{"id":1700,"date":"2020-02-19T04:12:54","date_gmt":"2020-02-19T04:12:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/coreqenglish1\/?post_type=chapter&#038;p=1700"},"modified":"2025-02-18T19:26:57","modified_gmt":"2025-02-18T19:26:57","slug":"inductive-and-deductive-reasoning","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/inductive-and-deductive-reasoning\/","title":{"raw":"Inductive and Deductive Reasoning","rendered":"Inductive and Deductive Reasoning"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Differentiate between deductive and inductive reasoning<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h2>Deductive and Inductive Arguments: Two Ways\u00a0of Understanding<\/h2>\r\n<p data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"204\">We have two basic ways of reasoning to determine whether something is true: <strong data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"201\">deductive reasoning<\/strong> and<strong data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"201\"> inductive<\/strong><strong data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"173\">\u00a0reasoning.<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3 data-start=\"265\" data-end=\"320\"><strong data-start=\"269\" data-end=\"318\">Deductive Reasoning: From General to Specific<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"322\" data-end=\"575\">Deductive reasoning starts with a general principle (<strong data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"387\">premises<\/strong>) assumed to be true and determines what must logically follow. <em><strong>If<\/strong> <\/em>the premises are correct, the conclusion is guaranteed to be true (in other words, you can provide absolute proof of your conclusions). However, the premises themselves are often unproven, or sometimes unprovable.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Deductive reasoning<\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"880\">\r\n \t<li><em data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1048\">If it is raining, the ground will be wet. <\/em><em data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1097\">It is raining outside. <\/em><em data-start=\"1119\" data-end=\"1150\">Therefore, the ground is wet.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li><em>T<\/em><em data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"486\">o legally drive, a person must have a valid driver\u2019s license. <\/em><em data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"535\">Emma is driving a car. <\/em><em data-start=\"557\" data-end=\"610\">Therefore, Emma must have a valid driver\u2019s license.<\/em><\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"880\"><em data-start=\"750\" data-end=\"878\">To earn a bachelor\u2019s degree, a student must have 120 credits. Sally has 130 credits. Therefore, Sally has a bachelor\u2019s degree.<\/em><\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\nEach of these follows the general rule \u2192 specific case \u2192 logical conclusion structure of deductive reasoning.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<h3 data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"276\"><strong data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"274\">Inductive Reasoning: <\/strong><strong data-start=\"269\" data-end=\"318\">From Specific to <\/strong><strong data-start=\"269\" data-end=\"318\">General<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"277\" data-end=\"389\">Inductive reasoning moves in the opposite direction\u2014it begins with specific observations and uses them to form a general conclusion. By identifying patterns, we infer a broader principle that explains the data.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"232\" data-end=\"416\">However, unlike deduction, induction does not prove a theory\u2014it only suggests a likely (or probable) explanation. Alternative explanations may exist, and additional evidence is needed to confirm the conclusion.<\/p>\r\n<p data-start=\"418\" data-end=\"619\" data-is-last-node=\"\">The key to inductive reasoning is ensuring that the conclusion logically explains the data. A conclusion that ignores relevant evidence or contradicts observations would not be logically sound.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Examples: Inductive reasoning<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"308\">\r\n<p data-start=\"213\" data-end=\"308\"><em>Every dog I\u2019ve met at the park has been friendly. Therefore, all dogs at the park are friendly.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"308\">\r\n<p data-start=\"213\" data-end=\"308\"><em>Every time I eat dairy, I feel sick. So, I may be lactose intolerant.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1221\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1221\"><em>Every summer in the past five years, there have been record-high temperatures in my city. Thus, summers are getting hotter in my city.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1402\">\r\n<p data-start=\"1227\" data-end=\"1402\"><em>In every election I\u2019ve followed, voter turnout increases when there is a hotly debated issue on the ballot. Therefore, controversial issues lead to higher voter turnout.<\/em><\/p>\r\n<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"1227\" data-end=\"1402\">Each of these examples follows the specific observations \u2192 general conclusion<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\"> structure of <\/span>inductive reasoning<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">. Unlike <\/span>deductive reasoning<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">, these conclusions are <\/span>probable but not guaranteed<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">\u2014further evidence could support or challenge them.<\/span><\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\r\n<h3>Key Takeaway: Deductive vs inductive Reasoning<\/h3>\r\n<ul data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1462\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1312\"><strong data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1207\">Inductive arguments<\/strong> move from <strong data-start=\"1219\" data-end=\"1244\">specific observations<\/strong> to a <strong data-start=\"1250\" data-end=\"1272\">general conclusion<\/strong> (seeing a pattern and making a rule). They aim to establish a high probability of the conclusion being true, but they cannot guarantee it.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"1313\" data-end=\"1462\"><strong data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1338\">Deductive reasoning<\/strong> starts with a <strong data-start=\"1353\" data-end=\"1369\">general rule<\/strong> and applies it to <strong data-start=\"1388\" data-end=\"1406\">specific cases<\/strong> (knowing a rule and expecting examples to follow it). They guarantee the truth of the conclusion if the premises are valid.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<img class=\"wp-image-3209 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2024\/01\/13215532\/L8.3.1-300x226.png\" alt=\"A graphic comparing inductive and deductive reasoning. The left side, titled &quot;Inductive,&quot; shows an upright triangle divided into three sections: &quot;Specific Observation&quot; at the top, &quot;General Rule&quot; in the middle, and &quot;General Conclusion&quot; at the bottom. The right side, titled &quot;Deductive,&quot; features an inverted triangle divided into three sections: &quot;General Rule&quot; at the top, &quot;Specific Case&quot; in the middle, and &quot;Specific Conclusion&quot; at the bottom.\" width=\"626\" height=\"472\" \/>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\r\n<h3>Example: Deductive vs Inductive reasoning<\/h3>\r\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"30\">Here is an example of how you might reach a conclusion differently if you are applying deductive or inductive reasoning.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"409\"><strong data-start=\"383\" data-end=\"407\">Deductive Reasoning<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<p data-start=\"411\" data-end=\"523\">You read in the news that this grocery store has a tradition of employees wearing football jerseys on Fridays.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"623\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"545\">Today is Friday.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"578\">You go to the grocery store.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"579\" data-end=\"623\">The clerks are wearing football jerseys.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"790\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Because you started with a general rule and applied it to a specific case, you <strong data-start=\"704\" data-end=\"714\">deduce<\/strong> that the clerks wear football jerseys on Fridays to support the local team.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h4 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"30\"><strong data-start=\"4\" data-end=\"28\">Inductive Reasoning<\/strong><\/h4>\r\n<p data-start=\"32\" data-end=\"79\">You visit your local grocery store every day.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul data-start=\"81\" data-end=\"241\">\r\n \t<li data-start=\"81\" data-end=\"144\">Two weeks ago, on Friday, the clerks wore football jerseys.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"145\" data-end=\"183\">Last Friday, they wore them again.<\/li>\r\n \t<li data-start=\"184\" data-end=\"241\">Today, another Friday, they are also wearing jerseys.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<p data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"370\">Based on these observations, you <strong data-start=\"276\" data-end=\"286\">induce<\/strong> that the clerks wear football jerseys <strong data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"334\">every<\/strong> Friday to support the local team.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nDeduction and induction by themselves are inadequate to make a compelling argument. While deduction gives absolute proof, it never makes contact with the real world, there is no place for observation or experimentation, and no way to test the validity of the premises. And, while induction is driven by observation, it never approaches actual proof of a theory. Therefore an effective paper will include both types of logic.\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_2143\" align=\"aligncenter\" width=\"588\"]<img class=\"wp-image-2143\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/02\/19144709\/Screen-Shot-2020-03-19-at-10.43.39-AM.png\" alt=\"Argument terminology showing a flowchart that an argument can rely on either deductive or inductive reasoning, and then be considered either valid or invalid, and strong or weak.\" width=\"588\" height=\"519\" \/> <strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This diagram summarizes some of the key terminology related to arguments: they can be either deductive, in which the conclusion follows the general premises, or inductive, in which a probable conclusion is reached based on some observed premises. You can determine the validity or the strength of an argument by assuming that the premises are true, then seeing if the conclusion is the expected result.[\/caption]\r\n\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\r\nThis video reviews some of the distinctions between inductive and deductive reasoning.\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VXW5mLE5Y2g\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe>\r\n\r\nYou can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/InductiveVSDeductiveReasoningbyShmoop_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for \"Inductive VS Deductive Reasoning by Shmoop\" here (opens in new window)<\/a>.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5c67e024-5e08-4e3a-acb2-9a1184d91837\r\n\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/44ef31a8-7fb5-43ef-aa0e-bd92ddff9c8c\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\r\n<strong>deductive reasoning<\/strong>: top-down reasoning; a method of reasoning in which a certain conclusion follows general premises.\r\n\r\n<strong>inductive reasoning<\/strong>: bottom-up reasoning; a method of reasoning in which several premises provide evidence of a probable conclusion.\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Differentiate between deductive and inductive reasoning<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Deductive and Inductive Arguments: Two Ways\u00a0of Understanding<\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"74\" data-end=\"204\">We have two basic ways of reasoning to determine whether something is true: <strong data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"201\">deductive reasoning<\/strong> and<strong data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"201\"> inductive<\/strong><strong data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"173\">\u00a0reasoning.<\/strong><\/p>\n<h3 data-start=\"265\" data-end=\"320\"><strong data-start=\"269\" data-end=\"318\">Deductive Reasoning: From General to Specific<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"322\" data-end=\"575\">Deductive reasoning starts with a general principle (<strong data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"387\">premises<\/strong>) assumed to be true and determines what must logically follow. <em><strong>If<\/strong> <\/em>the premises are correct, the conclusion is guaranteed to be true (in other words, you can provide absolute proof of your conclusions). However, the premises themselves are often unproven, or sometimes unprovable.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Deductive reasoning<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"880\">\n<li><em data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1048\">If it is raining, the ground will be wet. <\/em><em data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1097\">It is raining outside. <\/em><em data-start=\"1119\" data-end=\"1150\">Therefore, the ground is wet.<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>T<\/em><em data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"486\">o legally drive, a person must have a valid driver\u2019s license. <\/em><em data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"535\">Emma is driving a car. <\/em><em data-start=\"557\" data-end=\"610\">Therefore, Emma must have a valid driver\u2019s license.<\/em><\/li>\n<li data-start=\"748\" data-end=\"880\"><em data-start=\"750\" data-end=\"878\">To earn a bachelor\u2019s degree, a student must have 120 credits. Sally has 130 credits. Therefore, Sally has a bachelor\u2019s degree.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Each of these follows the general rule \u2192 specific case \u2192 logical conclusion structure of deductive reasoning.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3 data-start=\"206\" data-end=\"276\"><strong data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"274\">Inductive Reasoning: <\/strong><strong data-start=\"269\" data-end=\"318\">From Specific to <\/strong><strong data-start=\"269\" data-end=\"318\">General<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"277\" data-end=\"389\">Inductive reasoning moves in the opposite direction\u2014it begins with specific observations and uses them to form a general conclusion. By identifying patterns, we infer a broader principle that explains the data.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"232\" data-end=\"416\">However, unlike deduction, induction does not prove a theory\u2014it only suggests a likely (or probable) explanation. Alternative explanations may exist, and additional evidence is needed to confirm the conclusion.<\/p>\n<p data-start=\"418\" data-end=\"619\" data-is-last-node=\"\">The key to inductive reasoning is ensuring that the conclusion logically explains the data. A conclusion that ignores relevant evidence or contradicts observations would not be logically sound.<\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Examples: Inductive reasoning<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"308\">\n<p data-start=\"213\" data-end=\"308\"><em>Every dog I\u2019ve met at the park has been friendly. Therefore, all dogs at the park are friendly.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"308\">\n<p data-start=\"213\" data-end=\"308\"><em>Every time I eat dairy, I feel sick. So, I may be lactose intolerant.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1221\">\n<p data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1221\"><em>Every summer in the past five years, there have been record-high temperatures in my city. Thus, summers are getting hotter in my city.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1223\" data-end=\"1402\">\n<p data-start=\"1227\" data-end=\"1402\"><em>In every election I\u2019ve followed, voter turnout increases when there is a hotly debated issue on the ballot. Therefore, controversial issues lead to higher voter turnout.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"1227\" data-end=\"1402\">Each of these examples follows the specific observations \u2192 general conclusion<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\"> structure of <\/span>inductive reasoning<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">. Unlike <\/span>deductive reasoning<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">, these conclusions are <\/span>probable but not guaranteed<span style=\"font-size: 1rem; orphans: 1; text-align: initial;\">\u2014further evidence could support or challenge them.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox key-takeaways\">\n<h3>Key Takeaway: Deductive vs inductive Reasoning<\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1462\">\n<li data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1312\"><strong data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1207\">Inductive arguments<\/strong> move from <strong data-start=\"1219\" data-end=\"1244\">specific observations<\/strong> to a <strong data-start=\"1250\" data-end=\"1272\">general conclusion<\/strong> (seeing a pattern and making a rule). They aim to establish a high probability of the conclusion being true, but they cannot guarantee it.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1313\" data-end=\"1462\"><strong data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1338\">Deductive reasoning<\/strong> starts with a <strong data-start=\"1353\" data-end=\"1369\">general rule<\/strong> and applies it to <strong data-start=\"1388\" data-end=\"1406\">specific cases<\/strong> (knowing a rule and expecting examples to follow it). They guarantee the truth of the conclusion if the premises are valid.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-3209 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/content-cdn.one.lumenlearning.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/39\/2024\/01\/13215532\/L8.3.1-300x226.png\" alt=\"A graphic comparing inductive and deductive reasoning. The left side, titled &quot;Inductive,&quot; shows an upright triangle divided into three sections: &quot;Specific Observation&quot; at the top, &quot;General Rule&quot; in the middle, and &quot;General Conclusion&quot; at the bottom. The right side, titled &quot;Deductive,&quot; features an inverted triangle divided into three sections: &quot;General Rule&quot; at the top, &quot;Specific Case&quot; in the middle, and &quot;Specific Conclusion&quot; at the bottom.\" width=\"626\" height=\"472\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox examples\">\n<h3>Example: Deductive vs Inductive reasoning<\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"30\">Here is an example of how you might reach a conclusion differently if you are applying deductive or inductive reasoning.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"409\"><strong data-start=\"383\" data-end=\"407\">Deductive Reasoning<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"411\" data-end=\"523\">You read in the news that this grocery store has a tradition of employees wearing football jerseys on Fridays.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"623\">\n<li data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"545\">Today is Friday.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"578\">You go to the grocery store.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"579\" data-end=\"623\">The clerks are wearing football jerseys.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"790\" data-is-last-node=\"\">Because you started with a general rule and applied it to a specific case, you <strong data-start=\"704\" data-end=\"714\">deduce<\/strong> that the clerks wear football jerseys on Fridays to support the local team.<\/p>\n<h4 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"30\"><strong data-start=\"4\" data-end=\"28\">Inductive Reasoning<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p data-start=\"32\" data-end=\"79\">You visit your local grocery store every day.<\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"81\" data-end=\"241\">\n<li data-start=\"81\" data-end=\"144\">Two weeks ago, on Friday, the clerks wore football jerseys.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"145\" data-end=\"183\">Last Friday, they wore them again.<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"184\" data-end=\"241\">Today, another Friday, they are also wearing jerseys.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p data-start=\"243\" data-end=\"370\">Based on these observations, you <strong data-start=\"276\" data-end=\"286\">induce<\/strong> that the clerks wear football jerseys <strong data-start=\"325\" data-end=\"334\">every<\/strong> Friday to support the local team.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Deduction and induction by themselves are inadequate to make a compelling argument. While deduction gives absolute proof, it never makes contact with the real world, there is no place for observation or experimentation, and no way to test the validity of the premises. And, while induction is driven by observation, it never approaches actual proof of a theory. Therefore an effective paper will include both types of logic.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2143\" style=\"width: 598px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2143\" class=\"wp-image-2143\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4975\/2020\/02\/19144709\/Screen-Shot-2020-03-19-at-10.43.39-AM.png\" alt=\"Argument terminology showing a flowchart that an argument can rely on either deductive or inductive reasoning, and then be considered either valid or invalid, and strong or weak.\" width=\"588\" height=\"519\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-2143\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 2<\/strong>. This diagram summarizes some of the key terminology related to arguments: they can be either deductive, in which the conclusion follows the general premises, or inductive, in which a probable conclusion is reached based on some observed premises. You can determine the validity or the strength of an argument by assuming that the premises are true, then seeing if the conclusion is the expected result.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>Watch It<\/h3>\n<p>This video reviews some of the distinctions between inductive and deductive reasoning.<br \/>\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/VXW5mLE5Y2g\" width=\"800\" height=\"470\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>You can view the <a href=\"https:\/\/course-building.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/English+Comp\/Transcripts\/InductiveVSDeductiveReasoningbyShmoop_transcript.txt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">transcript for &#8220;Inductive VS Deductive Reasoning by Shmoop&#8221; here (opens in new window)<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_5c67e024-5e08-4e3a-acb2-9a1184d91837\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/5c67e024-5e08-4e3a-acb2-9a1184d91837?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_5c67e024-5e08-4e3a-acb2-9a1184d91837\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_44ef31a8-7fb5-43ef-aa0e-bd92ddff9c8c\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/44ef31a8-7fb5-43ef-aa0e-bd92ddff9c8c?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_44ef31a8-7fb5-43ef-aa0e-bd92ddff9c8c\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Glossary<\/h3>\n<p><strong>deductive reasoning<\/strong>: top-down reasoning; a method of reasoning in which a certain conclusion follows general premises.<\/p>\n<p><strong>inductive reasoning<\/strong>: bottom-up reasoning; a method of reasoning in which several premises provide evidence of a probable conclusion.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-1700\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Image of inductive and deductive reasoning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Argument Terminology. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Farcaster. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argument#\/media\/File:Argument_terminology_used_in_logic.png\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argument#\/media\/File:Argument_terminology_used_in_logic.png<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">All rights reserved content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Inductive VS Deductive Reasoning by Shmoop. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Shmoop. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VXW5mLE5Y2g&#038;feature=youtu.be\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VXW5mLE5Y2g&#038;feature=youtu.be<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em>Other<\/em>. <strong>License Terms<\/strong>: Standard YouTube License<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">Public domain content<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Inductive and Deductive Reasoning. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Utah State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ocw.usu.edu\/English\/introduction-to-writing-academic-prose\/inductive-and-deductive-reasoning.html\">http:\/\/ocw.usu.edu\/English\/introduction-to-writing-academic-prose\/inductive-and-deductive-reasoning.html<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: English 1010 Handbook. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>The Logical Structure of Arguments. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Radford University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/lcubbison.pressbooks.com\/chapter\/core-201-analyzing-arguments\/\">http:\/\/lcubbison.pressbooks.com\/chapter\/core-201-analyzing-arguments\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Core Curriculum Handbook. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section>","protected":false},"author":29,"menu_order":7,"template":"","meta":{"_candela_citation":"[{\"type\":\"pd\",\"description\":\"Inductive and Deductive Reasoning\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Utah State University\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/ocw.usu.edu\/English\/introduction-to-writing-academic-prose\/inductive-and-deductive-reasoning.html\",\"project\":\"English 1010 Handbook\",\"license\":\"pd\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"original\",\"description\":\"Image of inductive and deductive reasoning\",\"author\":\"\",\"organization\":\"Lumen Learning\",\"url\":\"\",\"project\":\"\",\"license\":\"cc-by\",\"license_terms\":\"\"},{\"type\":\"copyrighted_video\",\"description\":\"Inductive VS Deductive Reasoning by 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