{"id":257,"date":"2019-12-07T11:40:32","date_gmt":"2019-12-07T11:40:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/coreqenglish1\/chapter\/text-applying-evidence\/"},"modified":"2025-02-07T18:39:57","modified_gmt":"2025-02-07T18:39:57","slug":"text-applying-evidence","status":"publish","type":"chapter","link":"https:\/\/courses.lumenlearning.com\/englishcomp1\/chapter\/text-applying-evidence\/","title":{"raw":"Applying Evidence","rendered":"Applying Evidence"},"content":{"raw":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\r\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li>Describe strategies for synthesizing research with personal ideas<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<\/div>\r\nDepending upon the purpose of the assignment, research can be used to accomplish many things. Whether you are writing to inform, persuade, or critique, research can be used in conjunction with your own ideas to support your thesis and your purpose. You can not let the research speak for itself. You, the writer of the document, are the most important voice. You are using outside sources to support your thesis. Therefore, let your comments, connections, objections, etc. play the strongest role in your paper for your audience.\r\n\r\nIn practical terms, some ways to develop and back up your assertions include:\r\n<ul>\r\n \t<li><strong>Blend sources with your\u00a0assertions.<\/strong>\u00a0Organize your sources so that they blend within paragraphs. Your paper\u2014both as a whole\u00a0and at the paragraph level\u2014should aim to reveal relationships between your own ideas and those of your sources.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Write an original introduction and conclusion.<\/strong>\u00a0Make your introduction and conclusion reflect your ideas and understanding from\u00a0your research. Use sources minimally in your introduction and conclusion.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Open and close paragraphs with originality.<\/strong>\u00a0Use the openings and closing of your paragraphs as a way to guide your readers through your thinking on the topic.<\/li>\r\n \t<li><strong>Use transparent rhetorical strategies.<\/strong>\u00a0When appropriate practice such rhetorical strategies as analysis, synthesis, comparison, contrast, summary, description, definition, evaluation, classification, and even narration. Show your reader that you are\u00a0<em>thinking<\/em>\u00a0as you write.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\r\n<h3>MEAL PAragraphs<\/h3>\r\nYour paragraphs in a research paper will focus on presenting the information you found in your source material and commenting on or analyzing that information.\u00a0<em>It\u2019s not enough to simply present the information in your body paragraphs and move on. You want to give that information a purpose and connect it to your main idea or thesis statement.<\/em>\r\n\r\nYour body paragraphs in a research paper will include\u00a0summarizing,\u00a0paraphrasing, and\u00a0quoting\u00a0your source material, but you may be wondering if there is an effective way to organize this information.\r\n\r\nDuke University coined a term called the \u201cMEAL Plan\u201d that provides an effective structure for paragraphs in an academic research paper: Main Idea, Evidence, Analysis, and Lead out, or Link. Select the pluses to learn more about what each letter stands for. Click on the plus signs to read more about the main idea, evidence, analysis, and lead out.\r\n\r\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290979655924161768\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"565\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\nAnytime you include evidence in your paper, you must clarify where your own ideas end and the cited information begins. Part of your job is to help your reader draw the line between your original thoughts and your research. The best way to do this is create context for the cited information. A phrase such as \u201cA 1979 study reveals\u2026\u201d is an obvious announcement of citation to come.\r\n\r\nWhen you quote or paraphrase an outside source, provide appropriate in-text citations. Following the citation, you must comment on this information: its significance, relevance, or even failure of the information as it relates to the thesis of your essay. Avoid stacking together quote after quote without showing your audience the purpose of the information. Always provide context for what you think of a citation and how it relates to your thesis.\r\n\r\nIt is essential to use outside sources to support up your argument. In many cases, researching will reveal evidence that might relate to the topic but does not support your position or \u201cside\u201d of the argument. Many assignments will ask you to acknowledge the other sides of the argument, so be sure to research your topic thoroughly and from many angles. Don\u2019t just find sources that agree with your view. Remember that most issues are complex and have multiple \u201csides\u201d or perspectives; a simple pro-con may not help you address the nuances or complexities of issues. Listen to and understand the variety of perspectives offered.\r\n\r\nWithin the pages of your research essay, it is important to properly reference and cite your sources to avoid plagiarism and to give credit for original ideas.\r\n<h2>Incorporating Sources<\/h2>\r\nThere are three main ways to put a source to use in your essay: you can quote it, you can summarize\u00a0it, and you can paraphrase\u00a0it.\r\n<h3>Quoting<\/h3>\r\n<img class=\"alignleft wp-image-774\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/12143659\/180px-Cquote2.svg_.png\" sizes=\"(max-width: 107px) 100vw, 107px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/12143659\/180px-Cquote2.svg_.png 180w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/12143659\/180px-Cquote2.svg_-65x49.png 65w\" alt=\"Quotation marks.\" width=\"107\" height=\"80\" \/><strong>Direct quotations<\/strong> are words and phrases that are taken directly from another source, and then used word-for-word in your paper. If you incorporate a direct quotation from another author\u2019s text, you must put that quotation or phrase in quotation marks to indicate that it is not your language.\r\n\r\nWhen writing direct quotations, you can use the source author\u2019s name in the same sentence as the quotation to introduce the quoted text and\u00a0to indicate the source in which you found the text. You should then include the page number or other relevant information in parentheses at the end of the phrase (the exact format will depend on the formatting style of your essay).\r\n\r\n[caption id=\"attachment_548\" align=\"alignright\" width=\"395\"]<img class=\"wp-image-548\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile.jpg\" sizes=\"(max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile.jpg 800w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-225x149.jpg 225w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-350x232.jpg 350w\" alt=\"a pile of bricks\" width=\"395\" height=\"262\" \/> <strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Sources that are not properly integrated into your paper are\u00a0like \u201cbricks without mortar: you have the essential substance, but there\u2019s nothing to hold it together, rendering the whole thing formless\u201d (Smith).[\/caption]\r\n<h3>Summarizing<\/h3>\r\n<strong>Summarizing<\/strong> involves condensing\u00a0the main idea of a source into a much shorter overview. A summary outlines a source\u2019s most important points and general position. When summarizing a source, it is still necessary to use a citation to give credit to the original author. You must reference the author or source in the appropriate citation method at the end of the summary.\r\n<h3>Paraphrasing<\/h3>\r\nWhen <strong>paraphrasing<\/strong>, you may put any part of a source (such as a phrase, sentence, paragraph, or chapter) into your own words. You may find that the original source uses language that is more clear, concise, or specific than your own language, in which case you should use a direct quotation, putting quotation marks around those unique words or phrases you don\u2019t change.\r\n\r\nIt is common to use a mixture of paraphrased text and quoted words or phrases, as long as the direct quotations are inside of quotation marks.<sup class=\"footnote\">[footnote]Smith, Matt. \"Putting It All Together: Thesis Synthesis.\" Web log post. Walden University Writing Center, 12 Apr. 2013. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.[\/footnote]<\/sup>\r\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\r\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\r\nhttps:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/80773c6d-3be1-4419-ae4c-6453fb3b0780\r\n\r\n<\/div>","rendered":"<div class=\"textbox learning-objectives\">\n<h3>Learning Objectives<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Describe strategies for synthesizing research with personal ideas<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Depending upon the purpose of the assignment, research can be used to accomplish many things. Whether you are writing to inform, persuade, or critique, research can be used in conjunction with your own ideas to support your thesis and your purpose. You can not let the research speak for itself. You, the writer of the document, are the most important voice. You are using outside sources to support your thesis. Therefore, let your comments, connections, objections, etc. play the strongest role in your paper for your audience.<\/p>\n<p>In practical terms, some ways to develop and back up your assertions include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Blend sources with your\u00a0assertions.<\/strong>\u00a0Organize your sources so that they blend within paragraphs. Your paper\u2014both as a whole\u00a0and at the paragraph level\u2014should aim to reveal relationships between your own ideas and those of your sources.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Write an original introduction and conclusion.<\/strong>\u00a0Make your introduction and conclusion reflect your ideas and understanding from\u00a0your research. Use sources minimally in your introduction and conclusion.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Open and close paragraphs with originality.<\/strong>\u00a0Use the openings and closing of your paragraphs as a way to guide your readers through your thinking on the topic.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Use transparent rhetorical strategies.<\/strong>\u00a0When appropriate practice such rhetorical strategies as analysis, synthesis, comparison, contrast, summary, description, definition, evaluation, classification, and even narration. Show your reader that you are\u00a0<em>thinking<\/em>\u00a0as you write.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"textbox exercises\">\n<h3>MEAL PAragraphs<\/h3>\n<p>Your paragraphs in a research paper will focus on presenting the information you found in your source material and commenting on or analyzing that information.\u00a0<em>It\u2019s not enough to simply present the information in your body paragraphs and move on. You want to give that information a purpose and connect it to your main idea or thesis statement.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Your body paragraphs in a research paper will include\u00a0summarizing,\u00a0paraphrasing, and\u00a0quoting\u00a0your source material, but you may be wondering if there is an effective way to organize this information.<\/p>\n<p>Duke University coined a term called the \u201cMEAL Plan\u201d that provides an effective structure for paragraphs in an academic research paper: Main Idea, Evidence, Analysis, and Lead out, or Link. Select the pluses to learn more about what each letter stands for. Click on the plus signs to read more about the main idea, evidence, analysis, and lead out.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/content\/1290979655924161768\/embed\" width=\"1088\" height=\"565\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><script src=\"https:\/\/lumenlearning.h5p.com\/js\/h5p-resizer.js\" charset=\"UTF-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Anytime you include evidence in your paper, you must clarify where your own ideas end and the cited information begins. Part of your job is to help your reader draw the line between your original thoughts and your research. The best way to do this is create context for the cited information. A phrase such as \u201cA 1979 study reveals\u2026\u201d is an obvious announcement of citation to come.<\/p>\n<p>When you quote or paraphrase an outside source, provide appropriate in-text citations. Following the citation, you must comment on this information: its significance, relevance, or even failure of the information as it relates to the thesis of your essay. Avoid stacking together quote after quote without showing your audience the purpose of the information. Always provide context for what you think of a citation and how it relates to your thesis.<\/p>\n<p>It is essential to use outside sources to support up your argument. In many cases, researching will reveal evidence that might relate to the topic but does not support your position or \u201cside\u201d of the argument. Many assignments will ask you to acknowledge the other sides of the argument, so be sure to research your topic thoroughly and from many angles. Don\u2019t just find sources that agree with your view. Remember that most issues are complex and have multiple \u201csides\u201d or perspectives; a simple pro-con may not help you address the nuances or complexities of issues. Listen to and understand the variety of perspectives offered.<\/p>\n<p>Within the pages of your research essay, it is important to properly reference and cite your sources to avoid plagiarism and to give credit for original ideas.<\/p>\n<h2>Incorporating Sources<\/h2>\n<p>There are three main ways to put a source to use in your essay: you can quote it, you can summarize\u00a0it, and you can paraphrase\u00a0it.<\/p>\n<h3>Quoting<\/h3>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-774\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/12143659\/180px-Cquote2.svg_.png\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 107px) 100vw, 107px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/12143659\/180px-Cquote2.svg_.png 180w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/12143659\/180px-Cquote2.svg_-65x49.png 65w\" alt=\"Quotation marks.\" width=\"107\" height=\"80\" \/><strong>Direct quotations<\/strong> are words and phrases that are taken directly from another source, and then used word-for-word in your paper. If you incorporate a direct quotation from another author\u2019s text, you must put that quotation or phrase in quotation marks to indicate that it is not your language.<\/p>\n<p>When writing direct quotations, you can use the source author\u2019s name in the same sentence as the quotation to introduce the quoted text and\u00a0to indicate the source in which you found the text. You should then include the page number or other relevant information in parentheses at the end of the phrase (the exact format will depend on the formatting style of your essay).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_548\" style=\"width: 405px\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-548\" class=\"wp-image-548\" src=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile.jpg\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 395px) 100vw, 395px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile.jpg 800w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-65x43.jpg 65w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-225x149.jpg 225w, https:\/\/s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com\/courses-images\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/85\/2016\/04\/05021520\/brickpile-350x232.jpg 350w\" alt=\"a pile of bricks\" width=\"395\" height=\"262\" \/><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-548\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><strong>Figure 1<\/strong>. Sources that are not properly integrated into your paper are\u00a0like \u201cbricks without mortar: you have the essential substance, but there\u2019s nothing to hold it together, rendering the whole thing formless\u201d (Smith).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Summarizing<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Summarizing<\/strong> involves condensing\u00a0the main idea of a source into a much shorter overview. A summary outlines a source\u2019s most important points and general position. When summarizing a source, it is still necessary to use a citation to give credit to the original author. You must reference the author or source in the appropriate citation method at the end of the summary.<\/p>\n<h3>Paraphrasing<\/h3>\n<p>When <strong>paraphrasing<\/strong>, you may put any part of a source (such as a phrase, sentence, paragraph, or chapter) into your own words. You may find that the original source uses language that is more clear, concise, or specific than your own language, in which case you should use a direct quotation, putting quotation marks around those unique words or phrases you don\u2019t change.<\/p>\n<p>It is common to use a mixture of paraphrased text and quoted words or phrases, as long as the direct quotations are inside of quotation marks.<sup class=\"footnote\"><a class=\"footnote\" title=\"Smith, Matt. &quot;Putting It All Together: Thesis Synthesis.&quot; Web log post. Walden University Writing Center, 12 Apr. 2013. Web. 04 Apr. 2016.\" id=\"return-footnote-257-1\" href=\"#footnote-257-1\" aria-label=\"Footnote 1\"><sup class=\"footnote\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<div class=\"textbox tryit\">\n<h3>Try It<\/h3>\n<p>\t<iframe id=\"assessment_practice_80773c6d-3be1-4419-ae4c-6453fb3b0780\" class=\"resizable\" src=\"https:\/\/assess.lumenlearning.com\/practice\/80773c6d-3be1-4419-ae4c-6453fb3b0780?iframe_resize_id=assessment_practice_id_80773c6d-3be1-4419-ae4c-6453fb3b0780\" frameborder=\"0\" style=\"border:none;width:100%;height:100%;min-height:300px;\"><br \/>\n\t<\/iframe><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t <section class=\"citations-section\" role=\"contentinfo\">\n\t\t\t <h3>Candela Citations<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\t <div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <div id=\"citation-list-257\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t <div class=\"licensing\"><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Original<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Revision and Adaptation. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Lumen Learning. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><div class=\"license-attribution-dropdown-subheading\">CC licensed content, Shared previously<\/div><ul class=\"citation-list\"><li>Determine the Role of Research in Your Writing  from Horse of a Different Color: English Composition and Rhetoric . <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Marianne Botos, Lynn McClelland, Stephanie Polliard, and Pamela Osback . <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pvccenglish.files.wordpress.com\/2010\/09\/eng-101-inside-pages-proof2-no-pro.pdf\">https:\/\/pvccenglish.files.wordpress.com\/2010\/09\/eng-101-inside-pages-proof2-no-pro.pdf<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Incorporating Your Sources Into Your Paper. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Boundless. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/writing\/textbooks\/boundless-writing-textbook\/the-research-process-2\/understanding-your-sources-265\/understanding-your-sources-62-8498\/\">https:\/\/www.boundless.com\/writing\/textbooks\/boundless-writing-textbook\/the-research-process-2\/understanding-your-sources-265\/understanding-your-sources-62-8498\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Boundless Writing. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Image of bricks. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Tasja. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Berg_van_stenen.jpg\">https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Berg_van_stenen.jpg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>quotation marks. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Cuahl. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Wikipedia. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost\/2009-04-13\/Dispatches#\/media\/File:Cquote2.svg\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost\/2009-04-13\/Dispatches#\/media\/File:Cquote2.svg<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/about\/pdm\">Public Domain: No Known Copyright<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>Blending Source Material with Your Own Work. <strong>Authored by<\/strong>: Joe Schall. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: The Pennsylvania State University. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/\">https:\/\/www.e-education.psu.edu\/styleforstudents\/<\/a>. <strong>Project<\/strong>: Penn State&#039;s College of Earth and Mineral Sciences OER Initiative. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0\/\">CC BY-NC-SA: Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike<\/a><\/em><\/li><li>MEAL interactive. <strong>Provided by<\/strong>: Excelsior OWL. <strong>Located at<\/strong>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/research\/drafting-and-integrating\/drafting-and-integrating-paragraphing\/\">https:\/\/owl.excelsior.edu\/research\/drafting-and-integrating\/drafting-and-integrating-paragraphing\/<\/a>. <strong>License<\/strong>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"license\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\">CC BY: Attribution<\/a><\/em><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t <\/div>\n\t\t\t <\/section><hr class=\"before-footnotes clear\" \/><div class=\"footnotes\"><ol><li id=\"footnote-257-1\">Smith, Matt. \"Putting It All Together: Thesis Synthesis.\" Web log post. Walden University Writing Center, 12 Apr. 2013. 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