{"id":1185,"date":"2020-01-28T13:38:25","date_gmt":"2020-01-28T13:38:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/coreqenglish1\/chapter\/1-1-2-text-distinguishing-features-of-reading-types\/"},"modified":"2025-01-17T18:55:01","modified_gmt":"2025-01-17T18:55:01","slug":"distinguishing-features-of-reading-types","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/distinguishing-features-of-reading-types\/","title":{"raw":"Distinguishing Features of Reading Types","rendered":"Distinguishing Features of Reading Types"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Differentiate between the goals and purposes of various genres of texts<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nThe types of reading you do in college will depend on your major and your elective options. It helps to be able to identify the type\u00a0of source you're being asked to read in each class. That way, you have some expectations about why you're reading it, what you should expect to learn from it, and how to read it effectively.\r\n<h2>Literature<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Literature<\/strong> includes poetry, fiction, creative non-fiction, and drama. Its primary goal is <strong>to entertain<\/strong>.\r\n<h3>Distinguishing Features<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Artistic use of language<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Plot = action<\/li>\r\n \t<li>Characters<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_79\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"300\"]<img class=\"wp-image-79 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/03\/10222651\/800px-Freytags_pyramid.svg_-300x200.png\" alt=\"Line drawing: a flat line, labeled &quot;exposition&quot; shifts to a rising angle labeled &quot;rising action.&quot; The peak is labeled &quot;Climax.&quot; Then a downward sloping line labeled &quot;Falling Action,&quot; into a flat line labeled &quot;Denouement.&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Many fictional stories follow a dramatic arc like this one.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nWorks of fiction and drama usually follow a similar plot structure, called a <strong>dramatic arc<\/strong>. \"Exposition\" provides the setting and background information. \"Rising action\" is where the events of the story start to get complicated. The \"climax\" is where the drama reaches its most dramatic moment. \"Falling action\" then shows the fallout from the climax, and \"resolution\" (also known as a <em>denoument<\/em>) is the closing action where the issues of the plot are fully resolved.\r\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>the <em>Harry Potter<\/em> series of books, by J. K. Rowling<\/li>\r\n \t<li>the plays and sonnets of William Shakespeare<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Journalism<\/h2>\r\n<strong>Journalism<\/strong> is news, usually focused on current events. Its primary goal is <strong>to inform<\/strong>.\u00a0Because of this purpose, the writing is <strong>neutral<\/strong>: it shows no opinion, just\u00a0facts.\r\n<h3>Distinguishing Features<\/h3>\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_75\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"254\"]<img class=\"wp-image-75\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/03\/10184549\/680px-Inverted_pyramid_2.svg_-300x256.png\" alt=\"Illustration of an inverted pyramid. The wide top is labeled &quot;Most Newsworthy Info: Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?&quot;; Middle is &quot;Important Details&quot;; narrow bottom is &quot;Other general info, background info.&quot;\" width=\"254\" height=\"217\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The Inverted Pyramid structure of news articles.[\/caption]\r\n\r\nThe <b>inverted pyramid<\/b> is a\u00a0metaphor used by journalists\u00a0to illustrate how many news articles are organized. Many blogs and editorials follow this structure, in addition to most\u00a0newspaper pieces.\r\n\r\nThis upside-down pyramid\u00a0consists of three parts. The widest part at the top represents the most substantial, interesting, and important information the writer means to convey, while the lower parts\u00a0illustrate that other material should follow in order of diminishing importance.\r\n\r\nThis format is useful\u00a0for two reasons. First, readers can leave the story at any point and understand it, even if they do not have all the details. Second, readers get a sense of how important different content is, depending on where it appears in the article.\r\n\r\nJournalism relies on research. They refer to sources by name, but don't have separate citations at the end of the piece.\r\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>articles from<em> The New York Times<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li>stories from the evening news<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Academic Journals<\/h2>\r\nAn <b>academic<\/b> or <b>scholarly journal<\/b> is a peer-reviewed periodical that focuses on a narrow field of study.\u00a0The primary goal of academic and scholarly articles is <strong>to distribute new ideas<\/strong>. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research.\r\n<h3>Distinguishing features<\/h3>\r\nAcademic journal articles are generally written by experts in a particular field. They assume that readers have a depth of knowledge about the subject matter, as well.\r\n<h2>Textbooks<\/h2>\r\nYou're likely quite familiar with these already. Whether in ebook or print form, textbooks are commonly associated with formal education. Their primary goal is <strong>to educate<\/strong>.\r\n<h3>Distinguishing Features<\/h3>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\nA textbook is an organized body of material useful for the formal study of a subject area. A good textbook is distinguished by:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_84\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"200\"]<img class=\"wp-image-84\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/03\/10234002\/134329177_73f61a9bf3_z-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"Decorative image.\" width=\"200\" height=\"268\" \/> <strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Several different components are included in textbooks to better help the reader.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<strong>A discrete, well-bounded scope<\/strong>: all the material should relate to a solid understanding of the subject, usually mixing theory and practice for each topic as it covers the subject domain.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use of examples and problems<\/strong>: the student should be able to better grasp each presented concept by following examples, and then applying the concept in structured exercises or problems.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>An internally consistent style<\/strong>: after the first few sections, there should be little or no surprises for the student in terms of layout and presentation of material. The text's user can get comfortable with the layout, the tempo of the presentation, and the pattern of figures, illustrations, examples, and exercises.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Utility for future reference<\/strong>: once reviewed, the textbook should isolate material that is useful to the future application of subject knowledge in well-organized appendices and tables.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>A structure that makes sense<\/strong>: the textbook is not just a collection of useful material, it is a guide to the student for an order of review which will aid in mastering the subject area.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h2>Reference Works<\/h2>\r\nReference works include books, such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, almanacs, and bibliographies. Reference works also include subject-specific books, like legal dictionaries and diagnostic manuals. Reference works also include websites like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikipedia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WebMD<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oed.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oxford English Dictionary Online<\/a>.\r\n\r\nThe primary goal of reference works is to find particular information and answer specific questions.\r\n<h3>Distinguishing Features<\/h3>\r\nReference works usually have a direct, informative style that emphasizes facts. In addition, reference works:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are often arranged alphabetically, chronologically, or using some other overarching organizational method.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are usually written by a team of experts with authors writing on their areas of specialization.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are frequently updated to deliver the most current information and synthesize it with what came before.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Often include cross-references (print) or hyperlinks (web) to connect readers to additional information in the same subject area.<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May be written in an especially terse, shorthand style to fit as much information as possible into a small space.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Dictionary of American Biography<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Merck Manual<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance<\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">W3schools.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Merriam-webster.com<\/a><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nNow that you are familiar with these basic genres, let's take a look at a few examples and see if you can determine which reading is from which genre.\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ef6147d1-ccc4-4b99-a615-e1103b4e16e7\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/f2609f8f-49c3-4aee-a35b-d6b9dc7e559a\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/bd6bfdf6-ab0b-495c-8fe2-a08af3f7a3a1\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Differentiate between the goals and purposes of various genres of texts<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>The types of reading you do in college will depend on your major and your elective options. It helps to be able to identify the type\u00a0of source you&#8217;re being asked to read in each class. That way, you have some expectations about why you&#8217;re reading it, what you should expect to learn from it, and how to read it effectively.<\/p>\n<h2>Literature<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Literature<\/strong> includes poetry, fiction, creative non-fiction, and drama. Its primary goal is <strong>to entertain<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Distinguishing Features<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Artistic use of language<\/li>\n<li>Plot = action<\/li>\n<li>Characters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div id=\"attachment_79\" style=\"width: 310px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-79\" class=\"wp-image-79 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/03\/10222651\/800px-Freytags_pyramid.svg_-300x200.png\" alt=\"Line drawing: a flat line, labeled &quot;exposition&quot; shifts to a rising angle labeled &quot;rising action.&quot; The peak is labeled &quot;Climax.&quot; Then a downward sloping line labeled &quot;Falling Action,&quot; into a flat line labeled &quot;Denouement.&quot;\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-79\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Many fictional stories follow a dramatic arc like this one.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Works of fiction and drama usually follow a similar plot structure, called a <strong>dramatic arc<\/strong>. &#8220;Exposition&#8221; provides the setting and background information. &#8220;Rising action&#8221; is where the events of the story start to get complicated. The &#8220;climax&#8221; is where the drama reaches its most dramatic moment. &#8220;Falling action&#8221; then shows the fallout from the climax, and &#8220;resolution&#8221; (also known as a <em>denoument<\/em>) is the closing action where the issues of the plot are fully resolved.<\/p>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>the <em>Harry Potter<\/em> series of books, by J. K. Rowling<\/li>\n<li>the plays and sonnets of William Shakespeare<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Journalism<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Journalism<\/strong> is news, usually focused on current events. Its primary goal is <strong>to inform<\/strong>.\u00a0Because of this purpose, the writing is <strong>neutral<\/strong>: it shows no opinion, just\u00a0facts.<\/p>\n<h3>Distinguishing Features<\/h3>\n<div id=\"attachment_75\" style=\"width: 264px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-75\" class=\"wp-image-75\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/03\/10184549\/680px-Inverted_pyramid_2.svg_-300x256.png\" alt=\"Illustration of an inverted pyramid. The wide top is labeled &quot;Most Newsworthy Info: Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?&quot;; Middle is &quot;Important Details&quot;; narrow bottom is &quot;Other general info, background info.&quot;\" width=\"254\" height=\"217\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-75\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. The Inverted Pyramid structure of news articles.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>The <b>inverted pyramid<\/b> is a\u00a0metaphor used by journalists\u00a0to illustrate how many news articles are organized. Many blogs and editorials follow this structure, in addition to most\u00a0newspaper pieces.<\/p>\n<p>This upside-down pyramid\u00a0consists of three parts. The widest part at the top represents the most substantial, interesting, and important information the writer means to convey, while the lower parts\u00a0illustrate that other material should follow in order of diminishing importance.<\/p>\n<p>This format is useful\u00a0for two reasons. First, readers can leave the story at any point and understand it, even if they do not have all the details. Second, readers get a sense of how important different content is, depending on where it appears in the article.<\/p>\n<p>Journalism relies on research. They refer to sources by name, but don&#8217;t have separate citations at the end of the piece.<\/p>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>articles from<em> The New York Times<\/em><\/li>\n<li>stories from the evening news<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Academic Journals<\/h2>\n<p>An <b>academic<\/b> or <b>scholarly journal<\/b> is a peer-reviewed periodical that focuses on a narrow field of study.\u00a0The primary goal of academic and scholarly articles is <strong>to distribute new ideas<\/strong>. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research, and the critique of existing research.<\/p>\n<h3>Distinguishing features<\/h3>\n<p>Academic journal articles are generally written by experts in a particular field. They assume that readers have a depth of knowledge about the subject matter, as well.<\/p>\n<h2>Textbooks<\/h2>\n<p>You&#8217;re likely quite familiar with these already. Whether in ebook or print form, textbooks are commonly associated with formal education. Their primary goal is <strong>to educate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3>Distinguishing Features<\/h3>\n<div>\n<p>A textbook is an organized body of material useful for the formal study of a subject area. A good textbook is distinguished by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<div id=\"attachment_84\" style=\"width: 210px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-84\" class=\"wp-image-84\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/03\/10234002\/134329177_73f61a9bf3_z-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"Decorative image.\" width=\"200\" height=\"268\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-84\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 3<\/strong>. Several different components are included in textbooks to better help the reader.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><strong>A discrete, well-bounded scope<\/strong>: all the material should relate to a solid understanding of the subject, usually mixing theory and practice for each topic as it covers the subject domain.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Use of examples and problems<\/strong>: the student should be able to better grasp each presented concept by following examples, and then applying the concept in structured exercises or problems.<\/li>\n<li><strong>An internally consistent style<\/strong>: after the first few sections, there should be little or no surprises for the student in terms of layout and presentation of material. The text&#8217;s user can get comfortable with the layout, the tempo of the presentation, and the pattern of figures, illustrations, examples, and exercises.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Utility for future reference<\/strong>: once reviewed, the textbook should isolate material that is useful to the future application of subject knowledge in well-organized appendices and tables.<\/li>\n<li><strong>A structure that makes sense<\/strong>: the textbook is not just a collection of useful material, it is a guide to the student for an order of review which will aid in mastering the subject area.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Reference Works<\/h2>\n<p>Reference works include books, such as encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, almanacs, and bibliographies. Reference works also include subject-specific books, like legal dictionaries and diagnostic manuals. Reference works also include websites like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wikipedia.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.webmd.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WebMD<\/a>, and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.oed.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Oxford English Dictionary Online<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>The primary goal of reference works is to find particular information and answer specific questions.<\/p>\n<h3>Distinguishing Features<\/h3>\n<p>Reference works usually have a direct, informative style that emphasizes facts. In addition, reference works:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are often arranged alphabetically, chronologically, or using some other overarching organizational method.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are usually written by a team of experts with authors writing on their areas of specialization.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are frequently updated to deliver the most current information and synthesize it with what came before.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Often include cross-references (print) or hyperlinks (web) to connect readers to additional information in the same subject area.<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">May be written in an especially terse, shorthand style to fit as much information as possible into a small space.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Examples<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Dictionary of American Biography<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Merck Manual<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance<\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.w3schools.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">W3schools.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Merriam-webster.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Now that you are familiar with these basic genres, let&#8217;s take a look at a few examples and see if you can determine which reading is from which genre.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_ef6147d1-ccc4-4b99-a615-e1103b4e16e7\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/ef6147d1-ccc4-4b99-a615-e1103b4e16e7?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_ef6147d1-ccc4-4b99-a615-e1103b4e16e7\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_f2609f8f-49c3-4aee-a35b-d6b9dc7e559a\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/f2609f8f-49c3-4aee-a35b-d6b9dc7e559a?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_f2609f8f-49c3-4aee-a35b-d6b9dc7e559a\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_bd6bfdf6-ab0b-495c-8fe2-a08af3f7a3a1\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/bd6bfdf6-ab0b-495c-8fe2-a08af3f7a3a1?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_bd6bfdf6-ab0b-495c-8fe2-a08af3f7a3a1\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1185\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation of Textbook Considerations. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Modification, adaptation, and original content. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Barbara Egel for Lumen Learning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Inverted pyramid. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inverted_pyramid\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inverted_pyramid<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Textbook Considerations. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikibooks. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Wikibooks:Textbook_considerations\">https:\/\/en.wikibooks.org\/wiki\/Wikibooks:Textbook_considerations<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>What is a Scholarly Journal Article?. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: University of Washington Libraries. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/PuyCJnv3auk\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/PuyCJnv3auk<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of textbooks. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Logan Ingalls. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/cStoi\">https:\/\/flic.kr\/p\/cStoi<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Text: Distinguishing Features of Reading Types. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Image of Inverted Pyramid. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Air Force Departmental Publishing Office. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Inverted_pyramid_2.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Inverted_pyramid_2.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of dramatic arc. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: BrokenSegue. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Freytags_pyramid.svg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Freytags_pyramid.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t 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