>numbers and units describing a noun (1000-foot face; a 10-meter difference)<\/li>\n<li>\u201cself\u201d words (self-employed, self-esteem)<\/li>\n<li>new word blends (cancer-causing, cost-effective)<\/li>\n<li>prefixes and suffixes to words, in particular when the writer wants to avoid doubling a vowel or tripling a consonant (anti-inflammatory; shell-like)<\/li>\n<li>multiple adjectives with the same noun (blue- and\u00a0yellow-green beads; four- and five-year-olds)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> A general rule for the hyphen is that the resulting word must act as one unit; therefore, the hyphen creates a new word that has a single meaning. Usually, you can tell whether a hyphen is necessary by applying common sense and mentally excluding one of the words in question, testing how the words would work together without the hyphen.<\/p>\n<p>For example, the phrases \u201chigh-pressure system,\u201d \u201cwater-repellent surface,\u201d and \u201cfuel-efficient car\u201d would not make sense without hyphens, because you would not refer to a \u201chigh system,\u201d a \u201cwater surface,\u201d or a \u201cfuel car.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As you become attuned to proper hyphenation practices, you will recognize where hyphens fit best.<\/p>\n<h3>Properly Used Hyphens<\/h3>\n<p>By convention, hyphens are not used after words ending in \u2013ly, nor when the words are so commonly used in combination that no ambiguity results. So, for example, above, we use no hyphen when discussing properly used hyphens.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Properly used Hyphens<\/h3>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>small-scale study<\/td>\n<td>two-prong plug<\/td>\n<td>strength-to-weight ratio<\/td>\n<td>high-velocity flow<\/td>\n<td>frost-free lawn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>self-employed worker<\/td>\n<td>one-third majority<\/td>\n<td>coarse-grained wood<\/td>\n<td>decision-making process<\/td>\n<td>blue-green algae<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>air-ice interface<\/td>\n<td>silver-stained cells<\/td>\n<td>protein-calorie malnutrition<\/td>\n<td>membrane-bound vesicles<\/td>\n<td>phase-contrast microscope<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>long-term-payment loan<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0cost-effective program<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0time-dependent variable<\/td>\n<td>radiation-sensitive sample<\/td>\n<td>\u00a0long-chain fatty acid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>When Hyphens Are Not Needed<\/h3>\n<p>By convention, hyphens are not used after\u00a0words ending in &#8211;<em>ly<\/em>, nor when the words are so commonly used in combination that no ambiguity results.\u00a0So, for example, above, we use no hyphen when discussing properly used hyphens.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Unnecessary hyphens<\/h3>\n<p>In these examples, no hyphens are needed:<\/p>\n<table cellpadding=\"1\" style=\"width: 400px; border-spacing: 1px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>finely tuned engine<\/td>\n<td>blood pressure<\/td>\n<td>sea level<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>real estate<\/td>\n<td>census taker<\/td>\n<td>atomic energy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>civil rights law<\/td>\n<td>public utility plant<\/td>\n<td>carbon dioxide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> Phrases containing the word well like\u00a0well known are contested.\u00a0Well is an adverb (like finely and other adverbs that typically end in -ly). Thus many think a hyphen is unnecessary with well known. Others say that leaving out the hyphen may cause confusion and include it (well-known).<\/p>\n<p>The standard in MLA is as follows: When it appears before the noun,\u00a0well known should be hyphenated. When it follows the noun, no hyphenation is needed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">She is a well-known person.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The actor in the series is a well-known bodybuilder.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">She is well known.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">As she becomes more well known, her Instagram following will probably increase.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Prefixes and Suffixes<\/h3>\n<p>Most prefixes do not need to be hyphenated; they are simply added in front of a noun, with no spaces and no joining punctuation necessary.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: PRefixes<\/h3>\n<p>The following is a list of common prefixes that do not require hyphenation when added to a noun:<\/p>\n<table cellpadding=\"1\" style=\"width: 400px; border-spacing: 1px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>after<\/td>\n<td>anti<\/td>\n<td>bi<\/td>\n<td>bio<\/td>\n<td>co<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>cyber<\/td>\n<td>di<\/td>\n<td>down<\/td>\n<td>hetero<\/td>\n<td>homo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>infra<\/td>\n<td>inter<\/td>\n<td>macro<\/td>\n<td>micro<\/td>\n<td>mini<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>non<\/td>\n<td>photo<\/td>\n<td>poly<\/td>\n<td>stereo<\/td>\n<td>thermo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>When prefixes are added to a proper noun, they\u00a0require a hyphen (e.g., <em>nonviolent<\/em>, but\u00a0<em>non-European<\/em>).<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\">\n<p><strong>Note:<\/strong> The prefix\u00a0<em>re<\/em> generally doesn&#8217;t require a hyphen. However, when leaving out a hyphen will cause confusion, one should be added. Look at the following word pairs, for example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>resign<\/em> (leave a position) v. <em>re-sign<\/em> (sign the paper again)<\/li>\n<li><em>recreation<\/em>\u00a0(an activity of leisure) v. <em>re-creation\u00a0<\/em>(create something again)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Common suffixes also do not require hyphenation, assuming no ambiguities of spelling or pronunciation arise. Typically, you do not need to hyphenate words ending in the following suffixes:<\/p>\n<table cellpadding=\"1\" style=\"width: 400px; border-spacing: 1px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>able<\/td>\n<td>less<\/td>\n<td>fold<\/td>\n<td>like<\/td>\n<td>wise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Ambiguities of spelling or pronunciation are exceptions.<\/p>\n<p>Her face is bell-like. (Using an \u201cl\u201d three times in a row would be messy).<\/p>\n<h3>Commonly Used Word Blends<\/h3>\n<p>Also, especially in technical fields, some words commonly used in succession become joined into one. The resulting word\u2019s meaning is readily understood by technical readers, and no hyphen is necessary.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Word blends<\/h3>\n<p>Here are some examples of such word blends, typically written as single words:<\/p>\n<table cellpadding=\"1\" style=\"width: 400px; border-spacing: 1px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>blackbody<\/td>\n<td>groundwater<\/td>\n<td>airship<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>downdraft<\/td>\n<td>longwall<\/td>\n<td>upload<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>setup<\/td>\n<td>runoff<\/td>\n<td>blowout<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_0f800f86-e207-40ef-8560-19096fdc377c\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/0f800f86-e207-40ef-8560-19096fdc377c?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_0f800f86-e207-40ef-8560-19096fdc377c\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Dashes<\/h2>\n<p>The dash functions (like a colon) to add emphasis to the preceding material.\u00a0 In effect, a dash allows you to redefine what was just written, making it more explicit. You can also use a pair of dashes in place of parentheses, to frame an interruptive or parenthetical-type comment that you do not want to de-emphasize.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Em dashes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<div id=\"attachment_1769\" style=\"width: 230px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1769\" class=\"wp-image-1769\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172125\/em-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"220\" height=\"123\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1769\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2 <\/strong>. An em dash.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Jill Emery confirms that Muslim populations have typically been ruled by non-Muslims\u2014specifically Americans, Russians, Israelis, and the French. (The em dash here gives extra emphasis to the examples of non-Muslims (American, Russians, Israelis, and the French).<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The dissolution took 20 minutes\u2014much longer than anticipated\u2014but measurements were begun as soon as the process was completed. (The pair of em dashes here work like parentheses to add emphasis to the fact that 20 minutes was much longer than anticipated.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> There is no &#8220;dash&#8221; button on a computer keyboard. Instead, create it by typing the hyphen button twice in a row; or use the &#8220;symbol&#8221; option in your word processor; or use the Mac shortcut option + shift + \u2014.<\/div>\n<h4>The En-dash<\/h4>\n<p>There is also an \u201cen dash\u201d\u2014whose length is that of an N, between that of the hyphen and the em dash, and it&#8217;s best used with dates and numbers. It\u00a0can also be used for flight or train routes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: En Dashes<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">\n<div id=\"attachment_1770\" style=\"width: 230px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-1770\" class=\"wp-image-1770\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/05\/04172226\/en-1024x575.png\" alt=\"Appropriate alternative text for this image can be found in the caption.\" width=\"220\" height=\"124\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-1770\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. An en dash.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>July 6\u2013September 17<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The date range began on July 6 and ended on September 17.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">Barack Obama (1961\u2013)\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">This indicates the year the former president was born as well as the fact he is still alive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">pp. 148\u201356\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">This indicates pages 148 through 156. With number ranges, you can remove the first digit of the second number if it\u2019s the same as the first number\u2019s.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\">The London\u2013Paris train will be running thirty minutes late today.\n<ul>\n<li aria-level=\"1\">This indicates that the departing location is London and the destination location is Paris.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox shaded\"><strong>PRO TIP:<\/strong> Like the em dash, the en dash is not on the standard computer keyboard. \u00a0Select it from word processor\u2019s symbol map (or if you have a Mac, you can type <strong>option<\/strong> +\u00a0<strong>&#8211;<\/strong>), or it may even be inserted automatically by your word processor when you type inclusive numbers or dates with a hyphen between them.\u00a0In most contexts, a hyphen can serve as an en dash, but in professional publications\u2014especially in the humanities\u2014an en dash is correct.<\/div>\n<p>When you type the hyphen, en dash, and em dash, no spaces should appear on either side of the punctuation mark.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_d7cb7945-ec6f-4e46-9713-98f744869f2b\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/d7cb7945-ec6f-4e46-9713-98f744869f2b?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_d7cb7945-ec6f-4e46-9713-98f744869f2b\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_739b8d52-0dbf-4483-91b1-4b2469398b52\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/739b8d52-0dbf-4483-91b1-4b2469398b52?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_739b8d52-0dbf-4483-91b1-4b2469398b52\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_372437e3-64b0-4f2a-a517-f26b6f2d6bf4\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/372437e3-64b0-4f2a-a517-f26b6f2d6bf4?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_372437e3-64b0-4f2a-a517-f26b6f2d6bf4\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>Click through this presentation and answer the questions to test your understanding of when to use dashes and hyphens.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290909726859410368\/embed\" frameborder=\"0\" width=\"500\" height=\"750\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1040\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Original Icons. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Style For Students Online. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Joe Schall. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Pennsylvania State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/\">https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Penn State&#039;s College of Earth and Mineral Sciences&#039; OER Initiative. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Modification of John Cage (errors added). <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cage\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cage<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Hyphens and Dashes Activity. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Excelsior OWL. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/writing-refresher\/grammar-refresher\/dashes-hyphens\/\">https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/writing-refresher\/grammar-refresher\/dashes-hyphens\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Style For Students Online\",\"author\":\"Joe Schall\",\"organization\":\"The Pennsylvania State University\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/\",\"project\":\"Penn State\\'s College of Earth and Mineral Sciences\\' OER Initiative\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Revision and adaptation\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-nc-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Original Icons\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Modification of John Cage (errors added)\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Wikipedia\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Cage\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by-sa\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"cc\",\"description\":\"Hyphens and Dashes Activity\",\"author\":\"Excelsior OWL\",\"organization\":\"\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/writing-refresher\/grammar-refresher\/dashes-hyphens\/\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"}]","CANDELA_OUTCOMES_GUID":"a82fc0a8-dd1a-4c46-a96a-05df56f0f16a, 0c348b7d-4569-4b5d-8762-8901a3984588","pb_show_title":"on","pb_short_title":"","pb_subtitle":"","pb_authors":[],"pb_section_license":""},"chapter-type":[],"contributor":[],"license":[],"class_list":["post-1040","chapter","type-chapter","status-publish","hentry"],"part":57,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1040","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/chapter"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/29"}],"version-history":[{"count":29,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1040\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6145,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1040\/revisions\/6145"}],"part":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/parts\/57"}],"metadata":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapters\/1040\/metadata\/"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1040"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"chapter-type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/pressbooks\/v2\/chapter-type?post=1040"},{"taxonomy":"contributor","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/contributor?post=1040"},{"taxonomy":"license","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/license?post=1040"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}